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310 results for “host use”
How do host-plant use and seasonal life cycle relate to insect body size: A case study on European geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
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Data from: History, geography, and host use shape genome-wide patterns of genetic variation in the redheaded pine sawfly (Neodiprion lecontei)
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Host-Parasite biogeographic interactions: modelling the distribution of Phyllotis xanthopygus rodents complex and their flea assemblage using the favorability function
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Figure 5 from: Sakagami K, Shimizu S, Fujie S, Maeto K (2020) Revisiting the host use and phylogeny of Colastomion Baker (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae), with a new host record from Japan. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 77: 175-186. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.77.52774
Figure 5 Bayesian majority-rule consensus tree of Colastomion species based on CO1. Posterior probabilities (> 0.80) and bootstrap values (> 50%) are indicated at below of each node (PP / BT). Lifestyles are indicated as shown in Quicke et al. (2012), except for C. formosanum.
Figure 4 from: Sakagami K, Shimizu S, Fujie S, Maeto K (2020) Revisiting the host use and phylogeny of Colastomion Baker (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae), with a new host record from Japan. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 77: 175-186. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.77.52774
Figure 4 A larva of Nevrina procopia (Stoll) mummified by Colastomion formosanum (Watanabe), lateral view.
Figure 2 from: Sakagami K, Shimizu S, Fujie S, Maeto K (2020) Revisiting the host use and phylogeny of Colastomion Baker (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae), with a new host record from Japan. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 77: 175-186. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.77.52774
Figure 2 Female adult wasp of Colastomion formosanum (Watanabe) from Amami Ōshima Is., Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, lateral view D head and mesosoma, dorsal view E propodeum, dorsal view F metasoma, dorsal view.
Figure 3 in Morphology of oil-collecting pilosity of female Rediviva bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Melittidae) reflects host plant use
Figure 3. Backscattered SEM images of female Rediviva tarsomeres of forelegs in lateral view. (A) R. nitida (type I); (B) R. macgregori (type II); (C) R. intermixta (type III); (D) R. saetigera (type IV); (E) R. parva (type III); (F) R. gigas (type IV). Scale bar 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: uh, unbranched strong and slender hairs; bh, highly branched absorptive hairs; ph, lamellar apically pluridentate hairs; sph, pluridentate to blunt spatulate hairs; sch, broad and slightly curved blade-like scraping hairs; lth, strong simple hairs with lanceolate tips, branched at the base.
Figure 1 in Morphology of oil-collecting pilosity of female Rediviva bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Melittidae) reflects host plant use
Figure 1. Female Rediviva bees in lateral view showing species-specific variation of foreleg length. (A) R. alonsoae; (B) R. macgregori; (C) R. longimanus; (D) R. emdeorum. Scale bar: 10 mm.
Figures 1-2 from: Novaes RLM, Alves FM, Souza RF, Laurindo RS, Moratelli R (2020) Bats used as hosts by Amblyomma sculptum (Acari: Ixodidae) in Northeastern Brazil and its implications on tick-borne diseases. Zoologia 37: 1-4. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e56795
Figures 1-2 (1) Individual of Myotis lavali (MN 75191) parasitized by an engorged Amblyomma sculptum in the xerophytic caatinga from Northeastern Brazil. Photo: Carlos Cândido. (2) Individual of Noctilio albiventris (MN 79943) parasitized by some sub-adult individuals of hard tick Amblyomma sculptum and soft tick Ornithodoros sp. in the xerophytic caatinga from Northeastern Brazil. Photo: Roberto Leonan M. Novaes.
Data from: Scale dependencies and generalism in host use shape virus prevalence
Processes that generate the distribution of pathogens and their interactions with hosts are not insensitive to changes in spatial scale. Spatial scales and species traits are often selected intentionally, based on practical considerations, ignoring biases that the scale and type of observation may introduce. Specifically, these biases might change the interpretation of disease-diversity relationships that are reported as either 'dilution' or 'amplification' effects. Here, we combine field data of a host-pathogen community with empirical models to test the effects that i) spatial scale and ii) host range have on the relationship between plant-virus infection prevalence and diversity. We show that prevalence-diversity relationships are scale dependent, and can produce opposite effects associated with different habitats at sub-ecosystem scales. The total number of host species of each virus reflected generalism at the ecosystem scale. However, plasticity in host-range resembled habitat-specific specialisation and also changed model predictions. We show that habitat heterogeneity, ignored at larger (ecosystem) spatial scales, influences pathogen distributions. Hence, understanding disease distributions and the evolution of pathogens requires reconciling specific hypotheses of the study with an appropriate spatial scale, or scales, and consideration of traits, such as host range, that might strongly contribute to biotic interactions.
Data from: Use of an exotic host plant affects mate choice in an insect herbivore
The colonization of exotic plants by herbivorous insects has provided opportunities for investigating causes and consequences associated with the evolution of niche breadth. The butterfly Lycaeides melissa utilizes exotic alfalfa, Medicago sativa, which is a relatively poor larval resource, and previous studies have found that caterpillars that consume M. sativa develop into smaller and less fecund adults. Here we investigate the effect of smaller female body size on male mate preference, a previously unexplored consequence of novel host use. Smaller females, which developed on the exotic host, were less likely to be visited by males. This result was confirmed with a second set of choice tests involving females reared on a single plant species, thus ruling out host-specific confounding factors. We suggest that an effect on mate choice be considered as part of the complex suite of factors determining persistence of herbivorous insects following colonization of new habitats or resources.
Data from: Evidence for a trade-off between host-range breadth and host-use efficiency in aphid parasitoids
"The jack of all trades is a master of none" describes the widely held belief that engaging in many tasks comes at the cost of being unable to do those tasks well. However, empirical evidence for generalist fitness costs remains scarce. We used published data from a long-term field survey of aphid parasitoids to determine if relative specialists are more abundant than generalists on their shared hosts, a pattern that would be expected if generalists suffer a tradeoff between host-range breadth and host-use efficiency. Relative specialists were more abundant than generalists on their shared hosts, but only when we used a measure of specialization that accounts for the taxonomic differences among parasitoids' hosts. These results suggest that a generalist-specialist tradeoff exists within this group of parasitoids, and that the generalist fitness cost depends on the taxonomic breadth, rather than the number, of host species that are used.
Data from: Does adaptive radiation of a host lineage promote ecological diversity of its bacterial communities? A test using gut microbiota of Anolis lizards
Adaptive radiations provide unique opportunities to test whether and how recent ecological and evolutionary diversification of host species structures the composition of entire bacterial communities. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing of faecal samples to test for differences in the gut microbiota of six species of Puerto Rican Anolis lizards characterized by the evolution of distinct 'ecomorphs' related to differences in habitat use. We found substantial variation in the composition of the microbiota within each species and ecomorph (trunk-crown, trunk-ground, grass-bush), but no differences in bacterial alpha diversity among species or ecomorphs. Beta diversity analyses revealed subtle but significant differences in bacterial composition related to host phylogeny and species, but these differences were not consistently associated with Anolis ecomorph. Comparison of a trunk-ground species from this clade (A. cristatellus) with a distantly related member of the same ecomorph class (A. sagrei) where the two species have been introduced and are now sympatric in Florida revealed pronounced differences in the alpha diversity and beta diversity of their microbiota despite their ecological similarity. Comparisons of these populations with allopatric conspecifics also revealed geographic differences in bacterial alpha diversity and beta diversity within each species. Finally, we observed high intraindividual variation over time and strong effects of a simplified laboratory diet on the microbiota of A. sagrei. Collectively, our results indicate that bacterial communities are only weakly shaped by the diversification of their lizard hosts due to the strikingly high levels of bacterial diversity and variation observed within Anolis species.
Data from: The evolution of novel host use is unlikely to be constrained by tradeoffs or a lack of genetic variation
The genetic and ecological factors that shape the evolution of animal diets remain poorly understood. For herbivorous insects, the expectation has been that trade-offs exist, such that adaptation to one host plant reduces performance on other potential hosts. We investigated the genetic architecture of alternative host use by rearing individual Lycaeides melissa butterflies from two wild populations in a crossed design on two hosts (one native and one introduced) and analysing the genetic basis of differences in performance using genomic approaches. Survival during the experiment was highest when butterfly larvae were reared on their natal host plant, consistent with local adaptation. However, cross-host correlations in performance among families (within populations) were not different from zero. We found that L. melissa populations possess genetic variation for larval performance and variation in performance had a polygenic basis. We documented very few genetic variants with trade-offs that would inherently constrain diet breadth by preventing the optimization of performance across hosts. Instead, most genetic variants that affected performance on one host had little to no effect on the other host. In total, these results suggest that genetic trade-offs are not the primary cause of dietary specialization in L. melissa butterflies.
Data from: A generalist brood parasite modifies use of a host in response to reproductive success
Avian obligate brood parasites, which rely solely on hosts to raise their young, should choose the highest quality hosts to maximize reproductive output. Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) are extreme host generalists, yet female cowbirds could use information based on past reproductive outcomes to make egg-laying decisions thus minimizing fitness costs associated with parasitizing low-quality hosts. We use a long-term (21 years) nest-box study of a single host, the prothonotary warbler (Protonotaria citrea), to show that local cowbird reproductive success, but not host reproductive success, was positively correlated with the probability of parasitism the following year. Experimental manipulations of cowbird success corroborated that female cowbirds make future decisions about which hosts to use based on information pertaining to past cowbird success, both within and between years. The within-year pattern, in particular, points to local cowbird females selecting hosts based on past reproductive outcomes. This, coupled with high site fidelity of female cowbirds between years, points to information use, rather than cowbird natal returns alone, increasing parasitism rates on highly productive sites between years.
Data from: Host use dynamics in a heterogeneous fitness landscape generates oscillations in host range and diversification
Colonization of novel hosts is thought to play an important role in parasite diversification, yet little consensus has been achieved about the macroevolutionary consequences of changes in host use. Here we offer a mechanistic basis for the origins of parasite diversity by simulating lineages evolved in silico. We describe an individual-based model in which (i) parasites undergo sexual reproduction limited by genetic proximity, (ii) hosts are uniformly distributed along a one-dimensional resource gradient, and (iii) host use is determined by the interaction between the phenotype of the parasite and a heterogeneous fitness landscape. We found two main effects of host use on the evolution of a parasite lineage. First, the colonization of a novel host allowed parasites to explore new areas of the resource space, increasing phenotypic and genotypic variation. Second, hosts produced heterogeneity in the parasite fitness landscape, which led to reproductive isolation and therefore, speciation. As a validation of the model, we analyzed empirical data from Nymphalidae butterflies and their host plants. We then assessed the number of hosts used by parasite lineages and the diversity of resources they encompass. In both simulated and empirical systems, host diversity emerged as the main predictor of parasite species richness.
Data from: The genetic architecture of a complex ecological trait: host plant use in the specialist moth, Heliothis subflexa
We used genetic mapping to examine the genetic architecture of differences in host plant use between two species of noctuid moths, Heliothis subflexa, a specialist on Physalis spp., and its close relative, the broad generalist H. virescens. We introgressed H. subflexa chromosomes into the H. virescens background and analyzed 1,462 backcross insects. The effects of H. subflexa-origin chromosomes were small when measured as the percent variation explained in backcross populations (0.2 to 5%), but were larger when considered in relation to the interspecific difference explained (1.5 to 165%). Most significant chromosomes had effects on more than one trait, and their effects varied between years, sexes, and genetic backgrounds. Different chromosomes could produce similar phenotypes, suggesting that the same trait might be controlled by different chromosomes in different backcross populations. It appears that many loci of small effect contribute to the use of Physalis by H. subflexa. We hypothesize that behavioral changes may have paved the way for physiological adaptation to Physalis by the generalist ancestor of H. subflexa and H. virescens.
Fig. 1 in Pseudorhadinorhynchus samegaiensis (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchida: Illiosentidae) Uses the Amphipod Jesogammarus (Annanogammarus) fluvialis as an Intermediate Host in a Stream of the Lake Biwa Basin, Central Japan
Fig. 1. Jesogammarus (Annanogammarus) fluvialis infected with two fully developed cystacanths (a, b) and one early cystacanth (c) of Pseudorhadinorhynchus samegaiensis. A, Lateral view of amphipod harboring three cystacanths in hemocoel; B, three cystacanths dissected free from amphipod. Note faint orange spots (a, b) in amphipod's hemocoel (A) and faint orange body surface of cystacanths (B). Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm.
Data associated with the manuscript 'Controlling the volume fraction of glass-forming colloidal suspensions using thermosensitive host 'mesogels' (J. Chem. Phys)
<p>Experimental data shown in the figures included in the article and the supporting material. The 'Readme.pdf' file provides a short descrption of each of the data files and links them with the corresponding figure.</p>
Fig. 2 in The marine myxosporean Sigmomyxa sphaerica (Thélohan, 1895) gen. n., comb. n. (syn. Myxidium sphaericum) from garfish (Belone belone (L.)) uses the polychaete Nereis pelagica L. as invertebrate host
Fig. 2 Line drawings of S. sphaerica myxospores from B. belone. a Valvular view and b sutural view. Scale bar 5 μm
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.