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FIGURE 8 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species

FIGURE 8. Diaphanized portion and histological sections of a Passiflora organensis leaf, showing by transparency the organization levels of a Phyllocnistis tethys mine in relation to larval ontogeny: (A) general aspect of the mine, containing a third-instar "sap-feeding" larva; asterisk indicates feeding area of the first instar; Roman numerals indicate larval instar numbers and corresponding positions of head capsules in the mine; open and closed arrows indicate the limit areas of nongranular frass lines left by second- and third-instar larvae, respectively; (B) detail of head capsule shed by the second-instar larva (bar indicates position for measurement of head-capsule width); C) transverse section of a mine; (D) transverse section of intact portion of leaf lamina (indicated by left arrow in C); (E) transverse section of mined portion of leaf lamina (indicated by right arrow in C). Ab, abaxial surface of epidermis; Ad, adaxial surface of epidermis; Lm, leaf mine; Pp, palisade parenchyma; Sp, spongy parenchyma. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 25, 50 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species

FIGURE 2. Genital morphology of Phyllocnistis tethys under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted); (B) aedeagus, lateral view; (C) female genitalia, ventral view; (D) male coremata, lateral view; (E) male cornuti in detail, lateral view; (F) female papilla annalis in detail, latero-dorsal view; (G) female signum in detail, lateral view. Scale bars = 100, 200, 25, 50, 25, 25 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species

FIGURE 1. Phyllocnistis tethys adult: wings spread, pinned, dorsal view (A); wings folded, on Passiflora organensis leaf, in dorsal (B) and lateral (C) views. Scale bars = 0.5, 1.0 mm, respectively.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species

FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Phyllocnistis tethys fourth larval (cocoon-spinning) instar: (A) head, general, dorsal view; (B–C) detail of head, dorsal and lateral views; (D) head, general, anterior view; (E) spinneret (indicated by arrow), anterior view; (F) antenna, lateral view; (G) invaginations of integument on abdominal sterna, ventral view; (H) caudal end of abdominal, ventral view; (I) dorsal view of fig. H (last segment retracted). Scale bars = 100, 50, 50, 50, 10, 10, 50, 50, 50 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 7 in A new cecidogenous species of Eugnosta Hübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) associated with Baccharis salicifolia (Asteraceae) in the northern Chilean Atacama Desert: Life-history description and phylogenetic inferences

FIGURE 7. Habitat and life history of Eugnosta azapaensis sp. n.: (A) type locality, Azapa Valley, Arica municipality, Chile, showing scattered host plants, Baccharis salicifolia (indicated by arrows); (B) gall induced by E. azapaensis on B. salicifolia apical branch; (C) schematic representation of gall (feces discharging orifices are represented by open arrows; arrow indicates direction of emergence); (D, F, G) longitudinal and (E, H) transverse sections of galled host-plant stem, showing internal structures in detail (larval feces are indicated by asterisks). Scale bars = 1 and 0.25 cm, respectively.

FIGURE 5 in A new cecidogenous species of Eugnosta Hübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) associated with Baccharis salicifolia (Asteraceae) in the northern Chilean Atacama Desert: Life-history description and phylogenetic inferences

FIGURE 5. Eugnosta azapaensis sp. n. pupa, in dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views, respectively. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A new cecidogenous species of Eugnosta Hübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) associated with Baccharis salicifolia (Asteraceae) in the northern Chilean Atacama Desert: Life-history description and phylogenetic inferences

FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Eugnosta azapaensis sp. n. last larval instar: (A) head, lateral view; (B) stemmata; (C) antenna, lateral view; (D) labrum, anterolateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, anterolateral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) prothoracic leg, posterolateral view; (H) abdominal segment six, lateral view; (I) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (J) pseudopodium abdominal A6, meso-ventral view; (K) abdominal seta, evidencing pinnaculum; (L) last abdominal segments, lateroposterior view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 50, 50, 50, 20, 100, 500, 20, 50, 100, and 500 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 3 in A new cecidogenous species of Eugnosta Hübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) associated with Baccharis salicifolia (Asteraceae) in the northern Chilean Atacama Desert: Life-history description and phylogenetic inferences

FIGURE 3. Eugnosta azapaensis sp. n. last larval instar: (A) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (B) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (C, D) head and prothorax, dorsal and lateral views, respectively. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 9 in A new cecidogenous species of Eugnosta Hübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) associated with Baccharis salicifolia (Asteraceae) in the northern Chilean Atacama Desert: Life-history description and phylogenetic inferences

FIGURE 9. Bayesian inference tree for Eugnosta spp., based on 658 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene (CO-I). Numbers above branches indicate support values> 0.8/60 for Bayesian Posterior Probability (BPP)/Bootstrap - for Maximum Likelihood (ML) (see Material and methods); numbers located below represent the percentage of evolutionary divergence between clades. Asterisk indicates support <0.80/60 for BPP and ML, respectively.

FIGURE 2 in A new cecidogenous species of Eugnosta Hübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) associated with Baccharis salicifolia (Asteraceae) in the northern Chilean Atacama Desert: Life-history description and phylogenetic inferences

FIGURE 2. Eugnosta azapaensis sp.n. genital morphology under light microscopy: (A) male genitalia, posterior view; (B) right valve, mesal view; (C) cornutus, lateral view; (D) aedeagus, lateral view; (E) transtilla apex in detail; (F) corpus bursae wall in detail, internal view; (G) female genitalia, ventral view; (H) margin of left papilla anales, ventral view. Scale bars = 400, 250, 100, 400, 25, 50, 600, and 100 µm respectively.

FIGURE 1 in A new cecidogenous species of Eugnosta Hübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) associated with Baccharis salicifolia (Asteraceae) in the northern Chilean Atacama Desert: Life-history description and phylogenetic inferences

FIGURE 1. Eugnosta azapaensis sp. n. adults, wings spread, pinned, dorsal view: (A) male; (B) female. Scale bars = 5 mm.

FIGURE 6 in A new cecidogenous species of Eugnosta Hübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) associated with Baccharis salicifolia (Asteraceae) in the northern Chilean Atacama Desert: Life-history description and phylogenetic inferences

FIGURE 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Eugnosta azapaensis sp. n. pupa: A head, anteroventral view; B base of buccal appendices in detail, ventral view; C inter-segmental areas of abdominal segments showing spines, dorsal view; D spiracle of abdominal segment, laterodorsal view; E tenth abdominal segment, dorsal view; F spine of tenth abdominal segment, lateral view. Scale bars = 500, 100, 100, 20, 200, and 50 µm, respectively.

FIGURE 8 in A new cecidogenous species of Eugnosta Hübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) associated with Baccharis salicifolia (Asteraceae) in the northern Chilean Atacama Desert: Life-history description and phylogenetic inferences

FIGURE 8. Morphological features of galls induced by Eugnosta azapaensis sp. n. on Baccharis salificifolia: (A) young bud of terminal branch, where internal larval feeding starts (indicated by asterisk); (B) intact feces-discharging orifice on young gall, external view (indicated by arrow); (C) the same orifice, open (direction indicated by arrow), showing internal chamber; (D) intact feces-discharging orifice on mature gall, external view (indicated by arrow); (E, F) gall chamber with larva and pupa inside, respectively (asterisk indicates wall of the exit channel); (g) intact operculum of exit channel (asterisk); (H) pupal exuvium protruding from the exit channel, left after adult emergence (indicated by arrow); (I) empty gall, with detached operculum. Scale bar = 25 mm.

opencc-by-sa-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Atlantic reef fishes: distributions and life-history traits

(All information expressed below is also available in the "read me" text file.)   Atlantic reef fishes: distributions and life-history traits  Upload date: September 3rd, 2024            DOI for all versions: 10.5281/zenodo.13655553   Isadora Cord¹*, Sergio R. Floeter¹*,**, Gabriel S. Araujo², Juan P. Quimbayo³, D. Ross Robertson⁴, Benjamin C. Victor⁵, Peter Wirtz⁶, Hudson T. Pinheiro², Rui Freitas⁷, Luiz A. Rocha⁸  * joint first authors; ** corresponding author <sergiofloeter@gmail.com>   ¹Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Lab, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil ²Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP, Brazil ³University of Florida, USA ⁴Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama ⁵Ocean Science Foundation, USA ⁶Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal ⁷Universidade Técnica do Atlântico, Cabo Verde ⁸California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA   Introduction to the First Edition This database includes information on the distribution and life-history traits for 1,628 reef fish species, distributed across 26 sub-provinces of the tropical, sub-tropical, and warm temperate Atlantic Ocean. We followed the definition provided by Floeter et al. (2008) for “reef fish,” including any shallow (<100 m) tropical/subtropical benthic or benthopelagic fishes that consistently associate with hard substrates of coral, algal, or rocky reefs, or occupy adjacent sand substrate. All distributions were verified by the authors, double-checked with online databases, and available literature (peer-reviewed regional checklists and scientific papers; see main refs). Life-history traits were compiled for most species by using a combination of personal data, online databases (e.g. Froese & Pauly, 2023; Robertson & Van Tassell, 2023), and published sources (e.g. Luiz et al. 2015; Pinheiro et al. 2018; Quimbayo et al. 2021). This database is associated with the manuscript Cord et al. (in prep.) “Biogeography and evolution of reef fishes on tropical Mid-Atlantic Ridge islands,” and represents an update that has been in development for 16 years, based on Floeter et al. (2008) “Atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution”.   Data Description: The .xlsx database contains two pages, “traits&distributions” and “acronyms”. The “acronyms” page contains the same table that is available below, as well as a map illustrating the studied areas. The “traits&distributions” page is divided into the following columns:    "A" through "D": Species’ identification species = the complete species names, in the following pattern: “Genus_specific epithet”, e.g. “Acanthurus_bahianus” family, genus = self explanatory spp = specific epithet    "E" through "AD": Distributions   <div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Region </td> <td> Sub-provinces </td> <td> Geographical definition </td> <td> Acronym </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Western Atlantic  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Greater Caribbean </td> <td> Carolinian </td> <td> North Carolina State to Mérida (México) </td> <td> CA </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Bermuda </td> <td> Bermuda Is. </td> <td> BE </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Central Caribbean </td> <td> Central America and offshore islands (except mentioned elsewhere), Florida Keys </td> <td> CC </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Southern Caribbean </td> <td> Panamá to Trinidad and Tobago </td> <td> SC </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Southwestern Atlantic </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Brazilian Province </td> <td> North Brazil </td> <td> Great Amazon Reef </td> <td> NB </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Northeastern Brazil </td> <td> Rio Grande do Norte to Southern Bahia State </td> <td> NE </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Southeastern Brazil </td> <td> Espírito Santo to Paraná States </td> <td> SE </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> South Brazil </td> <td> Santa Catarina State </td> <td> SB </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Brazilian oceanic islands </td> <td> Rocas Atoll </td> <td> </td> <td> AR </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Fernando de Noronha </td> <td> </td> <td> FN </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Trindade Is. </td> <td> </td> <td> TR </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Warm-temperate Argentinian Province </td> <td> Argentinian  </td> <td> Rio Grande do Sul State, from Uruguay to Patagonia </td> <td> PT </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Mid-Atlantic Ridge </td> <td> St Paul’s Rocks </td> <td> </td> <td> SP </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Ascension </td> <td> </td> <td> AS </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> St Helena </td> <td> </td> <td> SH </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Eastern Atlantic </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Northeastern Atlantic </td> <td> Mediterranean </td> <td> Levant to Gibraltar  </td> <td> MD </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Lusitana </td> <td> Azores </td> <td> </td> <td> AZ </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Madeira </td> <td> </td> <td> MA </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Canaries </td> <td> </td> <td> CN </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Tropical Eastern Atlantic </td> <td> Northwest Africa </td> <td> Gibraltar to Cape Verde (Senegal) </td> <td> NT </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Cape Verde Is. </td> <td> </td> <td> CV </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> São Tomé & Príncipe </td> <td> Includes Annobon </td> <td> ST </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Tropical West Africa </td> <td> Cape Verde to Moçamedes (Angola) </td> <td> EA </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Southwest Africa </td> <td> Benguela </td> <td> Moçamedes to Cape of Good Hope </td> <td> BN </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Agulhas </td> <td> Cape of Good Hope to Kei River </td> <td> CP </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Southwestern Indian Ocean </td> <td> South Africa’s Indian Ocean </td> <td> From Kei River to Kosi Bay </td> <td> IO </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>      "AE" through "AK": Life-history traits “depth_max” = Maximum recorded depth, in meters. “bodysize_max” = Maximum recorded adult body size, in centimeters. “rafter” = Presence (1) or absence (0) of rafting behavior (mostly for the entire genus). “multihabitat” = Usage of other habitats in addition to structural reefs (soft bottoms, seagrass/macroalgae beds, mangroves, and estuaries). “diet” = Diet habits (gc: generalised carnivores; hd: herbivores/detritivores; is: sessile invertivores; mi: mobile invertivores; om: omnivores; pk: planktivores). “groupsize” = Sociability (sol: solitary; pair: pairs of two individuals; smallg: groups of 3 to 10 individuals; medg: groups of 10 to 20 individuals; largeg: groups of over 20 individuals). “spawning” = Spawning modes (att: attached; dem: demersal; live: livebearers; oral: oral; pel: pelagic).   Data Sources and Verification: We gathered presence or absence data for 73 families of reef-associated fishes, encompassing 1,637 species in 26 distinct biogeographical units within the Atlantic Basin (see table above). All distributions were strictly verified by the authors, double-checked with online databases and available literature (e.g. Brown et al. 2019; Freitas et al. 2019; Floeter et al. 2023; Pinheiro et al. 2020; Robertson & Van Tassell, 2023; Wirtz et al. 2017). Life-history traits were compiled using personal data, online databases (e.g. Froese & Pauly, 2023; Robertson & Van Tassell, 2023), and published sources (e.g. Luiz et al. 2015; Pinheiro et al. 2018; Quimbayo et al. 2021). All species’ nomenclature was based on Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes (Fricke et al. 2024).    Main References: Brown, J., Beard, A., Clingham, E., Fricke, R., Henry, L., & Wirtz, P. (2019). The fishes of St Helena Island, central Atlantic Ocean—new records and an annotated checklist. Zootaxa, 4543(2), 151-194. Freitas, R., Romeiras, M., Silva, L., Cordeiro, R., Madeira, P., González, J.A., Wirtz, P., Falcón, J.M., Brito, A., Floeter, S.R., Afonso, P., Porteiro, F., Viera-Rodríguez, M.A., Neto, A.I., Haroun, R., Farminhão, J.N.M., Rebelo, A.C., Baptista, L., Melo, C.S., Martínez, A., Núñez, J., Berning, B., Johnson, M.E. & Ávila, S.P. (2019). Restructuring of the 'Macaronesia' biogeographic unit: A marine multi-taxon biogeographical approach. Scientific Reports, 9: 15792. Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & Fong, J. D. (2024 ). ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: GENERA/SPECIES BY FAMILY/SUBFAMILY.(http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/ SpeciesByFamily.asp). Electronic version accessed 03 September 2024. Floeter, S.R., Krajewski, J.P., Fiuza, T.M.J., Rocha, L.A. & Carvalho-Filho, A. (2023). Brazilian Reef Fishes. Editora CRV, Curitiba, pp. 320.ISBN 978-65-251-4245-6. DOI: 10.24824/978652514245.6 Floeter, S. R., Rocha, L. A., Robertson, D. R., Joyeux, J. C., Smith-Vaniz, W. F., Wirtz, P., Edwards, A. J., Barreiros, J. P., Ferreira, C. E. L., Gasparini, J. L., Brito, A., Falcón, J. M., Bowen, B. W. & Bernardi, G. (2008). Atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution. Journal of Biogeography, 35: 22-47. Froese R, Pauly D (Eds) (2023) FishBase. [Version 06/2023] http://www.fishbase.org  Luiz, O. J., Madin, J. S., Robertson, D. R., Rocha, L. A., Wirtz, P., & Floeter, S. R. (2012). Ecological traits influencing range expansion across large oceanic dispersal barriers: insights from tropical Atlantic reef fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1730), 1033-1040. Munroe, T. A. (1990). Eastern Atlantic tonguefishes (Symphurus: Cynoglossidae, Pleuronectiformes), with descriptions of two new species. Bulletin of Marine Science, 47(2), 464-515. Munroe, T. A. (1991). Western Atlantic Tonguefishes of the Symphurus-Plagusia Complex (Cynoglossidae, Pleuronectiformes), with Descriptions of 2 New Species. Fishery Bulletin. Pinheiro, H. T., Rocha, L. A., Macieira, R. M., Carvalho‐Filho, A., Anderson, A. B., Bender, M. G., ... & Floeter, S. R. (2018). South‐western Atlantic reef fishes: Zoogeographical patterns and ecological drivers reveal a secondary biodiversity centre in the Atlantic Ocean. Diversity and Distributions, 24(7), 951-965. Pinheiro, H. T., Macena, B. C., Francini‐Filho, R. B., Ferreira, C. E., Albuquerque, F. V., Bezerra, N. P., ... & Rocha, L. A. (2020). Fish biodiversity of Saint Peter and Saint Paulʼs Archipelago, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, Brazil: new records and a species database. Journal of Fish Biology, 97(4), 1143-1153. Quimbayo, J.P., Silva, F.C., Mendes, T.C., Ferrari, D.S., Danielski, S.L., Bender, M.G., Parravicini, V., Kulbicki, M. & Floeter, S.R. (2021). Life-history traits, geographical range and conservation aspects of reef fishes from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. Ecology (Data Papers), https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3298. Robertson, D. R., & Tornabene, L. (2023). Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Greater Caribbean: A Checklist (VERSION 5). https://zenodo.org/records/10225031 Robertson, D. R., & Van Tassell, J. (2023). Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online information system. Version 3.0 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá. Wirtz, P., Bingeman, J., Bingeman, J., Fricke, R., Hook, T. J., & Young, J. (2017). The fishes of Ascension Island, central Atlantic Ocean–new records and an annotated checklist. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 97(4), 783-798.   Additional details: Related works Cord et al. (in prep.) and Floeter et al. (2008)  Cord, I., Araujo, G. S., Silva, F. C., Kurtz, Y. R., Rocha, C. R., Pinheiro, H. T., Rocha, L. A. & Floeter, S. R. (in prep.). Biogeography and evolution of reef fishes on tropical Mid-Atlantic Ridge islands. Floeter, S. R., Rocha, L. A., Robertson, D. R., Joyeux, J. C., Smith-Vaniz, W. F., Wirtz, P., Edwards, A. J., Barreiros, J. P., Ferreira, C. E. L., Gasparini, J. L., Brito, A., Falcón, J. M., Bowen, B. W. & Bernardi, G. (2008). Atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution. Journal of Biogeography, 35: 22–47.

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

Physical and biological constraints on the capacity for life-history expression of anadromous salmonids: an Eel River, California, case study

Recovery of anadromous salmonid populations is complicated by the fact that these fish have complex life-histories. Habitat valuation and capacity methods need to account for spatiotemporal variability in temperature, geomorphic features, and a species' thermal sensitivity mediated by biological interactions. We examined this interplay in a case study of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Chinook Salmon (O. tshawytscha) in California's Eel River watershed. We estimated habitat suitability and fish capacity for each salmonid run and freshwater life stage during average, cool, and warm years in each of the watershed's subbasins, including a high-elevation subbasin upstream of an impassable dam. Our estimates varied depending on whether we accounted for exposure to the Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis), an introduced predator/competitor. Our results indicate that the dammed subbasin could provide an important cool-water refuge during warm years and from pikeminnow, potentially improving the productivity and resilience of multiple anadromous salmonid populations. Our approach can be applied in any setting where spatially explicit habitat metrics can be estimated and population specific and life-stage specific habitat criteria can be specified.

opennotspecifiedJul 2018View details →

Figs 1–6 in The life-history of Aprosthema tardum (KLUG, 1814) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinoidea, Argidae)

Figs 1–6: Aprosthema tardum. Head shape, dorsal view: 1, summer morph, female (BVLS084). 2, winter morph, female (BVLS040). 3, summer morph, male (BVLS024). 4, winter morph, male (BVLS039). For collection and rearing data, see Table 2. Cocoons: 5, made by an individual emerging in the same summer (BVLS084). 6, made by an overwintering individual (BVLS040).

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Density-by-diet interactions during larval development shape adult life-history trait expression and fitness in a polyphagous fly

Habitat quality early in life determines individual fitness, with possible long-term evolutionary effects on groups and populations. In holometabolous insects, larval ecology plays a major role in determining the expression of traits in adulthood, but how ecological conditions during larval stage interact to shape adult life-history and fitness, particularly in non-model organisms, remains subject to scrutiny. Consequently, our knowledge of the interactive effects of ecological factors on insect development is limited. Here, using the polyphagous fly Bactrocera tryoni, we conducted a fully-factorial design where we manipulated larval density and larval diet (protein-rich, standard, and sugar-rich) to gain insights into how these ecological factors interact to modulate adult fitness. As expected, a protein-rich diet resulted in faster larval development, heavier and leaner adults that were more fecund compared with standard and sugar-rich diets, irrespective of larval density. Females from the protein-rich larval diet had overall higher reproductive rate (i.e., eggs per day) than females from other diets, and reproductive rate decreased linearly with density for females from the protein-rich but non-linearly for females from the standard and sugar-rich diets over time. Surprisingly, adult lipid reserve increased with larval density for adults from the sugar-rich diet (as opposed to decreasing, as in other diets), possibly due to a stress-response to an extremely adverse condition during development (i.e., high intraspecific competition and poor nutrition). Together, our results provide insights into how ecological factors early in life interact and shape the fate of individuals through life-stages in holometabolous insects.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Data from: Life histories as mosaics: plastic and genetic components differ among traits that underpin life-history strategies

Life-history phenotypes emerge from clusters of traits that are the product of genes and phenotypic plasticity. If the impact of the environment differs substantially between traits, then life histories might not evolve as a cohesive whole. We quantified the sensitivity of components of the life history to food availability, a key environmental difference in the habitat occupied by contrasting ecotypes, for 36 traits in fast-and slow-reproducing Trinidadian guppies. Our dataset included six putatively independent origins of the slow-reproducing, derived ecotype. Traits varied substantially in plastic and genetic control. Twelve traits were influenced only by food availability (body lengths, body weights), five only by genetic differentiation (inter-birth intervals, offspring sizes), ten by both (litter sizes, reproductive timing), and nine by neither (fat contents, reproductive allotment). Ecotype-by-food interactions were negligible. The response to low food was aligned with the genetic difference between high- and low-food environments, suggesting that plasticity was adaptive. The heterogeneity among traits in environmental sensitivity and genetic differentiation reveals that the components of the life history may not evolve in concert. Ecotypes may instead represent mosaics of trait groups that differ in their rate of evolution.

opencc-zeroDec 2010View details →

Data from: Genetic analysis of life-history constraint and evolution in a wild ungulate population

Trade-offs among life-history traits are central to evolutionary theory. In quantitative genetic terms, trade-offs may be manifested as negative genetic covariances relative to the direction of selection on phenotypic traits. Although the expression and selection of ecologically important phenotypic variation are fundamentally multivariate phenomena, the in situ quantification of genetic covariances is challenging. Even for life-history traits, where well-developed theory exists with which to relate phenotypic variation to fitness variation, little evidence exists from in situ studies that negative genetic covariances are an important aspect of the genetic architecture of life-history traits. In fact, the majority of reported estimates of genetic covariances among life-history traits are positive. Here we apply theory of the genetics and selection of life histories in organisms with complex life cycles to provide a framework for quantifying the contribution of multivariate genetically based relationships among traits to evolutionary constraint. We use a Bayesian framework to link pedigree-based inference of the genetic basis of variation in life-history traits to evolutionary demography theory regarding how life histories are selected. Our results suggest that genetic covariances may be acting to constrain the evolution of female life-history traits in a wild population of red deer Cervus elaphus: genetic covariances are estimated to reduce the rate of adaptation by about 40%, relative to predicted evolutionary change in the absence of genetic covariances. Furthermore, multivariate phenotypic (rather than genetic) relationships among female life-history traits do not reveal this constraint.