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FIGURE 4 in Achieving kinematic identity across shape diversity in musculoskeletal modeling

FIGURE 4. AnyBody australopithecine musculoskeletal model without (left) and with (right) muscle model visualization.

FIGURE 1 in Achieving kinematic identity across shape diversity in musculoskeletal modeling

FIGURE 1. The flowchart shows the major steps required to build the ADL australopithecine model. In the blue boxes, the ADL human model is driven with the Schreiber and Moissenet (2019) human locomotion data. From these ADL human simulations, the dimension of the pelvis and femur can be extracted as well as model motion profiles used at later stages of the process (Figure 5). The gray boxes show the major steps in transforming (TPS-based morphing) the ADL human pelvis to match the australopithecine morphology (A.L. 288-1 reduced-asymmetry pelvis; Australopithecus afarensis), thus creating the ADL australopithecine pelvis. The green boxes show the steps necessary to create the ADL australopithecine (hybrid) femur from the ADL human femur.

FIGURE 5 in Achieving kinematic identity across shape diversity in musculoskeletal modeling

FIGURE 5. This flowchart shows the major steps required to generate the C3D motion file to drive the walking simulations with an australopithecine hip. Blue, light blue, and blue/grey and blue/green dashed boxes are the same boxes from Figure 1. The original ADL human model (blue box) is morphed based on the australopithecine pelvis (blue/grey dashed box) and femur (blue/green dashed box) to create the ADL australopithecine model (orange box). The results from the human walking simulation (blue box) are combined with the L5-sacral offset translation (light blue box) to generate new "experimental marker data" that are combined with the original ground reaction force data from Schreiber and Moissenet (2019) (purple box). The ADL australopithecine model and new motion data are then used to drive the simulations of walking with an australopithecine hip.

FIGURE 6 in Achieving kinematic identity across shape diversity in musculoskeletal modeling

FIGURE 6. Motion of the pelvis and lower limb joints for one individual walking simulation with both human (red lines) and australopithecine (black circles) shaped hips. A. Pelvic rotation (transverse plane), tilt (sagittal plane) and drop (coronal plane). B. Hip flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and internal-external rotation. C. Knee flexion-extension, ankle dorsi-plantar flexion, subtalar eversion-inversion.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

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Genetically identical mice express alternative reproductive tactics depending on social conditions in the field

<p>In many species, establishing and maintaining a territory is critical to survival and reproduction, and an animal's ability to do so is strongly influenced by the presence and density of competitors. Here we manipulate social conditions to study the alternative reproductive tactics displayed by genetically identical, age-matched laboratory mice competing for territories under ecologically realistic social environmental conditions. We introduced adult males and females of the laboratory mouse strain (C57BL/6J) into a large, outdoor field enclosure containing defendable resource zones under one of two social conditions. We first created a low-density social environment, such that the number of available territories exceeded the number of males. After males established stable territories, we introduced a pulse of intruder males and observed the resulting defensive and invasive tactics employed. In response to this change in social environment, males with large territories invested more in patrolling but were less effective at excluding intruder males as compared to males with small territories. Intruding males failed to establish territories and displayed an alternative tactic featuring greater exploration as compared to genetically identical territorial males. Alternative tactics did not lead to equal reproductive success—males that acquired territories experienced greater survival and had greater access to females.</p>

Fig. 4 in Unraveling the taxonomic identity of Cocos nucifera f. palmyrensis (Arecaceae: Cocoseae)

Fig. 4. – Lateral view of the lectotype of Cocos nucifera var. palmyrensis (Beccari) Pignotti & Baldini. [FI018792] [Photo: L. Pignotti]

Fig. 2 in Unraveling the taxonomic identity of Cocos nucifera f. palmyrensis (Arecaceae: Cocoseae)

Fig. 2. – Original material of Cocos nucifera var. palmyrensis (Beccari) Pignotti & Baldini. A. top: lectotype; bottom: upper view and cross sectioned by Beccari of a fruit now missing at FI; B. top: syntype; bottom: lateral view of a slender coconut, now missing at FI. [A top: FI018792; B top: FI018793] [Reproduced from the Bull. Coll. Hawaii Publ. 4: tab. XVII, XVIII]

material of Cocos nucifera var. palmyrensis (Beccari) Pignotti & Baldini. A. Lectotype; B. Syntype. [A: FI018792; B: FI018793] [Photos: D. Nesti, L. Pignotti] in Unraveling the taxonomic identity of Cocos nucifera f. palmyrensis (Arecaceae: Cocoseae)

material of Cocos nucifera var. palmyrensis (Beccari) Pignotti & Baldini. A. Lectotype; B. Syntype. [A: FI018792; B: FI018793] [Photos: D. Nesti, L. Pignotti]

Fig. 3 in Unraveling the taxonomic identity of Cocos nucifera f. palmyrensis (Arecaceae: Cocoseae)

Fig. 3. – Close-up of the original note on original material of Cocos nucifera var. palmyrensis (Beccari) Pignotti & Baldini. A. Lectotype; B. Syntype. [A: FI018792; B: FI018793] [Photos: D. Nesti, L. Pignotti]

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

Fig. 2 in The identity of the long-overlooked Ronabea morindoides and Patabea tenuiflora, synonymous with a species of Appunia (Rubiaceae)

Fig. 2. – Holotype of Patabea tenuiflora DC. A. Detail of flower buds with abaxial corniform appendages. [G–DC: G00667064]

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

Fig. 3 in The identity of the long-overlooked Ronabea morindoides and Patabea tenuiflora, synonymous with a species of Appunia (Rubiaceae)

Fig. 3. – Appunia morindoides (A. Rich.) Delprete, C.M. Taylor & T. McDowell. A. Branchlet with inflorescence; B. Stem closeup, showing distalmost nodes with stipules; C. Inflorescence with flower buds, being visited by small ants; D. Inflorescence with most corollas fallen off, showing calyx limbs and disks; E. Open flower (note corolla lobes with apical appendices, both galeate adaxial appendages and abaxial corniform appendages); F. Infructescence with ripe fruits. [A–C, E: trail to Savane-Roche Corail, Kourou, French Guiana; D: trail Grand Boeuf Mort, Saül, French Guiana; F: Montagne des Singes, French Guiana] [Photos: Hervé Galliffet]

Fig. 16 in Novitates Gabonenses 90: Palisota (Commelinaceae) revisited: description of eight new species from Central Africa and notes on the identity of P. satabiei and P. bogneri

Fig. 16. – Palisota stevartii Burg & E. Bidault. A–B.Habit; C. Detail of pubescence on the upper side of lamina and leaf margin; D. Detail of pubescence on the lower side of the lamina and midrib; E. Inflorescence; F. Floral diagram; G. Bisexual flower, front view; H. Bisexual flower, side view; I. One upper stamen; J. Lower stamen; K. Upper staminode; L. One lower staminode; M. Ovary and pistil; N. Staminodial hair; O. Sepal hair; P. Ovary hair. [A, G, I–P: van der Maesen et al. 5833; B–E: Stévart et al. 4844; H: Texier et al. 282] [Drawings: H. de Vries]

Fig. 1. – Palisota akouangoui E. Bidault & Burg. A in Novitates Gabonenses 90: Palisota (Commelinaceae) revisited: description of eight new species from Central Africa and notes on the identity of P. satabiei and P. bogneri

Fig. 1. – Palisota akouangoui E. Bidault & Burg. A. Habit; B. Mature fruit; C. Inflorescence; D. Bisexual flower; E. Sepal; F. Petal; G. Lower stamen; H. One upper stamen; I. Staminode; J. Ovary and pistil. [A: Bidault et al. 3687; B: Bidault et al. 4100; C-J: Bidault et al. 3785] [Drawings: D. Geffard-Kuriyama & L. Longou]

Fig. 5 in Novitates Gabonenses 90: Palisota (Commelinaceae) revisited: description of eight new species from Central Africa and notes on the identity of P. satabiei and P. bogneri

Fig. 5. – Distribution of Palisota cristalensis E. Bidault & Burg (stars) and P. alboanthera Burg & E. Bidault (triangles). Elevation is represented in levels of grey, and protected areas as shaded.

Fig. 14. – Palisota repens E. Bidault & Burg. A in Novitates Gabonenses 90: Palisota (Commelinaceae) revisited: description of eight new species from Central Africa and notes on the identity of P. satabiei and P. bogneri

Fig. 14. – Palisota repens E. Bidault & Burg. A. Habit; B. Inflorescence; C. Bisexual flower; D. Mature fruit; E. Immature fruit; F. Sepal; G. Petal; H. Ovary and pistil; I. Lower stamen; J. One upper stamen; K. Staminode. [A: Bidault et al. 3506; B– C, F–K: Texier et al. 1437; D– E:Bidault et al. 4405] [Drawings: L. Longou]

Fig. 4 in Novitates Gabonenses 90: Palisota (Commelinaceae) revisited: description of eight new species from Central Africa and notes on the identity of P. satabiei and P. bogneri

Fig. 4. – Palisota alboanthera Burg & E. Bidault. A. Habit; B. Inflorescence; C. Bisexual flower with reflexed, mature lower stamen; D. Male flower with reduced ovary; E. Sepal; F. Petal; G. Lower stamen; H. One upper stamen; I. Upper staminode; J. One lower staminode; K. Ovary and pistil; L. Staminodial hair; M. Ovary hair. [A: de Wilde & de Wilde-Bakhuizen 11713; B-M: Bidault et al. 1352] [Drawings: H. de Vries]

Fig. 10 in Novitates Gabonenses 90: Palisota (Commelinaceae) revisited: description of eight new species from Central Africa and notes on the identity of P. satabiei and P. bogneri

Fig. 10. – Palisota leewhitei Burg, O. Lachenaud & E. Bidault. A. Habit; B. Axillary root; C. Portion of stem with inflorescence, axillary roots, pseudopetiole; D. Male flower; E. Sepal, interior view; F. Upper sepal, side view; G. Petal, side view; H. Lower sepal, side view; I. Ovary and pistil; J. Lower stamen; K. One upper stamen; L. Upper staminode; M. One lower staminode; N. Staminodial hair; O. Ovary hair; P. Fruit, side and dorsal views. [A–O: Maas et al. 10079; P: Lachenaud et al. 1165] [Drawings: H. de Vries]

Fig. 3 in Novitates Gabonenses 90: Palisota (Commelinaceae) revisited: description of eight new species from Central Africa and notes on the identity of P. satabiei and P. bogneri

Fig. 3. – Distribution of Palisota akouangoui E. Bidault & Burg (squares) and P. repens E. Bidault & Burg (circles). Elevation is represented in levels of grey, and protected areas as shaded.

Fig. 13. – Palisota plicata E.Bidault & Burg. A in Novitates Gabonenses 90: Palisota (Commelinaceae) revisited: description of eight new species from Central Africa and notes on the identity of P. satabiei and P. bogneri

Fig. 13. – Palisota plicata E.Bidault & Burg. A. Habit; B. Inflorescence; C. Bisexual flower, side view; D. Sepal; E. Petal; F. Lower stamen; G. One upper stamen; H. Ovary and pistil; I. Staminode; J. Mature fruit; K. Immature fruit with exocarp removed, showing immature seeds; L. Sketches of leaf base variation. [A, D-J, L (right): Bidault et al. 3576; B-C, L (left): Bidault et al. 3561; K: Bidault et al. 3514] [Drawings: L. Longou]

Fig. 8 in Novitates Gabonenses 90: Palisota (Commelinaceae) revisited: description of eight new species from Central Africa and notes on the identity of P. satabiei and P. bogneri

Fig. 8. – Palisota fadenii Burg & E. Bidault. A. Habit; B. Inflorescence; C. Bisexual flower; D. Upper sepal; E. One lower sepal; F. Petal; G. One upper stamen; H. Lower stamen; I. Staminode; J. Ovary and pistil. [Sita 535] [Drawings: D. Geffard-Kuriyama & L. Longou]