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FIGURES 14–16 in The Chilean Bees Xeromelissa nortina and X. sielfeldi: Their Nesting Biologies and Immature Stages, Including Biological Notes on X. rozeni (Colletidae: Xeromelissinae)

FIGURES 14–16. Microphotographs of right mandible of Xeromelissa nortina. 14. Ventral view, showing strong apical curvature. 15. Entire mandible with base of mandible in maximum profile, approximate inner view. Mandibular apex is thin and strongly scoop shaped (apicad of line a). 16. Curved apex in maximum profile, approximate inner view.

FIGURES 12, 13 in The Chilean Bees Xeromelissa nortina and X. sielfeldi: Their Nesting Biologies and Immature Stages, Including Biological Notes on X. rozeni (Colletidae: Xeromelissinae)

FIGURES 12, 13. Diagrams of head of postdefecating larva of Xeromelissa nortina, front and lateral views, respectively. In frontal view internal head ridges depicted on left side by dashed lines. Abbreviation: ATP, anterior tentorial pit. Arrows indicate tubercles (see text).

FIGURE 24 in The Chilean Bees Xeromelissa nortina and X. sielfeldi: Their Nesting Biologies and Immature Stages, Including Biological Notes on X. rozeni (Colletidae: Xeromelissinae)

FIGURE 24. Close-up of three terminal segments of maxillary palpus of Xeromelissa rozeni. FIGURE 25. Close-up of maxillary palpus of Xeromelissa sielfeldi. FIGURES 26–31. 26. Blossom of Nolana, lateral view, showing deep corolla. 27. Blossom of Nolana containing foraging adult presumably of X. rozeni in corolla. 28. Same, but with male X. rozeni, covered with pollen about to depart. 29. Blossom of Nolana with part of corolla showing recently killed female of X. sielfeldi with head at darkly bruised attachment (arrow) at base of filament. 30. Same, another example (arrow). 31. Male of X. sielfeldi in blossom of Nolana.

FIGURES 21–23 in The Chilean Bees Xeromelissa nortina and X. sielfeldi: Their Nesting Biologies and Immature Stages, Including Biological Notes on X. rozeni (Colletidae: Xeromelissinae)

FIGURES 21–23. Macrophotographs of adult of Xeromelissa rozeni, showing projecting lower part of head with elongate labium, maxilla, and maxillary palpus. 21. Entire body, lateral view, demonstrating extreme length of labiomaxillary region relative to body length. 22. Head and labiomaxillary region, close-up, dorsal view. Note pebble accidentally trapped near base of paired maxillary palpi. 23. Labiomaxillary apex, close-up, dorsal view, with right galea covering glossa.

FIGURES 20–26 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 20–26. Macrophotograph and SEM micrographs of the predefecating larva of Rhophitulus mimus. 20. Macrophotograph of abdominal segment 3 of larva coated with gold/palladium in preparation of SEM examination showing bright reflections of sclerotized parts and satiny sheen of minutely wrinkled membranous areas. 21–26. SEM micrographs of same specimen: 21. Head, frontal view; atp = anterior tentorial pit. 22. Close-up of membrane identified by rectangle in figure 21, demonstrating linear series of fine spicules. 23. Midsection of body of predefecating larva, lateral view identifying abdominal segment 3. 24. Lateral lobe of abdominal segment 3. 25. Close-up of rectangle in figure 24 demonstrating differences in texture of wavy surface texture of lobe and wrinkled integument anterior to it. 26. Close-up of spiculate integument of lateral pronotal lobe.

FIGURES 11–19 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 11–19. SEM micrographs of postdefecating larva of Rhophitulus xenopalpus. 11, 12. Head, frontal and approximate lateral views, respectively; atp = anterior tentorial pit. 13. Entire larva, lateral view. 14. Abdominal segments 3–5 of another larva, lateral view, demonstrating pronounced dorsal sclerites mounting paired dorsal tubercle. 15. Posterior end, showing paired low dorsal swelling on T10, posterior view. 16. Abdominal segment 3, left side, demonstrating apical texture of paired dorsal tubercle and distinction between the integument of transverse sclerotic bands and wrinkled membranous integument separating bands of one segment from those of preceding and following segments. 17. Close up of rectangle of figure 16 demonstrating texture of wrinkled membranous area and firmer smooth area. 18. Close up of lateral lobe and surrounding area of abdominal lobe of abdominal segment 3. 19. Spiracle of abdominal segment 8, demonstrating lack of raised atrial rim.

FIGURES 1– 5 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 1– 5. Microphotographs of nest components of Rhophitulus aff. xenopalpus. 1. Cell, viewed from below, showing symmetry of shape, soil-filled lateral, thickness of cell closure, and fecal material appressed to rear of top surface. 2. Cell wall with water droplet testing absorption rate of hydrofuge surface. 3, 4. Inner surfaces of cell closures showing spiral patterns. 5. Posterior end of cell, frontal view, showing discrete fecal pellets attached to rear ceiling. FIGURE 6. Microphotograph of nest cell of Rhophitulus mimus demonstrating cell shape and faint sheen of lining.

FIGURES 37–44 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 37–44. Microphotographs of cleared right mandibles of Rhophitulus. 37–40. Rhophitulus xenopalpus, dorsal, inner, inner with apex in maximum profile, and ventral views, respectively. 41, 42. Rhophitulus mimus, inner and ventral views, respectively. 43, 44. Cephalurgus anomalus, inner view and close-up of apex, respectively.

FIGURES 31–36 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 31–36. SEM micrographs with central row in figures 31, 33, and 35, each representing abdominal segment 3, dorsal views. 31. Rhophitulus xenopalpus show transverse sclerotic band with paired dorsal tubercles. 32. Same, close-up of integument on left side showing wrinkled texture of membrane and smooth texture of sclerite. 33. Rhophitulus mimus, mostly left side, showing midline interruption of transverse tubercle and small rounded tubercle mesad of each paired tubercle. 34. Same, close-up of tubercles on left side. 35. Cephalurgus anomalus, showing basal sclerotic ring to each paired tubercle. 36. Close-up of left tubercle and ring.

FIGURES 27–30 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 27–30. SEM micrographs of the predefecating larva of Cephalurgus anomalus. 27. Head, lateral view. 28. Entire larva, lateral view. 29. Close-up of posterior end of abdomen. 30. Close-up of spiracle of abdominal segment 8, identified by rectangle in figure 29.

Figs. 12–15. Dioxys cincta. 12 in Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Dioxys cincta (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Dioxyini)

Figs. 12–15. Dioxys cincta. 12. Lower part of head of cast exuviae of fifth larval instar, lateral view, setae omitted and nonsclerotized cuticle partly reconstructed, drawn to same scale as head of fourth instar (fig. 9). 13, 14. Right mandible of cast exuviae of fifth larval instar, dorsal and inner views, respectively. 15. Pupa, lateral view. Scale line = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 6 in Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Dioxys cincta (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Dioxyini)

Fig. 6. Hatched egg of Dioxys cincta showing presumed eclosion opening through which second instar emerged, dorsal view.

Figs. 7–11 in Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Dioxys cincta (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Dioxyini)

Figs. 7–11. Fourth larval instar of Dioxys cincta. 7. Entire larva, lateral view, setae not shown. 8. Same, dorsal view, with setae indicated on enlarged lateral swelling. 9. Head, lateral view, with sclerotized areas diagrammatically depicted by uniform gray overtone (in actuality, depth of pigmentation varies on sclerotized areas on uncleared specimen, as indicated in description); pigmentation of front of face and labium not certainly known in this view. 10. Head, frontal view, with setae approximately represented on left and pigmentation represented diagrammatically on right by uniform gray tone; broad unpigmented ecdysial bands only roughly bilaterally symmetrical on actual specimen. 11. Head, ventral view, with setae approximately represented on left and pigmentation represented diagrammatically on right. Scale line (= 1.0 mm) refers to figs. 7 and 8.

Fig. 5 in Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Dioxys cincta (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Dioxyini)

Fig. 5. Anterior part of cast exoskeleton of first instar of Dioxys cincta taken from hatched egg. Scale line = 0.1 mm.

Figs. 3, 4 in Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Dioxys cincta (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Dioxyini)

Figs. 3, 4. Early stages of Dioxys pomonae resting on the egg of Osmia nigrobarbata Cockerell. 3. Egg before hatching. 4. Pharate true first instar that developed from same egg. For further explanation see text.

Figs. 1, 2 in Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Dioxys cincta (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Dioxyini)

Figs. 1, 2. Vertical nesting site in bank at 22 km WSW of Oltu, Erzurum, Turkey, July 2003. 1. From a distance. 2. Closeup of area identified by rectangle in fig. 1, showing numerous burrow openings of various diameters.

FIGURE 10 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 10. SEM micrograph of the damaged egg of Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species. A. Egg full length with anterior end upper left. B. Anterior end showing hexagonal chorionic pattern becoming elongated toward micropyle (arrow). C. Close-up of hexagonal patterning at midbody. D. Close-up of rectangle in C. E. Micropyle (arrow) and adjoining chorion removed from egg.

FIGURE 7 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 7. Drone of Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species. A. Lateral habitus. B. Dorsal habitus.

FIGURE 4 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 4. Worker of Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species. A. Forewing (arrow indicates termination of radius on leading edge of wing). B. Outer surface of metatibia and metatarsus. C. Inner surface of metatibia and metatarsus.

FIGURE 3 in Nest Architecture, Immature Stages, and Ethnoentomology of a New Species of Trigonisca from Northern Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

FIGURE 3. Worker of Trigonisca (Trigonisca) mepecheu Engel and Gonzalez, new species. A. Dorsal detail of head and mesosoma. B. Facial view. C. Integumental sculpture of mesosomal dorsum.