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680 results for “exclusivity”
FIGURES 39, 40 in The empidoid flies (Diptera: Empidoidea, exclusive of Dolichopodidae) of the Russian Arctic islands and Svalbard Archipelago
FIGURES 39, 40. Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) septentrionalis Sinclair, Vajda, Saigusa & Shamshev, habitus, lateral view. 39. male; 40. female.
FIGURE 1 in The empidoid flies (Diptera: Empidoidea, exclusive of Dolichopodidae) of the Russian Arctic islands and Svalbard Archipelago
FIGURE 1. Map of the Russian Arctic islands and Svalbard Archipelago (islands named for only those with records of empidoids).
Data from: PolyPatEx: an R package for paternity exclusion in autopolyploids
Microsatellite markers have demonstrated their value for performing paternity exclusion and hence exploring mating patterns in plants and animals. Methodology is well established for diploid species and several software packages exist for elucidating paternity in diploids, however these issues are not so readily addressed in polyploids due to the increased complexity of the exclusion problem and a lack of available software. We introduce PolyPatEx, an R package for paternity exclusion analysis using microsatellite data in autopolyploid, monoecious or dioecious/bisexual species with a ploidy of 4n, 6n or 8n. Given marker data for a set of offspring, their mothers, and a set of candidate fathers, PolyPatEx uses allele matching to exclude candidates whose marker alleles are incompatible with the alleles in each offspring-mother pair. PolyPatEx can analyse marker data sets in which allele copy numbers are known (genotype data) or unknown (allelic phenotype data) – for data sets in which allele copy numbers are unknown, comparisons are made taking into account all possible genotypes that could arise from the compared allele sets. PolyPatEx is a software tool that provides population geneticists with the ability to investigate the mating patterns of autopolyploids using paternity exclusion analysis on data from codominant markers having multiple alleles per locus.
Data from: Short-term precipitation exclusion alters microbial responses to soil moisture in a wet tropical forest
Many wet tropical forests, which contain a quarter of global terrestrial biomass carbon stocks, will experience changes in precipitation regime over the next century. Soil microbial responses to altered rainfall are likely to be an important feedback on ecosystem carbon cycling, but the ecological mechanisms underpinning these responses are poorly understood. We examined how reduced rainfall affect- ed soil microbial abundance, activity, and community compo- sition using a 6-month precipitation exclusion experiment at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Thereafter, we ad- dressed the persistent effects of field moisture treatments by exposing soils to a controlled soil moisture gradient in the lab for 4 weeks. In the field, compositional and functional re- sponses to reduced rainfall were dependent on initial condi- tions, consistent with a large degree of spatial heterogeneity in tropical forests. However, the precipitation manipulation sig- nificantly altered microbial functional responses to soil mois- ture. Communities with prior drought exposure exhibited higher respiration rates per unit microbial biomass under all conditions and respired significantly more CO2 than control soils at low soil moisture. These functional patterns suggest that changes in microbial physiology may drive positive feed- backs to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations if wet tropical forests experience longer or more intense dry seasons in the future.
Data from: Exclusion of invertebrates influences saprotrophic fungal community and wood decay rate in an experimental field study
1. Decomposer communities perform an essential ecosystem function by recycling nutrients. However, the effect of higher trophic levels on microbial decomposer communities and rate of decomposition is poorly understood. We therefore conducted an exclusion experiment to test the effect of invertebrates on fungal decomposer communities in dead wood, repeated at 30 sites in two landscapes, and measured wood density to assess effect on decay rate. 2. Invertebrates were excluded from recently cut logs by cages with a 1 mm mesh net, and fungal communities in caged logs were compared to logs accessible to invertebrates by DNA metabarcoding analyses. Accessible logs included control logs, cage control logs and positive control logs. 3. We found that exclusion of invertebrates had a significant effect on fungal community composition. For example, the wood decay fungi Trametes versicolor and T. ochracea were significantly more abundant in accessible logs than in caged logs. The strongest effect on fungal community composition, however, was attributed to differing baseline conditions in the individual trees. When accounting for these baseline differences, caged logs had significantly higher wood density than control logs after two years, indicating lower rates of wood decay in caged logs. 4. Further studies, spanning several years, are required to fully understand the influence of invertebrates on fungi and wood decay. However, our results indicate that invertebrates influence both the composition of saprotrophic communities in dead wood and their decomposition function, which is vital to forest ecosystems.
Data from: Variation in chronic radiation exposure does not drive life history divergence among Daphnia populations across the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone
Ionising radiation is a mutagen with known negative impacts on individual fitness. However, much less is known about how these individual fitness effects translate into population-level variation in natural environments that have experienced varying levels of radiation exposure. In this study, we sampled genotypes of the freshwater crustacean, Daphnia pulex, from the eight inhabited lakes across the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). Each lake has experienced very different levels of chronic radiation exposure since a nuclear power reactor exploded there over thirty years ago. The sampled Daphnia genotypes represent genetic snapshots of current populations and allowed us to examine fitness-related traits under controlled laboratory conditions at UK background dose rates. We found that whilst there was variation in survival and schedules of reproduction among populations, there was no compelling evidence that this was driven by variation in exposure to radiation. Previous studies have shown that controlled exposure to radiation at dose rates included in the range measured in the current study reduce survival, or fecundity, or both. One limitation of this study is the lack of available sites at high dose rates, and future work could test life history variation in various organisms at other high radiation areas. Our results are nevertheless consistent with the idea that other ecological factors, e.g., competition, predation or parasitism, are likely to play a much bigger role in driving variation among populations than exposure to the high radiation dose rates found in the CEZ. These findings clearly demonstrate that it is important to examine the potential negative effects of radiation across wild populations that are subject to many and varied selection pressures as a result of complex ecological interactions.
Data from: Managing conflict between bats and humans: the response of soprano pipistrelles (Pipistrellus pygmaeus) to exclusion from roosts in houses
Conflict can arise when bats roost in human dwellings and householders are affected adversely by their presence. In the United Kingdom, the exclusion of bats from roosts can be licensed under exceptional circumstances to alleviate conflict, but the fate of excluded bats and the impact on their survival and reproduction is not well understood. Using radio-tracking, we investigated the effects of exclusion on the soprano pipistrelle Pipistrellus pygmaeus, a species that commonly roosts in buildings in Europe. Exclusions were performed under licence at five roosts in England in spring, when females were in the early stages of pregnancy. Following exclusion, all bats found alternative roosts and colonies congregated in nearby known roosts that had been used by radio-tagged bats prior to exclusion. We found no difference in roosting behaviour before and after exclusion. Both the frequency of roost switching and the type of roosts used by bats remained unchanged. We also found no change in foraging behaviour. Bats foraged in the same areas, travelled similar distances to reach foraging areas and showed similar patterns of habitat selection before and after exclusion. Population modelling suggested that any reduction in survival following exclusion could have a negative impact on population growth, whereas a reduction in productivity would have less effect. While the number of soprano pipistrelle exclusions currently licensed each year is likely to have little effect on local populations, the cumulative impacts of licensing the destruction of large numbers of roosts may be of concern.
Data from: Strong positive effects of termites on savanna bird abundance and diversity are amplified by large herbivore exclusion
Vast areas of the African savanna landscapes are characterized by tree-covered Macrotermes termite mounds embedded within a relatively open savanna matrix. In concert with termites, large herbivores are important determinants of savanna woody vegetation cover. The relative cover of woody species has considerable effects on savanna function. Despite the potentially important ecological relationships between termite mounds, woody plants, large herbivores, and birds, these associations have previously received surprisingly little attention. We experimentally studied the effects of termites and large herbivores on the avian community in Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda, where woody vegetation is essentially limited to termite mounds. Our experiment comprised of four treatments in nine replicates; unfenced termite mounds, fenced mounds (excluding large mammals), unfenced adjacent savanna, and fenced savanna. We recorded species identity, abundance, and behavior of all birds observed on these plots over a two-month period, from late dry until wet season. Birds used termite mounds almost exclusively, with only 3.5% of observations occurring in the treeless intermound savanna matrix. Mean abundance and species richness of birds doubled on fenced (large herbivores excluded) compared to unfenced mounds. Feeding behavior increased when large mammals were excluded from mounds, both in absolute number of observed individuals, and relative to other behaviors. This study documents the fundamental positive impact of Macrotermes termites on bird abundance and diversity in an African savanna. Birds play crucial functional roles in savanna ecosystems, for example, by dispersing fruits or regulating herbivorous insect populations. Thus, the role of birds in savanna dynamics depends on the distribution and abundance of termite mounds.
FIGURE 3 in The Cholevinae of Romania (exclusive of Leptodirini) (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) with special reference to the hypogeal records
FIGURE 3. Distribution of Ptomaphagus variicornis, P. subvillosus, P. sericatus and P. dacicus in Romania.
FIGURE 13 in The Cholevinae of Romania (exclusive of Leptodirini) (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) with special reference to the hypogeal records
FIGURE 13. Distribution of Catops neglectus, C. kirbyi, C. chrysomeloides and C. longulus in Romania.
FIGURE 12 in The Cholevinae of Romania (exclusive of Leptodirini) (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) with special reference to the hypogeal records
FIGURE 12. Distribution of Catops grandicollis, C. nigriclavis, C. coracinus and C. morio in Romania.
FIGURE 5 in The Cholevinae of Romania (exclusive of Leptodirini) (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) with special reference to the hypogeal records
FIGURE 5. Distribution of Choleva spadicea spadicea, Ch. s. winkleri and Ch. paskoviensis in Romania.
FIGURE 16 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 16. Schematic illustration of presumed development of swimming legs in Harpacticoida (part.). A. Hypothetical ancestral state, B–E. Evolutionary modification of coxa and/or FR; see text for explanations.
FIGURE 14 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 14. Cletodes meyerorum sp. nov. A. P5 male, B. P4 female, C. Female genital field. Scale bars: 25 µm.
FIGURE 11 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 11. Cletodes meyerorum sp. nov., female. A. Md, B. Mxl, arrows indicate details of gnathobase and coxa, C. Mx, D. Mxp, Syncoxa and basis broken. Scale bars: 25 µm.
FIGURE 10 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 10. Cletodes meyerorum sp. nov., female. A. A1, A'. last 2 antennular segments; * and # showing homologue setae that are bare in A but unipinnate in A'. B. A2 with some broken elements, B' antennar enp of a paratype showing complete setation. Scale bar: 25 µm.
FIGURE 9 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 9. Cletodes meyerorum sp. nov., female. A. right FR, lateral view, B. same FR, dorsal view. Triangular arrows indicating hyaline foliaceous structure. Scale bar: 50 µm.
FIGURE 7 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 7. Echinocletodes voightae sp. nov., male. A. A1, arrow pointing to protrusion of fifth segment that bears 1 seta and 1 aes; B. P3 enp, * showing enp-2 and enp-3 of the counterpart, with magnification of the apophysis (arrow). Scale bar: 50 µm.
FIGURE 4 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 4. Echinocletodes voightae sp. nov., female. A. P1 with corresponding intercoxal sclerite; * showing exp-3 of counterpart, B. P5. Scale bars: 50 µm.
FIGURE 3 in Characterization of a monophylum Echinocletodes, its exclusion from Ancorabolinae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida), and displacement of E. bodini and E. walvisi to Cletodes, including the description of two new species
FIGURE 3. Echinocletodes voightae sp. nov., female. A. Md, B. Mxl, * showing the other side of the gnathobase, C. Mx, D. Mxp. Scale bar: 50 µm.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.