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1,047 results for “constraint”
Constraints for Rotor Inflow Benchmarks - Unstable Cases
<p>Data to be used as constraints for the rotor inflow benchmarks (unstable cases) as defined in https://rotor-inflow-benchmark.readthedocs.io/</p> <p> </p> <p>GL*.csv : time-averaged wind speed and veer over each period, obtained from ground-based vertically profiling lidar</p> <p>UVW_real*.csv : high-frequency (20 Hz) time series of three-dimensional wind velocity vector over 24 hours centered on the periods of interest, obtained from meteorological tower sonic anemometers</p> <p>NL*.nc: low-frequency (1 Hz) time series of longitudinal wind velocity over each period, obtained from nacelle-mounted scanning lidar after quality control, temporal upsampling, interpolation to a regular grid and the use of a machine learning model to fill in gaps introduced by blade passage in front of the lidar</p> <p>LES*.nc: low-frequency (1 Hz) time series of longitudinal wind velocity over each period, obtained from large-eddy simulations performed to match the experimental field measurements</p> <p>UVW_les*.csv: high-frequency (16 Hz) time series of three-dimensional wind velocity vector at two heights for the 704 seconds of the large-eddy simulations</p>
Simpson et al (2021) Emergent constraints
<p>This dataset contains the processed CMIP5 and CMIP6 data that is necessary to reproduce the figures of Simpson et al (2021) "Emergent constraints on the large-scale atmospheric circulation and regional hydroclimate: do they still work in CMIP6 and how much can they actually constrain the future?", submitted to Journal of Climate. This can be used alongside the scripts available at https://github.com/islasimpson/ecpaper2020 to reproduce the paper figures.</p>
Supplementary materials for "Putting the F into FBD analysis: tree constraints or morphological data ?"
<p>This dataset contains the R code, simulated datasets and configuration files used to run the analyses presented in the manuscript "Putting the F into FBD analysis: tree constraints or morphological data ?".</p>
Litter consumption by macrodetritivores depends more on mechanical than on nutritional constraints
<p>Ecosystem functions greatly depend on trophic interactions between consumers and their resources. Resource consumption depends on ingestion, digestion, and allocation processes. Mechanical constraints are expected to influence ingestion, while metabolic and nutritional constraints are expected to influence allocation. Leaf litter are resources presenting a high mechanical and nutritional heterogeneity that depends on plant identity and on physical and microbial processing over the course of decomposition. Litter consumption by detritivores is known to depend on metabolic and nutritional constraints but the importance of mechanical constraints is yet unknown. After accounting for metabolic constraints on consumption rate, we tested the relative importance of mechanical and nutritional constraints in explaining litter consumption rates by detritivores. For this, we exposed 16 leaf treatments (8 leaf species either just leached or leached and microbially conditioned) to 4 aquatic and 5 terrestrial detritivore taxa in laboratory no-choice consumption experiments. We investigated two mechanical constraints: grabbing and fragmenting the resource, by measuring suitable couples of mechanical traits for both litter and detritivores. We also investigated four nutritional constraints related to N, P, K, and Ca contents in both detritivores and litter. For each constraint, we also tested if trait matching significantly contribute to explain consumption. Our analysis revealed that both mechanical and nutritional constraints are influencing mass-independent consumption rate but that mechanical constraints predominate over nutritional constraints. Litter fragmentation, studied through litter toughness and detritivore biting force, was especially important to explain consumption rate. Nutritional constraints were dominated by P constraints. Trait-matching had very weak importance and was significant only for P constraints. Our findings highlight the importance of mechanical constraints for litter consumption by detritivores.</p>
Data from: Sea-surface temperature pattern effects have slowed global warming and biased warming-based constraints on climate sensitivity
<p>The observed rate of global warming since the 1970s has been proposed as a strong constraint on equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) and transient climate response (TCR) – key metrics of the global climate response to greenhouse-gas forcing. Using CMIP5/6 models, we show that the inter-model relationship between warming and these climate sensitivity metrics (the basis for the constraint) arises from a similarity in transient and equilibrium warming patterns within the models, producing an effective climate sensitivity (EffCS) governing recent warming that is comparable to the value of ECS governing long-term warming under CO<sub>2</sub> forcing. However, CMIP5/6 historical simulations do not reproduce observed warming patterns. When driven by observed patterns, even high ECS models produce low EffCS values consistent with the observed global warming rate. The inability of CMIP5/6 models to reproduce observed warming patterns thus results in a bias in the modeled relationship between recent global warming and climate sensitivity. Correcting for this bias means that observed warming is consistent with wide ranges of ECS and TCR extending to higher values than previously recognized. These findings are corroborated by energy balance model simulations and coupled model (CESM1-CAM5) simulations that better replicate observed patterns via tropospheric wind nudging or Antarctic meltwater fluxes. Because CMIP5/6 models fail to simulate observed warming patterns, proposed warming-based constraints on ECS, TCR, and projected global warming are biased low. The results reinforce recent findings that the unique pattern of observed warming has slowed global-mean warming over recent decades, and that how the pattern will evolve in the future represents a major source of uncertainty in climate projections.</p>
Conserved patterns and locomotor-related evolutionary constraints in the hominoid vertebral column
<div> <div> <div> <p>The evolution of the hominoid lineage is characterized by pervasive homoplasy, notably in regions such as the vertebral column, which plays a central role in body support and locomotion. Few isolated and fewer associated vertebrae are known for most fossil hominoid taxa, but identified specimens indicate potentially high levels of convergence in terms of both form and number. Homoplasy thus complicates attempts to identify the anatomy of the last common ancestor of hominins and other taxa and stymies reconstructions of evolutionary scenarios. One way to clarify the role of homoplasy is by investigating constraints via phenotypic integration, which assesses covariation among traits, shapes evolutionary pathways, and itself evolves in response to selection. We assessed phenotypic integration and evolvability across the subaxial (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral) vertebral column of macaques (<em>n</em> = 96), gibbons (<em>n</em> = 77), chimpanzees (<em>n</em> = 92), and modern humans (<em>n</em> = 151). We found a mid-cervical cluster that may have shifted cranially in hominoids, a persistent thoracic cluster that is most marked in chimpanzees, and an expanded lumbosacral cluster in hominoids that is most expanded in gibbons. Our results highlight the highly conserved nature of the vertebral column. Taxa appear to exploit existing patterns of integration and ontogenetic processes to shift, expand, or reduce cluster boundaries. Gibbons appear to be the most highly derived taxon in our sample, possibly in response to their highly specialized locomotion.</p> </div> </div> </div>
Data for: Inversion for Inferring Solar Meridional Circulation: The Case with Constraints on Angular Momentum Transport inside the Sun
<p>Solar meridional circulation profiles inferred by Hatta, Hotta, and Sekii (2024) ("Inversion for Inferring Solar Meridional Circulation: The Case with Constraints on Angular Momentum Transport inside the Sun"). Detailed information about the dataset can be found in a Readme pdf file. </p>
Calibrated and uncalibrated projection data from the paper "Assessing observational constraints on future European climate in an out-of-sample framework"
<p>Individual uncalibrated and calibrated projections for each of the five methods (A-E) in the following folders:</p> <p>MethodA_proj/</p> <p>MethodB_proj/</p> <p>MethodC_proj/</p> <p>MethodD_proj/</p> <p>MethodE_proj/</p> <p> </p> <p>Also included are the out-of-sample data from the "pseudo-observations" (taken from CMIP6 models) used for the verification (see paper for full details):</p> <p>FUTUREverif/</p>
Data and Code for "A Novel Emergent Constraint Approach for Refining Regional Climate Model Projections of Flood Timing" Paper Submission to AGU GRL
<p>This contains the emergent constraint code, the offline CMIP6 hydrology data, and the shapefiles for each region used in the paper "A Novel Emergent Constraint Approach for Refining Regional Climate Model Projections of Flood Timing" submitted to AGU GRL.</p>
data for article "Theory informed, experiment based, constraint on the rate of autoxidation chemistry – An analytical approach"
<p>The files contain the data from simulations shown in plots for main manuscript figures and SI figures. Further, a preliminary autoCONSTRAINT verion to reproduce the results shown is attached and the PyCHAM model used to create CIMS-like inputs to autoCONSTRAINT referenced (model inputs are attached). For any questions on the data contact: office@pi-numerics.com</p> <p>Detailed information on the file content is provided in file "SI_data_description"</p>
Efficient Implementation of a Novel Decomposition Approach for the Hazmat Network Design Problem with Capacity Constraints in Java Including Computational Results
<p>Supplementary material for the Publication "Solving Multi-Follower Mixed-Integer Bilevel Problems with Binary Linking Variables"</p>
Data from Deng et al. (2025) "Secular Change of Preservation of Lunar Sinuous Rilles: Constraints from Lava Flow Numerical Modeling"
<p>These are the updated supplemental materials of our article, adding more groups of simulation and a sensitivity analysis of two parameters, cell width and plane slope.</p>
Broadband seismic constraints on the nature of the basement of the Junggar Basin, the southwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt
<p>The cross-correlation function (CCF) of ambient noise recordings between two receivers under the equipartition assumption.</p> <p>Sacdir is a directory that stores cross-correlation functions between all pairs of seismic stations, with the output format in SAC.</p> <p>Sacdir contains the cross-correlation results of seismic data from 96 permanent stations and 59 temporary stations in the Xinjiang region, spanning 13 months from June 2021 to June 2022, totaling 11,935 pairs.</p> <p>The "CCFs-pairs.txt" file shows the table listing the geographic coordinates of the station pairs of all the CCFs files (in SAC-format) in the Sacdir directory. </p> <p>The processing program is modified from: [CC-FJpy: A Software Package for Ambient Noise Cross-Correlation and Frequency-Bessel Transform Method](https://github.com/ColinLii/CC-FJpy)</p>
Dataset of biomechanical effects of the addition of a precision constraint on a collective load carriage task
<p>Team lifting is a complex and collective motor task that possesses both motor and cognitive components. We study the collective load carriage adaptation due to an additional accuracy constraint. Ten dyads performed a first condition in which they collectively transported a load (CC), and a second one in which they transported the same load while maintaining a ball in a target position on its top (PC). The recovery-rate, amplitude, and period of the center-of-mass of the whole system (dyad + table, CoMPACS) were computed. We analyzed the forces and moments exerted at each joint of the upper limbs of the subjects. We observed a decrease in the overall performance of the dyads when the Precision task was added, i.e., i) the velocity and amplitude of CoMPACS decreased by 1,7% and 5,8%, respectively, ii) inter-subject variability of the Moment-Cost-Function decreased by 95% and recovery rate decreased by 19,2% during PC. A kinetic synergy analysis showed that the subjects reorganized their coordinations in the PC. Our results demonstrate that adding a precision task affects the economy of collective load carriage. Notwithstanding, the joint moments at the upper-limbs are better balanced and co-vary more across the paired subjects during the precision task.</p>
The stabilising impact of natural selection on the allometry of sexual ornaments: Fish that escape locomotor constraints exhibit extravagant ornamentation
<p>1. Positive allometry has been considered a hallmark of sexual selection whereby larger males of superior condition develop disproportionately larger ornaments for their body size compared to smaller males of poorer condition.</p> <p>2. Yet many structures known to be sexually selected often exhibit other allometric patterns. This has led to controversy over the utility of allometry in adequately capturing the signature of sexual selection, particularly if static (within population) and evolutionary (across species) allometries are functionally constrained by stabilising natural selection.</p> <p>3. To investigate this, we evaluated the allometries of ornamental head crests and dorsal fins across multiple species of blenny fish. In particular, we compared species that occupied an aquatic environment—where swimming performance was expected to have constrained ornament size—with species that have transitioned onto land where such biomechanical constraints on ornament size have been removed.</p> <p>4. Static allometries of both head crest and dorsal fin ornaments were found to be positive in males, but less so in females, across all species examined. This was consistent with the allometric theory of sexual selection that predicts positive allometry specifically in male ornamentation. Nevertheless, male allometric slopes were constrained in aquatic species whereas males of terrestrial species were free to exaggerate the size of their ornaments. Natural selection therefore appears to suppress ornament size in aquatics because of the biomechanical constraints associated with swimming. These differences in within-population static allometry between aquatic and terrestrial species in turn manifested in a greater across-species evolutionary allometric intercept, but not slope, for terrestrial species relative to aquatic and species.</p> <p>5. These findings indicate that the study of ornament allometries can provide useful insights into the role of sexual selection on ornament elaboration and also help reveal the presence of opposing natural selection that might result in alternative allometric patterns. The relationship between static and evolutionary allometries remains complex, and our results caution against the interpretation of evolutionary allometry in the absence of a clear understanding of the underlying static allometries associated with it.</p>
Whole-cell modeling in yeast predicts compartment-specific proteome constraints that drive metabolic strategies
<p>The pcYeast7.6 model and files, required to reproduce the figures, provided in the publication "Whole-cell modeling in yeast predicts compartment-specific proteome constraints that drive metabolic strategies", accepted in <em>Nat Commun</em>. The Zenodo upload was created by Pranas Grigaitis, p.grigaitis [at] vu.nl.</p> <p>Abstract</p> <p>When conditions change, unicellular organisms rewire their metabolism to sustain cell maintenance and cellular growth. Such rewiring may be understood as resource re-allocation under cellular constraints. Eukaryal cells contain metabolically active organelles such as mitochondria, competing for cytosolic space and resources, and the nature of the relevant cellular constraints remain to be determined for such cells. Here we present a comprehensive metabolic model of the yeast cell, based on its full metabolic reaction network extended with protein synthesis and degradation reactions. The model predicts metabolic fluxes and corresponding protein expression by constraining compartment-specific protein pools and maximising growth rate. Comparing model predictions with quantitative experimental data suggests that under glucose limitation, a mitochondrial constraint limits growth at the onset of ethanol formation - known as the Crabtree effect. Under sugar excess, however, a constraint on total cytosolic volume dictates overflow metabolism. Our comprehensive model thus identifies condition-dependent and compartment-specific constraints that can explain metabolic strategies and protein expression profiles from growth rate optimization, providing a framework to understand metabolic adaptation in eukaryal cells.</p>
Data from: The evolution of egg shape in birds: Evolutionary constraints and adaptations
<p>Using accurate measures of size and shape, we studied the eggs of 955 extant species across the avian phylogeny, including 39 of the 40 orders, and 78% of the 249 families. We show that the elongation component of egg shape is largely the result of constraints imposed by the female's anatomy during egg formation, whereas asymmetry is mainly an adaptation to conditions during the incubation period. Thus, egg elongation is related to the size of the egg in relation to the size of the female's oviduct and also to either the shape of her pelvis or general body conformation associated with her mode of locomotion. Egg asymmetry is related mainly to clutch size and the structure of the incubation site, factors that influence thermal efficiency during incubation and the risk of breakage. Importantly, general patterns across the phylogeny do not always reflect the trends within families and orders. We argue that the analysis of avian egg shape is most profitably conducted within taxa where all species share similar life histories and ecologies, as there is no single factor that influences egg shape in the same way in all birds.</p>
Functional niche constraints on carnivore assemblages (mammalia: carnivora) in the Americas: What facilitates coexistence through space and time?
<p><b>Aim:</b> Mammalian carnivores are among the best studied groups in terms of evolutionary history. However, the effects of species interactions in shaping community assemblages remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that indirect interactions via ecological trait filtering play a key role in structuring carnivoran assemblages, mediate coexistence, and thus should show high functional diversity in space and time at continental scales.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Americas.</p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> Mammalian carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora).</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We followed a macroecological perspective via ecological networks analyses for indirect interactions, and assessed the underlying functional diversity (FD) across space and from the Last Interglacial to the present in the Americas. We analyzed the potential distributions and six ecological traits of 88 species to establish possible mechanisms that enables species to coexist and the underlying diversity patterns. We compared the empirical results with two null models, and two sensitivity analyses.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Co-occurring carnivore species presented ecological segregation driven mainly by a size ratio (S <sub>R</sub>) relationship, called here the body-size spatial anti-clustering effect. The underlying FD patterns showed low redundancy towards the tropics and the poles during the times evaluated. However, during the LGM, shifts occurred primarily at high latitudes in North America. This shift affected the S <sub>R</sub> relationship and therefore changed functional diversity patterns. These local-to-continental interactions mediated by the S <sub>R</sub> are significant from an ecological and biogeographic perspective, suggesting a robust and consistent trend in which carnivore species of similar size have a lower probability of occupying the same area unless they differentiate in other ecological trait spaces.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> The S <sub>R</sub> relationship is potentially a primary mechanism limiting carnivore coexistence, reflecting functional filtering. The S <sub>R</sub> tends to be conservative across different ecological trait groups and through time and space. We propose that the body-size spatial anti-clustering effect can directly measure species' coexistence and mediate FD patterns in the Americas.</p>
Nuanced qualitative trait approaches reveal environmental filtering and phylogenetic constraints on lichen communities
<p>We propose that a qualitative trait approach based on more detailed nuanced traits may reveal previously overlooked patterns, especially when combined with phylogenetic perspectives. By sampling epiphytic lichens and using a functional approach based on nuanced qualitative traits, such as a much greater resolution over photobiont identity, type of cortex and chemical compounds, we evaluated the effects of environmental filtering and phylogenetic constraints on community assembly along natural succession of Atlantic rainforest. We found changes in taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic composition, structure and diversity. Functional traits such as photobiont genera, type of cortex, reproductive structures, propagule size and protection strategies showed strong responses to succession. Mature forests with a closed canopy impose strong environment filtering that is reflected in lichen species turnover, limiting diversity, but also holding different functional and phylogenetic composition. The use of a nuanced qualitative trait approach may overcome some of the limitations of using this type of traits and show the importance of often overlooked key lichen functional traits, including presence of carbon concentrating mechanisms in photobionts and cortex properties. Furthermore, this is the first study showing how patterns of phylogenetic assembly along forest succession structure lichen communities.</p>
Hands On Exercise 3: Productions constraints by timeslice
<p>Files available in this repository:</p> <p>1) Default example of MUSE</p> <p>2) TechnodataTimeslices sheet</p> <p>3) Final modelled example</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.