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466 results for “contract”
Data from: Genetic diversity maintained among fragmented populations of a tree undergoing range contraction
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Protected area, easement, and rental contract data reveal five communities of land protection in the United States
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Data from: Simultaneous measurement of excitation-contraction coupling parameters identifies mechanisms underlying contractile responses of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes
Cardiomyocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) are increasingly recognized as valuable for determining the effects of drugs on ion channels but they do not always accurately predict contractile responses of the human heart. This is in part attributable to their immaturity but the sensitivity of measurement tools may also be limiting. Measuring action potential, calcium flux or contraction individually misses critical information that is captured when interrogating the complete excitation-contraction coupling cascade simultaneously. Here, we develop an hypothesis-based statistical algorithm that identifies mechanisms of action. We design and build a high-speed optical system to measure action potential, cytosolic calcium and contraction simultaneously using fluorescent sensors. These measurements are automatically processed, quantified and then assessed by the algorithm. Multiplexing these three critical physical features of hiPSC-CMs allows identification of all major drug classes affecting contractility with detection sensitivities higher than individual measurement of action potential, cytosolic calcium or contraction.
Supplementary material 3 from: Demant L, Bergmeier E, Walentowski H, Meyer P (2020) Suitability of contract-based nature conservation in privately-owned forests in Germany. Nature Conservation 42: 89-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.42.58173
Table S3
Supplementary material 1 from: Demant L, Bergmeier E, Walentowski H, Meyer P (2020) Suitability of contract-based nature conservation in privately-owned forests in Germany. Nature Conservation 42: 89-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.42.58173
Table S1
Supplementary material 2 from: Demant L, Bergmeier E, Walentowski H, Meyer P (2020) Suitability of contract-based nature conservation in privately-owned forests in Germany. Nature Conservation 42: 89-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.42.58173
Table S2
Seasonal dietary niche contraction in coexisting Neotropical frugivorous bats (Stenodermatinae)
<p>Tropical dry forests are characterized by punctuated seasonal precipitation patterns that drive primary production and the availability of fruits, seeds, flowers, and insects throughout the year. In environments in which the quantity and quality of food resources varies seasonally, consumers should adjust their foraging behavior to maximize energy intake while minimizing overlap with competitors during periods of low food availability. Here, we investigated how the diets of frugivorous bats in tropical dry forests of NW Mexico varied in response to seasonal availability and how this affected dietary overlap of morphologically similar species. We performed stable isotope analyses to understand temporal and interspecific patterns of overall isotopic niche breadth, trophic position, and niche overlap in the diet of six frugivorous species of closely related New World Leaf-nosed Bats (family Phyllostomidae, subfamily Stenodermatinae). We estimated seasonal changes in resource abundance in two complementary ways: 1) vegetative phenology based on long-term remote-sensing data, and 2) observational data on food availability from previously published insect and plant fruiting surveys. In all species, there was a consistent pattern of reduced isotopic niche breadth during periods of low food availability. However, patterns of niche overlap varied between morphologically similar species. Overall, results from our study and others suggest that seasonal food availability likely determines overall dietary niche breadth in Phyllostomidae and that despite morphological specialization, it is likely that other mechanisms, such as opportunistic foraging and spatiotemporal niche segregation may play a role in maintaining coexistence rather than simply dietary displacement.</p>
Data from: Adaptive contraction of diet breadth affects sexual maturation and specific nutrient consumption in an extreme generalist omnivore
Animals balance their intake of specific nutrients, but little is known about how they do so when foraging in an environment with toxic resources and whether toxic foods promote adaptations that affect life history traits. In German cockroach (Blattella germanica) populations, glucose aversion has evolved in response to glucose-containing insecticidal baits. We restricted newly eclosed glucose averse (GA) and wild type (WT) female cockroaches to nutritionally defined diets varying in protein-to-carbohydrate (P:C) ratio (3:1, 1:1, or 1:3) or gave them free choice of the 3:1 and 1:3 diets, with either glucose or fructose as the sole carbohydrate source. We measured consumption of each diet over six days and then dissected the females to measure the length of basal oocytes in their ovaries. Our results showed significantly lower consumption by GA compared to WT cockroaches when restricted to glucose-containing diets, but also lower fructose intake by GA compared to WT cockroaches when restricted to high fructose diets or given choice of fructose-containing diets. Protein intake was regulated tightly regardless of carbohydrate intake, except by GA cockroaches restricted to glucose-containing diets. Oocyte growth was completely suppressed in GA females restricted to glucose-containing diets, but also significantly slower in GA than in WT females restricted to fructose-containing diets. Our findings suggest that GA cockroaches have adapted to reduced diet breadth through endocrine adjustments which reduce requirements for energetic fuels. Our study illustrates how an evolutionary change in the chemosensory system may affect the evolution of other traits that govern animal life histories.
Data from: Fatiguing effects of indirect vibration stimulation in upper limb muscles- post and during isometric contractions superimposed on upper limb vibration
Whole body vibration and upper limb vibration (ULV), continues to gain popularity as exercise intervention for rehabilitation and sports applications. However, the fatiguing effects of indirect vibration stimulation are not yet fully understood. We investigated the effects of ULV stimulation superimposed on fatiguing isometric contractions using a purpose developed upper limb stimulation device. Thirteen healthy volunteers were exposed to both ULV superimposed to fatiguing isometric contractions (V) and isometric contractions alone- Control (C). Both Vibration (V) and Control (C) exercises were performed at 80% of the maximum voluntary contractions. The stimulation used was 30 Hz frequency of 0.4 mm amplitude. Surface-electromyographic (EMG) activity of the Biceps Brachii, Triceps Brachii, and Flexor Carpi Radialis were measured. EMG amplitude (EMGrms) and mean frequency (MEF) were computed to quantify muscle activity and fatigue levels. All muscles displayed significantly higher reduction in MEFs and corresponding significant increase in EMGrms with the V than the Control, during fatiguing contractions (P < 0.05). Post vibration, all muscles showed higher levels of MEFs after recovery compared to the control. Our results show that near maximal isometric fatiguing contractions superimposed on vibration stimulation lead to a higher rate of fatigue development compared to the isometric contraction alone in the upper limb muscles. Results also show higher manifestation of mechanical fatigue post treatment with vibration compared to the control. Vibration superimposed on isometric contraction not only seems to alter the neuromuscular function during fatiguing efforts by inducing higher neuromuscular load but also post vibration treatment.
Data from: Muscle shortening velocity depends on tissue inertia and level of activation during submaximal contractions
In order to perform external work, muscles must do additional internal work to deform their tissue, and in particular, to overcome the inertia due to their internal mass. However, the contribution of the internal mass within a muscle to the mechanical output of that muscle has only rarely been studied. Here, we use a dynamic, multi-element Hill-type muscle model to examine the effects of the inertial mass within muscle on its contractile performance. We find that the maximum strain-rate of muscle is slower for lower activations and larger muscle sizes. As muscle size increases, the ability of the muscle to overcome its inertial load will decrease, as muscle tension is proportional to cross-sectional area and inertial load is proportional to mass. Thus, muscles that are larger in size will have a higher inertial cost to contraction. Similarly, when muscle size and inertial load are held constant, decreasing muscle activation will increase inertial cost to contraction by reducing muscle tension. These results show that inertial loads within muscle contribute to a slowing of muscle contractile velocities (strain-rates), particularly at the submaximal activations that are typical during animal locomotion.
Data from: Nucleolar sub-compartments in motion during rRNA synthesis inhibition: contraction of nucleolar condensed chromatin and gathering of fibrillar centers are concomitant
The nucleolus produces the large polycistronic transcript (47S precursor) containing the 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA sequences and hosts most of the nuclear steps of pre-rRNA processing. Among numerous components it contains condensed chromatin and active rRNA genes which adopt a more accessible conformation. For this reason, it is a paradigm of chromosome territory organization. Active rRNA genes are clustered within several fibrillar centers (FCs), in which they are maintained in an open configuration by Upstream Binding Factor (UBF) molecules. Here, we used the reproducible reorganization of nucleolar components induced by the inhibition of rRNA synthesis by Actinomycin D (AMD) to address the steps of the spatiotemporal reorganization of FCs and nucleolar condensed chromatin. To reach that goal, we used two complementary approaches: i) time-lapse confocal imaging of cells expressing one or several GFP-tagged proteins (fibrillarin, UBF, histone H2B) and ii) ultrastructural identification of nucleolar components involved in the reorganization. Data obtained by time lapse confocal microscopy were analyzed through detailed 3D imaging. This allowed us to demonstrate that AMD treatment induces no fusion and no change in the relative position of the different nucleoli contained in one nucleus. In contrast, for each nucleolus, we observed step by step gathering and fusion of both FCs and nucleolar condensed chromatin. To analyze the reorganization of FCs and condensed chromatin at a higher resolution, we performed correlative light and electron microscopy electron microscopy (CLEM) imaging of the same cells. We demonstrated that threads of intranucleolar condensed chromatin are localized in a complex 3D network of vacuoles. Upon AMD treatment, these structures coalesce before migrating toward the perinucleolar condensed chromatin, to which they finally fuse. During their migration, FCs, which are all linked to ICC, are pulled by the latter to gather as caps disposed at the periphery of nucleoli.
A Systematic Review on Smart Contracts Security Design Patterns – Supplementary Material
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A Context-Driven Approach for Co-Auditing Smart Contracts with The Support of GPT-4
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Ethereum Transaction Data used for End-user Comprehension of Transfer Risks in Smart Contracts
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OpenSCV: An Open Hierachical Taxonomy for Smart Contract Vulnerabilities – Supplemental Material
<p>Dataset and other supplemental material.</p>
Figure 5 from: Schiller EK, Wiltschke-Schrotta K, Häffner E, Buschbom J, Leliaert F, Zimkus BM, Dickie JB, Gomes SR, Lyal CH.C, Mulcahy D, Paton A, Droege G (2024) Permits, contracts and their terms for biodiversity specimens. Research Ideas and Outcomes 10: e114366. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.10.e114366
Figure 5 Generalised decision model for a single atomized step, that is, a functional event that cannot be further divided. The decision model arises by integrating conditions (e.g. the terms from the typology) into the basic transactional model. The model can be set into the background of a physical or digital infrastructure (e.g. a collection institution or digital platform) that publicly presents open data to the world.
Figure 4 from: Schiller EK, Wiltschke-Schrotta K, Häffner E, Buschbom J, Leliaert F, Zimkus BM, Dickie JB, Gomes SR, Lyal CH.C, Mulcahy D, Paton A, Droege G (2024) Permits, contracts and their terms for biodiversity specimens. Research Ideas and Outcomes 10: e114366. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.10.e114366
Figure 4 ODRL information model (Diagram copied from "ODRL Information Model 2.2", Figure 1, https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-model/; Copyright © 2018 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang). W3C liability, trademark and permissive document license rules apply, see https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document).
Figure 3 from: Schiller EK, Wiltschke-Schrotta K, Häffner E, Buschbom J, Leliaert F, Zimkus BM, Dickie JB, Gomes SR, Lyal CH.C, Mulcahy D, Paton A, Droege G (2024) Permits, contracts and their terms for biodiversity specimens. Research Ideas and Outcomes 10: e114366. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.10.e114366
Figure 3 The core elements of the PROV standard and their structure (recreated from Thessen et al. 2019 Appendix A, fig. S1, CC-BY 4.0; based on the PROV Model Primer, Copyright ©2013 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability rules, trademark rules and document use rules apply.)
Figure 22 from: Schiller EK, Wiltschke-Schrotta K, Häffner E, Buschbom J, Leliaert F, Zimkus BM, Dickie JB, Gomes SR, Lyal CH.C, Mulcahy D, Paton A, Droege G (2024) Permits, contracts and their terms for biodiversity specimens. Research Ideas and Outcomes 10: e114366. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.10.e114366
Figure 22 EXAMPLE CODE 17: The policy life-cycle: an offer (with links to PROV objects) and request (with links to PROV objects) evolve into a contractual agreement as the basis for a machine-actionable assessment, including a final human decision step, in preparation of and leading up to a loan event.
Figure 2 from: Schiller EK, Wiltschke-Schrotta K, Häffner E, Buschbom J, Leliaert F, Zimkus BM, Dickie JB, Gomes SR, Lyal CH.C, Mulcahy D, Paton A, Droege G (2024) Permits, contracts and their terms for biodiversity specimens. Research Ideas and Outcomes 10: e114366. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.10.e114366
Figure 2 Sections from the GGBN webpage on a seashell sample (Astarte montagui (Dillwyn, 1817) Catalogue Number ABMBS 172-10 of the Centre of Biodiversity Genomics, Canada), showing how the GGBN Permit Vocabulary and GGBN Loan Vocabulary (from the "GGBN data standard v1") is used by the GGBN data portal.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.