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FIGURES 19–24. Stenoterommata crassimana n. comb., male. 19–21. Alcatrazes island, MZUSP 71806. 19–20. right male palpal bulb. 19, retrolateral. 20, prolateral. 21 in Spiders of the São Paulo state islands, Brazil: redescription of Stenoterommata crassimana (Mello-Leitão, 1923) n. comb. (Araneae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURES 19–24. Stenoterommata crassimana n. comb., male. 19–21. Alcatrazes island, MZUSP 71806. 19–20. right male palpal bulb. 19, retrolateral. 20, prolateral. 21, right tibia and metatarsus I, ventral, showing megaspine. 22–24. Queimada Pequena island, MZUSP 71812. 22–23 right male palpal bulb. 22, retrolateral. 23, prolateral. 24, right tibia and metatarsus I, ventral, showing megaspine. Scales = 1 mm.

FIGURES 6–10. Stenoterommata crassimana n in Spiders of the São Paulo state islands, Brazil: redescription of Stenoterommata crassimana (Mello-Leitão, 1923) n. comb. (Araneae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURES 6–10. Stenoterommata crassimana n. comb., female, MZUSP 71800. 6, habitus. 7, ventral view. 8, maxillae, labium, chelicerae and coxae. 9, spinnerets. 10, right metatarsus III, showing preening combs. Scales = 1 mm.

FIGURES 2–5. Studied islands. 2–3. Alcatrazes. 2, General view. 3 in Spiders of the São Paulo state islands, Brazil: redescription of Stenoterommata crassimana (Mello-Leitão, 1923) n. comb. (Araneae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURES 2–5. Studied islands. 2–3. Alcatrazes. 2, General view. 3, Detail of the vegetation at Saco do Funil area. 4, Queimada Grande. 5, Queimada Pequena. Photos: 2, 4–5 = Fausto Pires de Campos. 3 = Rogério Bertani.

FIGURES 15–18. Stenoterommata crassimana n in Spiders of the São Paulo state islands, Brazil: redescription of Stenoterommata crassimana (Mello-Leitão, 1923) n. comb. (Araneae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURES 15–18. Stenoterommata crassimana n. comb., male, MZUSP 71806. 15, habitus. 16, ventral view. 17, maxillae, labium, chelicerae and coxae I. 18, spinnerets. Scales = 1 mm.

FIGURES 11–14. Stenoterommata crassimana n. comb., spermathecae. 11–12. Alcatrazes island. 11, MZUSP 71800. 12, MZUSP 71803. 13 in Spiders of the São Paulo state islands, Brazil: redescription of Stenoterommata crassimana (Mello-Leitão, 1923) n. comb. (Araneae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURES 11–14. Stenoterommata crassimana n. comb., spermathecae. 11–12. Alcatrazes island. 11, MZUSP 71800. 12, MZUSP 71803. 13, Queimada Grande Island, MZUSP 71810. 14, Queimada Pequena Island MZUSP 71812. Scales = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Spiders of the São Paulo state islands, Brazil: redescription of Stenoterommata crassimana (Mello-Leitão, 1923) n. comb. (Araneae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURE 1. Map of coast of state of São Paulo, Brazil, showing position (above) of the three studied islands (below). A, Queimada Pequena Island. B, Queimada Grande Island. C, Alcatrazes Archipelago.

FIGURES 25–30. Stenoterommata crassimana n. comb., living specimens. 25–28, Alcatrazes island. 25, male. 26, female. 27– 28, immatures. 29–30, Queimada Pequena island. 29, male. 30 in Spiders of the São Paulo state islands, Brazil: redescription of Stenoterommata crassimana (Mello-Leitão, 1923) n. comb. (Araneae, Nemesiidae)

FIGURES 25–30. Stenoterommata crassimana n. comb., living specimens. 25–28, Alcatrazes island. 25, male. 26, female. 27– 28, immatures. 29–30, Queimada Pequena island. 29, male. 30, female. Photos = Rogério Bertani.

FIGURE 16. Tenerodus fallax n. comb. RMNH Coel. 40214 in Revisionary systematics of the endemic soft coral fauna (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Alcyoniina) of the Agulhas Bioregion, South Africa

FIGURE 16. Tenerodus fallax n. comb. RMNH Coel. 40214 (SAF072). Radiates and tuberculate spheroids from interior of colony.

FIGURE 10. Circularius wilsoni n. comb. RMNH Coel. 40207 in Revisionary systematics of the endemic soft coral fauna (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Alcyoniina) of the Agulhas Bioregion, South Africa

FIGURE 10. Circularius wilsoni n. comb. RMNH Coel. 40207 (SAF448). a, polyp sclerites; b, sclerites from surface of polyparium.

FIGURE 15. Tenerodus fallax n. comb. RMNH Coel. 40214 in Revisionary systematics of the endemic soft coral fauna (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Alcyoniina) of the Agulhas Bioregion, South Africa

FIGURE 15. Tenerodus fallax n. comb. RMNH Coel. 40214 (SAF072). a, club-like sclerites from polyps and colony surface; b, asymmetrical spinose clubs from polyps and colony surface; c, tentacle sclerites; d, radiates and tuberculate spheroids from colony surface.

FIGURE 3. Lasaeola tengchongensis n in Two new species of the comb-footed spider genus Lasaeola Simon, 1881 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China

FIGURE 3. Lasaeola tengchongensis n. sp., male holotype (HNU-YHY10-3). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Ditto, lateral view; C. Ditto, ventral view; D. Left palp, prolateral view; E. Ditto, ventral view; F. Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars, A−C = 0.5 mm; D−F = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Lasaeola tengchongensis n in Two new species of the comb-footed spider genus Lasaeola Simon, 1881 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China

FIGURE 4. Lasaeola tengchongensis n. sp., female paratype (HNU-YHY10-6). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Ditto, lateral view; C. Ditto, ventral view; D. Epigynum, ventral view; E. Vulva,dorsal view. Scale bars, A−C = 0.5 mm; D−E = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 2. Lasaeola pinna n in Two new species of the comb-footed spider genus Lasaeola Simon, 1881 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China

FIGURE 2. Lasaeola pinna n. sp., female paratype (HNU-HN-IV-1725). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Ditto, lateral view; C. Ditto, ventral view; D. Epigynum, ventral view; E. Vulva,dorsal view. Scale bars, A−C = 0.5 mm; D−E = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 1. Lasaeola pinna n in Two new species of the comb-footed spider genus Lasaeola Simon, 1881 (Araneae: Theridiidae) from China

FIGURE 1. Lasaeola pinna n. sp., male holotype (HNU-HB-IV-1615). A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Ditto, lateral view; C. Ditto, ventral view; D. Left palp, prolateral view; E. Ditto, ventral view; F. Ditto, retrolateral view. Scale bars, A−C = 0.5 mm; D−F = 0.1 mm.

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FIGURE 1. Myrmecium fuscum Dahl, 1907 in Myrmecium colombianum (Poinar, 2024) n. comb.-the second known fossilized castianeirine spider, illustration of a further specimen of Myrmecium in Colombian copal and notes on transformational ant mimicry and evolution of the genus

FIGURE 1. Myrmecium fuscum Dahl, 1907, female, Chairo, La Paz Department, Bolivia: A. Lateral view, arrow indicates the large hump over leg IV insertion which is characteristic of the species group; B. Dorsal view, arrows indicate the three deep lateral carapace constrictions, diagnostic feature for the genus; scale bars 1 mm. C. Dorsal habitus of minor worker of Crematogaster sp., possible model of juvenile Myrmecium sp., Villa Tunari, Bolivia. D. Dorsal habitus of juvenile of Myrmecium sp. in Colombian copal (no further information available; photo source: FossilEra (2024), copyright Matt Heaton). Ontogenetic transformation in Myrmecium bifasciatum Taczanowski, 1874, Villa Tunari, Bolivia: E. Dorsal habitus of juvenile, length between 2–3 mm, recently hatched from the egg sac, the abdomen becomes more Crematogaster-like (teardrop-shaped) after feeding; F. Dorsal habitus of mother, length about 7 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Redescription of Manayunkia caspica Annenkova, 1929 and M. danubialis Băcescu, 1944 n. comb. (Fabriciidae, Sabellida, Polychaeta)

FIGURE 6. Manayunkia danubialis Băcescu, 1944 n. comb., SEM micrographs. A. Total view of a complete specimen, lateral view. B. Anterior end, dorso-lateral view. C. Anterior end, ventral view. D Posterior end, lateral view; arrow pointing to the shift of the position of the faecal groove. E. Total view of a female, dorso-lateral view. F. Posterior end with anal opening and faecal groove, ventral view. G. Chaetigers 7 and 8; note the orientation of the thoracal uncini. H. Posterior end; lateral view. I. Posterior end of pygidium; arrows pointing to fields of epidermal gland openings. Scale bars. A, E 200 µm, B–D, F, G 100 µm, H, I 20 µm.

FIGURE 4. Manayunkia caspica Annenkova, 1929 in Redescription of Manayunkia caspica Annenkova, 1929 and M. danubialis Băcescu, 1944 n. comb. (Fabriciidae, Sabellida, Polychaeta)

FIGURE 4. Manayunkia caspica Annenkova, 1929, semithin sections (1 µm) through radiolar crown. A. Branches of radioles and ventral vascularized filamentous appendages, all separated. B. Branches of ventral and median radioles start to fuse (110 µm basal of section A). C. Fusion of branches of ventral and median radioles continues, dorsal radioles still separated; dorsal lips visible (30 µm basal of section B; note: dorsal radiole of the right and left half of the radiolar crown lettered). D. Ventral and median radioles fused, dorsal radioles and dorsal lips separated (12 µm basal of section C). E. Radioles fused, and connected to ventral vascularized filamentous appendage by dorsal lips, except left dorsal radiole (10 µm basal of section D). F. Radioles completely fused, ventral anterior peristomial ring lobe visible (30 µm basal of section E). Scale bars A–F 100 µm (abbr: dl dorsal lips, dr dorsal radiole, mr median radiole, v aprl ventral anterior peristomial ring lobe, vr ventral radiole, vvfa ventral vascularized filamentous appendages).

FIGURE 2. Manayunkia caspica Annenkova, 1929, SEM micrographs. A in Redescription of Manayunkia caspica Annenkova, 1929 and M. danubialis Băcescu, 1944 n. comb. (Fabriciidae, Sabellida, Polychaeta)

FIGURE 2. Manayunkia caspica Annenkova, 1929, SEM micrographs. A. Total view of a complete specimen, ventro-lateral view. B. Anterior end, ventral view. C. Anterior end, dorsal view. D. Outside of a flexible tube consisting of finest sediment particles and mucus. E. Anterior end up to chaetiger 3, ventral view. F. Brood chamber on chaetigers 6 and 7. G. Posterior margin of the brood chamber on segment 7. H. Isolated egg from a female tube. I. Posterior end with last thoracic chaetiger (=chaetiger 8) and first abdominal chaetiger (=chaetiger 9), lateral view. Scale bars. A, F, G, I 200 µm, B, C, H 50 µm, D, E 100 µm (abbr: apr anterior peristomial ring, ch1,8,9 chaetiger 1,8,9, fg faecal groove, ppr posterior peristomial ring, vvfa unbranched ventral vascularized filamentous appendages).

FIGURE 7 in Redescription of Manayunkia caspica Annenkova, 1929 and M. danubialis Băcescu, 1944 n. comb. (Fabriciidae, Sabellida, Polychaeta)

FIGURE 7. Manayunkia danubialis Băcescu, 1944 n. comb., SEM micrographs. A. Notopodium of chaetiger 1 with short and long, narrowly hooded chaetae. B. Notopodium of chaetiger 2 with pseudo-spatulate and long narrowly hooded chaetae. C. Pseudo-spatulate chaetae of chaetiger 3. D. Inferior thoracic notochaetae of chaetiger 7. E. Abdominal neurochaetae of chaetiger 9. F. Thoracic uncini of chaetiger 2. G. Thoracic neuropodium of chaetiger 3; note the slightly offset arrangement of uncini. H. Transitional uncini of chaetiger 8. I. Abdominal uncini of chaetiger 9. Scale bars. A, B 20 µm, C–E, I 5 µm, F, H 2 µm, G 10 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Redescription of Manayunkia caspica Annenkova, 1929 and M. danubialis Băcescu, 1944 n. comb. (Fabriciidae, Sabellida, Polychaeta)

FIGURE 1. Map showing locations in the Caspian Sea (red square) and the Austrian Danube (red circle) where specimens of Manayunkia caspica Annenkova, 1929 and M. danubialis Băcescu, 1944 n. comb. were collected.