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FIGURE 6 in New plant fossil records and paleoclimate analyses of the late Pliocene Citronelle Formation flora, U.S. Gulf Coast
FIGURE 6. Representative Oleaceae (continued), Platanaceae, and Roseaceae from the Citronelle Formation. 1. Fraxinus leaflet (UF 19210–062078), scale bar equals 1 cm. 2. Close-up of Figure 6.1 Fraxinus leaflet showing higher order venation, scale bar equals 5 mm. 3. Platanus occidentalis leaf (UF 19210–062079), scale bar equals 1 cm. 4. Platanus occidentalis fruit (UF 19211–062080), showing persistent style at arrow, scale bar equals 1 cm. 5. Crataegus leaf species 1 (UF19315–062081) similar to C. spatulatha, scale bar equals 5 mm. 6. Close-up of Figure 6.5 Crataegus leaf showing higher order venation, scale bar equals 2.5 mm. 7. Crataegus species #2 leaf (UF 19210–062082), wedge-shaped lamina similar to C. floridana, compare with Figure 7.1, scale bar equals 5 mm. 8. Close-up of Figure 6.7 Crataegus leaf showing higher order venation, scale bar equals 2.5 mm.
FIGURE 13 in Neoichnology of the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Anura: Scaphiopodidae): criteria for recognizing anuran burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 13. Cluster analysis of burrows produced by Scaphiopus holbrookii, Pandinus imperator, Mabuya multifasciata, and Ambystoma tigrinum. For formatting descriptions refer to the captions of Figures 10–12.
FIGURE 5. Vertical shafts with terminal chambers. 1 in Neoichnology of the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Anura: Scaphiopodidae): criteria for recognizing anuran burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 5. Vertical shafts with terminal chambers. 1, Side view (SH25). 2, Frontal view (SH33). 3, Side view (SH33).
FIGURE 8 in Neoichnology of the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Anura: Scaphiopodidae): criteria for recognizing anuran burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 8. Cluster analysis of all burrows produced by Scaphiopus holbrookii. Numbers in yellow circles indicate a major cluster of burrows discussed in the text. The color of the burrow specimen number indicates the architecture of the burrow: red = vertical shafts; orange = subvertical shafts; green = isolated chambers. The similarity values of the clusters are indicated by an arrow and a number. RT = resting trace.
FIGURE 4. Bioglyphs produced during burrow construction. 1–2 in Neoichnology of the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Anura: Scaphiopodidae): criteria for recognizing anuran burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 4. Bioglyphs produced during burrow construction. 1–2, Photo (1) and line drawing (2) of a raised ridge on the bottom of the terminal chamber (SH11). The arrows in 1 and 2 and circled area in 2 indicate the position of the ridge on the base of the chamber. 3–4, Photo (3) and line drawing (4) of an imprint of an individual's hindlimb (SH11). The arrows in 3 and 4 and circled area in 4 indicate the position of the imprint on the chamber floor. 5–6, Photo (5) and line drawing (6) of a terminal chamber showing multiple triangular protrusions (SH25). The arrows in 5 and 6 and circled areas in 6 indicate the positions of the protrusions on the chamber walls.
FIGURE 1. Anuran morphology. 1 in Neoichnology of the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Anura: Scaphiopodidae): criteria for recognizing anuran burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 1. Anuran morphology. 1, Basic anuran anatomy. Inset picture shows an enlarged hindlimb with tubercles located on the base of the pes. 2, Scaphiopus holbrookii on the sediment surface. 3, S. holbrookii burrowing beneath the surface.
FIGURE 3 in Neoichnology of the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Anura: Scaphiopodidae): criteria for recognizing anuran burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 3. Surface feature produced by Scaphiopus holbrookii. 1, Shallow pit in the sediment surface. 2, Two separate, closely spaced burrow openings. 3, A single circular burrowing opening. 4, Excavated sediment (sand) on top of a burrow opening.
FIGURE 11 in Neoichnology of the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Anura: Scaphiopodidae): criteria for recognizing anuran burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 11. Cluster analysis of burrows produced by Scaphiopus holbrookii and Mabuya multifasciata. The color of the burrow specimen number indicates the tracemaker: orange = M. multifasciata. For additional formatting descriptions refer to Figure 10.
FIGURE 10 in Neoichnology of the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Anura: Scaphiopodidae): criteria for recognizing anuran burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 10. Cluster analysis of burrows produced by Scaphiopus holbrookii and Pandinus imperator. Major clusters discussed in the text are denoted with the letter of the cluster in a yellow circle. The color of the burrow specimen number indicates the tracemaker: green = S. holbrookii; red = P. imperator. The similarity values of the clusters are marked with an arrow and a number.
FIGURE 2 in Neoichnology of the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Anura: Scaphiopodidae): criteria for recognizing anuran burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 2. Quantitative properties of burrows. 1, Measured properties include maximum depth (D), tunnel and shaft width (w), height (h), and circumference (c), length (L), and slope (S). 2, Complexity (C) is the sum of the number of surface openings (e), segments (s), and chambers (h) of a burrow. 3, Tortuosity is a measure of the average sinuosity of all of the segments of a burrow system. The tortuosity of a single segment is calculated by dividing the length (u) by the straight-line distance (v). Modified from Hembree et al. (2012).
FIGURE 9 in Neoichnology of the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Anura: Scaphiopodidae): criteria for recognizing anuran burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 9. Three different species and their respective burrows produced in previous studies. 1, An emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator). 2, A subvertical tunnel produced by P. imperator. 3, A gold skink (Mabuya multifasciata). 4, A subvertical tunnel produced by M. multifasciata. 5, A tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). 6, A subvertical tunnel produced by A. tigrinum.
FIGURE 6. Subvertical shafts with terminal chambers. 1 in Neoichnology of the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Anura: Scaphiopodidae): criteria for recognizing anuran burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 6. Subvertical shafts with terminal chambers. 1, View from the back of burrow (SH11). 2, Side view (SH11). 3, Side view (SH14).
FIGURE 14 in Neoichnology of the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Anura: Scaphiopodidae): criteria for recognizing anuran burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 14. Anomalous burrow architecture (SH16) defined as a resting trace. 1, View from the side. 2, View from the bottom of the burrow.
FIGURE 12 in Neoichnology of tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): Criteria for recognizing spider burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 12. All animal burrow cluster diagram. Cluster analysis of the burrows produced by Hysterocrates gigas (HG, blue, n = 10), Pelinobius muticus (PM, green, n = 8), and Aphonopelma chalcodes (AC, red, n = 9), the scorpion Pandinus imperator (PI, light blue, n = 9), trapdoor spider Gorgyrella inermis (GI, yellow, n = 7) (yellow), the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum (AT, black, n = 9) (red), and the skink Mabuya multifasciata (MM, purple, n = 8) (green). The burrows sort into 11 highly similar (BC> 0.80) clusters (A–K), each populated primarily by the burrows of a single trace maker: A = 100% P. imperator (n = 9); B = 100% A. chalcodes (n = 4); C = 100% M. multifasciata (n = 6); D = 100% A. tigrinum (n = 4); E = 100% M. multifasciata (n = 2); F = 100% A. tigrinum (n = 5); G = 80% H. gigas (n = 4); H = 88% G. inermis (n = 7); I = 50% H. gigas/A. chalcodes (n = 2 each); J = 100% H. gigas (n = 2); K = 89% P. muticus (n = 8).
FIGURE 9. Pelinobius muticus burrow casts. 1-3 in Neoichnology of tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): Criteria for recognizing spider burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 9. Pelinobius muticus burrow casts. 1-3, Side views of vertical, sinuous burrows with a laterally expanded terminal chamber (PM6, PM1, PM3, respectively). 4-5, Oblique and side views of a large diameter, vertical sinuous burrow ending with a horizontal tunnel (PM5). 6-7, Side and top views of a vertical burrow terminating in a horizontal tunnel (PM4). The burrow ends with two bifurcating tunnels. 8, Vertical, branching burrow (PM2). 9-10, Oblique and side view of a vertical, sinuous burrow with two branching tunnels (PM7).
FIGURE 10. Aphonopelma chalcodes burrow casts. 1 in Neoichnology of tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): Criteria for recognizing spider burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 10. Aphonopelma chalcodes burrow casts. 1, Side view of a subvertical tunnel with a series of parallel ridges along the tunnel wall (at arrow) (AC3). 2, Side view of a subvertical tunnel with a vertical entrance shaft and a laterally expanded terminal chamber (AC7). 3, Top view of a subvertical tunnel (AC1). 4-5, Side and top views of a subvertical tunnel with a changing slope along its length (AC8). 6-7, Oblique and side views of a helical burrow with a series of parallel ridges along the tunnel wall (at arrow) and a laterally expanded terminal chamber (AC6).
FIGURE 7. 1 in Neoichnology of tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): Criteria for recognizing spider burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 7. 1, Low mound of excavated sediment produced by Pelinobius muticus; circular opening is present in the center. 2, Large mound of excavated sediment produced by Hysterocrates gigas with a circular opening in the center of the mound. 3, Extensive spoil pile of excavated sediment extending from the opening of a H. gigas burrow. 4, Side view of an Aphonopelma chalcodes terrarium showing extensive, irregular surface topography produced by burrow excavation as well as the exposed cross section of a helical burrow (at arrow).
FIGURE 6. 1 in Neoichnology of tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): Criteria for recognizing spider burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 6. 1, Specimen of Hysterocrates gigas initiating burrow construction. 2, Continued excavation of H. gigas burrow; sediment from burrow is deposited on the surface behind the burrow opening. 3, Specimen of Pelinobius muticus transporting excavated sediment with its pedipalps up the burrow shaft. 4, Specimen of P. muticus packing excavating sediment into the base of the sediment mound at the top of the burrow shaft. 5, Specimen of H. gigas in its burrow chamber. 6, Specimen of P. muticus in burrow shaft below the burrow opening.
FIGURE 5 in Neoichnology of tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): Criteria for recognizing spider burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 5. Comparative trace-making animals and casts of their typical burrow morphologies. 1-2, Gorgyrella sp. (trapdoor spider). 3-4, Pandinus imperator (scorpion). 5-6, Ambystoma tigrinum (salamander). 7-8, Mabuya multifasciata (skink).
FIGURE 8. Hysterocrates gigas burrow casts. 1 in Neoichnology of tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae): Criteria for recognizing spider burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 8. Hysterocrates gigas burrow casts. 1, Side view of vertical burrow with expanded terminal chamber (HG4). 2, Side view of vertical burrow with expanded terminal chamber and a short lower shaft (HG2). 3, Side view of a vertical burrow with and expanded upper chamber and an elongate lower shaft. 4, Side view of a sinuous vertical burrow with an upper and terminal expanded chambers (HG8). 5, Side view of a vertical to horizontal burrow with upper and lower expanded chambers (HG9). 6, Top view of a vertical to horizontal burrow with upper and lower expanded chambers (HG7).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.