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539 results for “disentangling”
CO2 conversion in nonuniform discharges: disentangling dissociation and recombination mechanisms
<p>This archive contains supplementary data associated with the following publication:</p> <p>Title: CO2 Conversion in Nonuniform Discharges: Disentangling Dissociation and Recombination Mechanisms<br> Authors: A.J. Wolf, F.J.J. Peeters, P.W.C. Groen, W.A. Bongers, and M.C.M. van de Sanden<br> Journal: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C<br> Date of publication: July 14, 2020<br> DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c03637</p> <p>=====================================================================================<br> ABSTRACT<br> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br> Motivated by environmental applications such as synthetic fuel synthesis, plasma-driven conversion shows promise for efficient and scalable gas-conversion of CO2 to CO. Both discharge contraction and turbulent transport have a significant impact on the plasma processing conditions, but are, nevertheless, poorly understood. This work combines experiments and modeling to investigate how these aspects influence the CO production and destruction mechanisms in the vortex-stabilized CO2 microwave plasma reactor. For this, a two-dimensional axisymmetric tubular chemical kinetics model of the reactor is developed, with careful consideration of the non-uniform nature of the plasma and the vortex-induced radial turbulent transport. Energy efficiency and conversion of the dissociation process show a good agreement with the numerical results over a broad pressure range from 80 - 600mbar. The occurrence of an energy efficiency peak between 100 - 200 mbar is associated with a discharge mode transition. The net CO production rate is inhibited at low pressure by the plasma temperature, while recombination of CO back to CO2 dominates at high pressure. Turbulence-induced cooling and dilution of plasma products limit the extent of the latter. The maxima in energy efficiency observed experimentally around 40% are related to limits imposed by production and recombination processes. Based on these insights, feasible approaches for optimization of the plasma dissociation process are discussed.<br> </p> <p>=====================================================================================<br> STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE SUPPLEMENTARY DATA<br> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br> The data and numerical code used to produce Figs. 6-16 in the publication are structured as listed below. The reactor model has been carried out in Wolfram Mathematica 11, as detailed in the publication. The code is available upon request by contacting the corresponding authors. The thermodynamics calculations regarding the quenching scenarios are carried out in python 3.7 using the thermodynamic equilibrium solver of the Cantera chemical kinetics library.</p> <p>DIRECTORY | DESCRIPTION<br> .\reactor_model | input files and simulation results used to produce Figs. 6 - 14<br> .\experimental | experimental data used in Fig 15<br> .\thermodynamics | thermodynamic calculations (python code and input file) used to produce Fig. 16<br> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>=====================================================================================<br> TERMS OF USE<br> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br> The data contained in this repository is published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.</p>
Data from: Landscape does matter: disentangling founder effects from natural and human-aided post-introduction dispersal during an ongoing biological invasion
<p><span>Environmental features impacting the spread of invasive species after introduction can be assessed using population genetic structure as a quantitative estimation of effective dispersal at the landscape scale. However, in the case of an ongoing biological invasion, deciphering whether genetic structure represents landscape connectivity or founder effects is particularly challenging. We examined the modes of dispersal (natural and human-aided) and the factors (landscape or founders history) shaping genetic structure in range edge invasive populations of the Asian tiger mosquito, <i>Aedes albopictus</i>, in the region of Grenoble (Southeast France). Based on detailed occupancy-detection data and environmental variables (climatic, topographic, land-cover), we modelled <i>A. albopictus </i>potential suitable area and its expansion history since first introduction. The relative role of dispersal modes was estimated using biological dispersal capabilities and landscape genetics approaches using genome-wide SNP dataset. We demonstrate that both natural and human-aided dispersal have promoted the expansion of populations. Populations in diffuse urban areas, representing highly suitable habitat for <i>A. albopictus</i>, tend to disperse less, while roads facilitate long-distance dispersal. Yet demographic bottlenecks during introduction played a major role in shaping the genetic variability of these range edge populations. </span>The present study is one of the few investigating the role of founder effects and ongoing expansion processes in shaping spatial patterns of genetic variation in an invasive species at the landscape scale. The combination of several dispersal modes and large proportions of continuous suitable habitats for <i>A. albopictus</i> promoted range filling of almost its entire potential distribution in the region of Grenoble only few years after introduction.</p>
Disentangling the roles of bottom-up and top-down drivers in the trade-off between food acquisition and safety in prey with multiple predators
1. Prey face a trade-off between acquiring food and avoiding predation, but food availability, and therefore its effect, is rarely measured in field studies investigating non-lethal effects of predation. The main aim of this study is to investigate the role of the presence of predators in the functional adjustments of feeding parameters with patch quality in a medium-size herbivore. 2. In Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe), we set up an experiment by manipulating, over two years, patch quality for impala (Aepyceros melampus), a medium-sized herbivore. We assess predation risk by monitoring the presence of three GPS-equipped predators: African lions (Panthera leo), spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) and African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). 3. In enriched, fertilised plots the impalas reduced step rates (i.e. the rates of change in feeding stations), and increased their number of bites per feeding station while bite rates were not affected. Thus, the main adjustment of their feeding was the step rate. The total time the impalas spent vigilant appeared to be a good predictor of the variation of their bite rate. Although vigilance caused a reduction in bite rate when at a feeding station, the impalas reduced the relative costs of vigilance by continuing chewing and processing their food when scanning for predators. 4. When predators were in the vicinity, the impalas increased their exclusive vigilance (high-cost vigilance) but not their vigilance while chewing (low-cost vigilance) and decreased their bite rate while their step rate and the number of bites per feeding station did not change significantly. The impalas were thus visually disconnected from their patch, and reduced their bite rate when actually foraging. Exclusive vigilance increased when both lions and hyaenas were in the vicinity, and when wild dogs were nearby. 5. Patterns of vigilance that altered bite rate were linked to the presence of predators during the previous 24h. Over the long term patch quality was the main determinant of the feeding parameters (step rate and bite rate). This study shows how predators, by affecting the time prey devote to predator detection, shape the functional adjustments of food acquisition by prey to local patch quality.
Data from: Disentangling direct and indirect determinants of the duration of maternal care in brown bears: environmental context matters
<p>The duration of maternal care, an important life history trait affecting population dynamics, varies greatly within species. Yet, our understanding of its predictors is limited, mostly correlative, and subject to misinterpretations, due to difficulties to disentangle the role of maternal- and offspring-related characteristics.</p> <p>We conducted path analysis on a dataset including 217 brown bear litters captured over a 29-year period in two populations in Sweden ("North" and "South") facing contrasting environmental conditions to identify and quantify the causes of variation in the duration of maternal care (1.5 years or 5 years).</p>
FIGURE 23 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 23. Habitat of Ahaetulla travancorica sp. nov. in the upper reaches of Podhigai hills, a part of the Agasthyamalai Ranges, Southern Western Ghats (in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu State, India) showing montane shola grasslands.
FIGURE 22 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 22. Images of Ahaetulla travancorica sp. nov. Images of BNHS 3592 (CESS075). (a) Head lateral, (b) Head dorsal, (c) Ventral section, (d) Whole specimen Live uncollected individual from Kalakkadu Mundunthurai, (e) Head Dorso-lateral, (f) Head lateral, (g) Threat display (Photos: Vivek Philip Cyrac) (Images a & b to scale, other images not to scale).
FIGURE 25 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 25. Habitat of Ahaetulla perroteti, Mukurthi Hills, in the upper Nilgiris (in the Nilgiri district, Tamil Nadu State, India) showing montane shola grasslands.
FIGURE 19 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 19. Images of Ahaetulla borealis sp. nov. Images of holotype BNHS 3590 (CESS421). (a) Head lateral, (b) Head dorsal, (c) Ventral section, (d–e) Everted hemipenis, (f) Whole specimen. Live uncollected individual from Siddapur (Jog Falls), (g) Threat display of CESS104 from Matheran and (h) Head lateral of CESS103 from Matheran (Images a & b; d & e to scale, other images not to scale).
FIGURE 21 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 21. Images of Ahaetulla dispar. Live uncollected individual from High Wavy Mts.(a) Head lateral, (b) Head Dorsolateral, (c) Full body image (live) from High Wavy, (d) Threat display of CESS188 from Anamudi Hills, (e) Habitat of A. dispar, Eravikulam.
FIGURE 20 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 20. Habitat of Ahaetulla borealis sp. nov. Khandala, Northern Western Ghats (in Pune district, Maharashtra State, India) showing moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forest vegetation type.
FIGURE 18 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 18. Habitat of Ahaetulla farnsworthi sp. nov. in Agumbe, Central Western Ghats (in Shimoga district, Karnataka State, India) showing tropical rainforest vegetation type.
FIGURE 15 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 15. Images of Ahaetulla malabarica sp. nov. Images of Holotype BNHS 3586 (CESS090). (a) Head lateral, (b) Head dorsal, (c) Ventral section, (d–f) Everted Hemipenis. Whole specimen (CESS090). Head lateral images of different colour morphs (live), (g) CESS090 from Brahmagiri, (h) CESS144 from Siruvani, (i) CESS143 from Poochipara, (j) CESS090 from Brahmagiri. Image of a live, uncollected individual, (k) Whole animal from Brahmagiri Hills (Images a & b; d & e to scale, other images not to scale).
FIGURE 17 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 17. Images of Ahaetulla farnsworthi sp. nov.. Images of Holotype BNHS 3588 (CESS288). (a) Head lateral, (b) Head dorsal, (c) Ventral section, (d–f) Dissected hemipenis, (g) Whole specimen. Head lateral images of different individuals (live), (h) CESS158 from Kudremukh, (i) CESS157 from Kudremukh, (j) Body section showing interscalar colouration (CESS158), (k) Image of a live, uncollected individual from Agumbe (Photo: Shreeram M.V.) (Images a & b; d, e & f to scale, other images not to scale).
FIGURE 6 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 6. Ahaetulla lineages in Peninsular India and Sri Lanka showing side-by-side comparison of their superficial head morphology and maxillary dentition. (From the top) (a) Ahaetulla farnsworthi sp. nov. (b) A. isabellina comb. nov. (c) A. malabarica sp. nov. (d) A. borealis sp. nov. (e) A. nasuta (f) A. oxyrhyncha comb. nov. (g) A. sahyadrensis nom. nov. (h) A. travancorica sp. nov. (i) A. dispar & A. travancorica sp. nov. (j) A. perroteti (1) Ahaetulla farnsworthi sp. nov. (2) A. isabellina comb. nov. (3) A. malabarica sp. nov. (4) A. borealis sp. nov. (5) A. nasuta (6) A. oxyrhyncha comb. nov. (7) A. pulverulenta (8) A. sahyadrensis nom. nov. (9) A. dispar (10) A. travancorica sp. nov. (11) A. perroteti.
FIGURE 14 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 14. Habitat of Ahaetulla isabellina comb. nov., near Valparai, Anamalai Hills, Southern Western Ghats (Tirupur district, Tamil Nadu State, India) showing evergreen and semi-evergreen forest vegetation types.
FIGURE 10 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 10. Images of Ahaetulla oxyrhyncha comb. nov. Head lateral images of (a) CESS211, (b) CESS244, (d) CESS506, & (c) dorso-lateral of a live specimen (from the CESS244 population). Images of a live, uncollected individual from Coimbatore. Tamil Nadu (e) showing threat display, (f) Full animal, (g) Habitat (images not to scale).
FIGURE 3 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 3. PCA plot shows quantitative morphological space shared by Western Ghats Ahaetulla spp.. In the figure, members of the Ahaetulla nasuta species complex with lineages L3—A. borealis sp. nov. (dark blue crosses), L4—A. farnsworthi sp. nov. (green filled squares), L5—A. isabellina comb. nov. (brown cross) and L6—A. malabarica sp. nov. (black squares) from the Western Ghats are clustered together and share morphological space. The PCA plots correspond to the scores and loadings presented in Appendix IV (D, E & F).
FIGURE 5 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Ahaetulla species revealing the cladistic relationships and lineage diversity. Gray bar depicts species-level entities, some of which are numbered and depicted adjacent to their cluster.
FIGURE 4 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 4. Maps showing the distribution of lineages in the Western Ghats (in Peninsular India) and Sri Lanka. (A) Map showing our study's point locations of Ahaetulla farnsworthi sp. nov., A. isabellina comb. nov., A. malabarica sp. nov., A. borealis sp. nov., A. nasuta & A. oxyrhyncha comb. nov.. (B) Map showing our study's point locations of Ahaetulla perroteti, A. dispar & A. travancorica sp. nov..
FIGURE 13 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 13. Images of Ahaetulla isabellina comb. nov. Images of holotype BNHS 3584 (CESS183). (a) Head lateral, (b) Head Dorsal, (c) Ventral section, (d–f) Dissected hemipenis, (g) Whole specimen. Images of live individuals, (h) BNHS 3584 (CESS183) head lateral, (i) head lateral of CESS182, (j) body section of CESS182. Image of a live, uncollected individual from Valparai, (k) showing threat display (Images a & b; d, e & f to scale, other images not to scale).
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