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Fig. 29 in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 29. Current distribution of Streblopus van Lansberge, 1874 and the Old World groups with which it is believed to be more closely related plotted on an Upper Cretaceous palaeomap (~ 80 million years ago). Based particularly on the hypothesis in Tarasov & Génier (2015) that Streblopus is part of a clade otherwise composed uniquely of dung beetle lineages either exclusively distributed in Africa (Circellium, Chalconotus and Gyronotus) or with a distribution largely centred on that continent (Scarabaeini), and on the dating of the origin of the Scarabaeini as 71 million years ago (Gunter et al. 2016), we propose that the lineage that would eventually lead to Streblopus branched off from those groups in Africa some time between 95 and 71 million years ago, and that one of its descendent lineages (the only one living today) dispersed from its original continent to South America during the late Upper Cretaceous or the early Cenozoic. Since Africa and South America have not been connected by land since the Lower Cretaceous, the only way the ancestor of Streblopus could have reached South America was through transoceanic dispersal across the early South Atlantic. That dispersal probably happened by rafting on floating pieces of plants or other debris, as probably occurred with a large number of other organisms. Palaeomap modified from Scotese (2016); distribution area based on Balthasar (1963), Scholtz & Howden (1987), Davis et al. (2008) and our own results.

Fig. 14. Profemora. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 14. Profemora. A‒B. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A. ♂. B. ♀. C‒D. S. punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). C. ♂. D. ♀. Note the differences between the species and sexes in relation to the overall shape of the profemora and the presence of spurs on the anterior edge in males.

Fig. 12. Pronotum. A. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. B. S in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 12. Pronotum. A. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. B. S. punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). Note the differences in the umbilicate punctation and colour between the species.

Fig. 1. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A‒B. Ordinary specimens, dorsal view. A in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 1. Streblopus opatroides van Lansberge, 1874. A‒B. Ordinary specimens, dorsal view. A. ♂. B. ♀. C‒D. Lectotype, ♂. C. Dorsal view. D. Attached labels.

Fig. 3 in Systematics of the enigmatic South American Streblopus Van Lansberge, 1874 dung beetles and their transatlantic origin: a case study on the role of dispersal events in the biogeographical history of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Fig. 3. Streblopus punctatus (Balthasar, 1938). A‒B. Holotype, ♀. A. Dorsal view. B. Attached labels. C‒D. Ordinary specimens, dorsal view. C. ♂. D. ♀.

Fig. 3 in Upstream dam impacts on gilded catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in the Bolivian Amazon

Fig. 3. Mean annual fishing effort and capture per unit effort (CPUE) of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (black bars) per month in the Ichilo River before (1998–2007) and after dam closure (2015–2017) using catfish-specific fishing methods. Mean monthly water level (MWL) in Puerto Villarroel for the two sample periods is shown (SENAMHI 2018), with vertical lines representing standard deviation. The horizontal bars show the period when commercial fishing is prohibited.

Fig. 1 in Upstream dam impacts on gilded catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in the Bolivian Amazon

Fig. 1. Upper Madeira River basin, showing landing site Puerto Villarroel and fishing area in the Ichilo River (Bolivian Amazon), as well as the Santo Antônio and Jirau dams (Brazilian Amazon).

Fig. 4 in Kidney anatomy, histology and histometric traits associated to renosomatic index in Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae)

Fig. 4. Histological cross-sections of the head and exocrine kidney demonstrating different granulomatous structures in Gymnotus inaequilabiatus. a. severe aggregation of MMCs outer to granuloma in the exocrine kidney; PAS, bar scale = 20 µm. b. a clump of melanogenic macrophages (dark pigmented cells) adjacent to granuloma in the head kidney. The hematopoietic tissue is edematous and atypical. Some rodlet cells (black arrow) are observed. Granuloma presents a compact and thick layer of collagen with internal necrotic content surrounded by epithelioid cells (white arrows); H&E, bar scale = 10 µm. c. two well-defined granulomas with substantial internal necrotic content involved by fibrous tissue. A slight layer of MMCs aggregates close to the external wall of granuloma. TM, bar scale = 10 µm. d. MMCs aggregates both internally and externally to granuloma in the exocrine kidney. HE, bar scale = 10 µm.

Fig. 2 in Kidney anatomy, histology and histometric traits associated to renosomatic index in Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae)

Fig. 2. Cross-section of the head and exocrine kidney in Gymnotus inaequilabiatus. a. a transitional area between head (HE) and exocrine kidney (EX) drained by postcardinal vein (PCV). Lymphohematopoietic tissue is abundant in the head portion. MMCs are diffusely distributed in both portions. A thick fibrous capsule covers the organ (white arrow); HE, bar scale = 500 µm. b. the general aspect of the head kidney. Vascular sinusoids (white arrows) surrounding the lymphohematopoietic tissue enclosing the MMCs (black arrow); HE, bar scale = 200 µm. c. interstitial lymphohematopoietic tissue with MMCs deposits characterizes the exocrine kidney, in addition, the contoured tubules; renal corpuscle (white arrow); HE, bar scale = 200 µm. d. the exocrine kidney with a proximal convoluted tubule showing hyaline degeneration of the tubular epithelium often found in this species; HE, bar scale = 100 µm. e. exocrine kidney showing the corpuscle of Stannius (*). This structure is not lobulated, and is delimited by a fibrous capsule, and situated at the junction between head and exocrine portions; HE, bar scale = 500 µm. f. detail of junction between lymphohematopoietic tissue and corpuscle of Stannius in the head kidney. Fiber bundles subdivide both structures. Rodlet cells (white arrow), macrophages (M) and eosinophilic granulocytic cells (black arrow); granulocytic (G) and secretory cells (SC) internally fill the corpuscle; HE, bar scale = 50 µm.

Fig. 5 in A new and improved electric fish finder with resources for printed circuit board fabrication

Fig. 5. Design schematic for electric fish finder enclosure. Grey arrows show distances from edges to the center of drill holes/ objects. Grey dotted circles represent drill holes. The sealing washer marked with an asterisk has no waterproofing function and is used instead to trap the exposed terminal of a wire from the channel ground against the internal metal surface of the enclosure (see CHGND in Fig. 2).

Fig. 5 in Seasonal and longitudinal variation in fish assemblage structure along an unregulated stretch of the Middle Uruguay River

Fig. 5. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) applied to ordinate samples according to variations in fish composition and abundance along the Uruguay River. Rectangles depict groups confirmed by a Multiple Response Permutation Procedure (Tab. 2). Sites: S1 = upstream; S6 = downstream. Seasons: Au= Autumn; Sp= Spring; Su= Summer and Wi= Winter.

Fig. 1 in Glyphosate commercial formulation effects on preoptic area and hypothalamus of Cardinal Neon Paracheirodon axelrodi (Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 1. Cross-section of preoptic area (AP) and posterior diencephalic region (PDR) of Paracheirodon axelrodi showing its different neuronal nuclei. a. Panoramic view of AP showing different neuronal nuclei. b. Panoramic view of PDR, including HT neuronal nuclei. Technique: high resolution optical microscopy (HROM) Bar 100 μm.

Fig. 3 in Water pH and hardness alter ATPases and oxidative stress in the gills and kidney of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

Fig. 3. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content (nmol TMP mg wet tissue-1) in a. gills and b. kidney of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) juveniles under different water hardness and pH at different times. LWH = low water hardness (50 mg CaCO L-1); HWH = high water hardness (120 mg CaCO L-1). Data are presented as the means ± SEM (n = 3 3 9 fish treatment–1). Different uppercase letters indicate statistically differences between pH at the same hardness (P <0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate statistically differences between hardness at the same pH (P <0.05).

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Fig. 3 in First chromosomal analysis of Gymnorhamphichthys britskii: the remarkable lowest diploid value within the family Rhamphichthyidae (Gymnotiformes)

Fig. 3. Karyotypes of Gymnorhamphichthys britskii arranged a. from Giemsa stained; b. C-banded; and c. after double- FISH with 18S rDNA (red) and 5S rDNA (green) probes.. The NOR-bearing chromosomes (pair 9) are in the box. Note the size heteromorphism involving the NORs detected by the Ag- NOR and 18S rDNA-FISH techniques. Scales bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 4 in Food resource partitioning among species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) in the Lower Iguaçu River and tributaries, Brazil

Fig. 4. Relative frequency (%) of the diet overlap index of Astyanax species pairs in the Low Iguaçu River and tributaries in Brazil. Ab=A. bifasciatus; Ad=A. dissimilis; Ag=A. gymnodontus; Al=A. lacustris; Am=A. minor. Low <0.39; intermediate =0.40-0.59; high> 0.60.

Fig. 2 in Water pH and hardness alter ATPases and oxidative stress in the gills and kidney of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

Fig. 2. Total antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) (relative area) in a. gills and b. kidney of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) juveniles under different water hardness and pH at different times. LWH = low water hardness (50 mg CaCO L-1); HWH = high water hardness (120 mg CaCO L-1). Data are presented as the means ± SEM (n = 9 fish treatment–1). 3 3 Different uppercase letters indicate statistically differences between pH at the same hardness (P <0.05).

Fig. 3 in Molecular assessment of Gymnotus spp. (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) fishing used as live baitfish in the Tietê River, Brazil

Fig. 3. Agarose gel electrophoresis (3.0%) of NlaIII restriction fragments obtained from COI partial PCR amplification. Gymnotus cf. sylvius (1T13, 1T24, 1T20, 1T36, 2T29) and G. cf. cuia (2T13, 2T32 and 2T24). M- 100 bp molecular weight marker (Sinapse Inc). Numbers at fragments indicate estimated molecular weight.

Fig. 2 in Seasonal and longitudinal variation in fish assemblage structure along an unregulated stretch of the Middle Uruguay River

Fig. 2. Variation (mean ±standard deviation) in species richness and biomass (CPUEb/100m2) along the river channel (A and C) and among seasons (B and D), in the Middle Uruguay River. Sites: S1 = upstream; S6 = downstream. Different letters indicate statistical difference (p <0.05).

Fig. 2 in Molecular assessment of Gymnotus spp. (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) fishing used as live baitfish in the Tietê River, Brazil

Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining dendrogram of the COI partial sequences of Gymnotus spp. (1T13, 2T29, 1T14, 1T36, 2T26, 2T13, 2T32 and 2T24) collected in the Jacaré-Guaçu River, State of São Paulo, and obtained from GenBank, constructed from the distances of Kimura (K2P). The bootstrap values are indicated on the branches

Fig. 4 in Disruptive coloration and habitat use by seahorses

Fig. 4. Plain-colored (Left column) seahorses occupy similar background color, while banded disruptive seahorses (Right column) occupy more diverse habitats.