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Data from: Limited role of character displacement in the coexistence of congeneric Anelosimus spiders in a Madagascan montane forest
Evolutionary and ecological theory predicts that closely related and similar species should coexist infrequently because speciation is more likely to occur allopatrically than sympatrically, and because co-occurring species with similar traits may compete for limited resources, leading to competitive exclusion or character displacement. Here we study the unusual coexistence of 10 similar congeneric species of Anelosimus spiders within a small forest fragment in Madagascar. We asked if these species radiated in sympatry or allopatry, and if there was evidence for local-scale character displacement in body size and other species-level traits. We sampled ∼ 350 colonies (6346 individuals) along a 2800 m transect. We identified colonies using morphology and DNA barcoding, and tested the monophyly of local and regional species assemblages with time-calibrated phylogenies. We used null model analysis and phylogenetic signal inference to test for patterns of segregation in body size, microhabitat, phenology, and seasonality of coexisting species. We found that all species belong to a Madagascan clade that radiated during the Pliocene, but that contemporary local assemblages are non-monophyletic. This is consistent with allopatric speciation during periods of global cooling and expansion of grasslands, and subsequent species assembly as forest fragments re-expanded and coalesced. We found no evidence for character displacement, except for overdispersion and even spacing in phenology: species were segregated by instars in a manner consistent with resource partitioning or maintenance of reproductive isolation. Overdispersion or even spacing in phenology may contribute to coexistence either through resource partitioning or mate recognition. However, there was no support for a scenario of resource partitioning and divergence of body size or other correlated morphological characters. These traits are better explained by evolutionary forces operating during speciation, rather than ecological forces operating during local community assembly.
FIGURE 8 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 8. Rhampholeon hattinghi sp. nov. adult female in stress display with distinctive coloration.
FIGURE 4 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 4. Maximum likelihood topology for Kinyongia. Nodes supported by both ML (>70% bootstrap) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.95pp) are denoted with black circles. Node supported by Bayesian only is denoted with a white circle.
FIGURE 10 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 10. Comparison of head dimensions of the Holotypes of Kinyongia mulyai sp. nov. (top) and Kinyongia adolfifriderici ZMB 22709 (bottom) showing differences in head length and width. Note the body dimensions of K. mulyai sp. nov. (a male) are snout/vent 44mm and tail length 63mm, whilst that of K. adolfifriderici (a female) are 54mm and 62mm respectively.
FIGURE 9 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 9. Rhampholeon hattinghi sp. nov. sulcal and lateral views of the male hemipenes demonstrating a) the inwardly curved apical horns and b) the prominent parasulcal evaginations billowing anteriorly beneath the origin of each horn.
FIGURE 5 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 5. Comparison of heads of male Rhampholeon hattinghi sp. nov. (right) and Rhampholeon cf. boulengeri (left).
FIGURE 7 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 7. Rhampholeon hattinghi sp. nov., adult male dorsal view showing distinctive white markings on tail.
FIGURE 1 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 1. Digital elevation map of the Albertine Rift region with the highest altitudes shaded darkest. Inset: Map of Africa with the region shown on the larger map indicated by the small box. The countries of Mozambique and Malawi are shaded in grey.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Callulops (Anura: Microhylidae) from montane forests in New Guinea
FIGURE 2. Ventral view of hand (A) and foot (B) of Callulops fojaensis sp. nov. (holotype MZB Amph. 11958) and hand (C) and foot (D) of of Callulops mediodiscus sp. nov. (paratype SAMA R66015). Scale bar = 5 mm.
FIGURE 1. A in Two new species of Callulops (Anura: Microhylidae) from montane forests in New Guinea
FIGURE 1. A) Callulops fojaensis sp. nov. (holotype MZB Amph. 11958) in life. B) Callulops mediodiscus sp. nov. (paratype SAMA R66014) in life. Photographs Stephen Richards.
FIGURE 11 in Balligratus, new genus of wingless ground beetles from equatorial Andean montane forest (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lachnophorini)
FIGURE 11. Distribution of Balligratus gen. nov. in Ecuador. The ochre to brown area roughly corresponds to the montane pluvial forest. White squares: described species; black squares: undescribed species. Map base © OpenStreetMap contributors.
FIGURE 10 in Balligratus, new genus of wingless ground beetles from equatorial Andean montane forest (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lachnophorini)
FIGURE 10. Balligratus globosus sp. nov., details of ventral side and female genitalia in ventral view. a: labium; b: prosternal apophysis; c: last visible abdominal ventrite (female); d: internal reproductive tract; e: left gonocoxites and laterotergite IX; f: spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.3 mm.
FIGURE 6 in Balligratus, new genus of wingless ground beetles from equatorial Andean montane forest (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lachnophorini)
FIGURE 6. Balligratus gracilis sp. nov., details of ventral side and male genitalia. a: last visible abdominal ventrite (male); b: ring sclerite; c: median lobe, left lateral view; d: left paramere; e: right paramere; f: median lobe, dorsal view; g: labium; h: prosternal apophysis. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Balligratus, new genus of wingless ground beetles from equatorial Andean montane forest (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lachnophorini)
FIGURE 3. Balligratus humerangulus sp. nov., details of ventral side and male genitalia. a: labium; b: prosternal apophysis; c: last visible abdominal ventrite (male); d: last visible abdominal ventrite (male); e: ring sclerite; f: median lobe, left lateral view; g: left paramere; h: right paramere; i: median lobe, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Balligratus, new genus of wingless ground beetles from equatorial Andean montane forest (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lachnophorini)
FIGURE 1. Habitus of four Eucaerine genera. a: Amphithasus truncatus Bates, female from Brazil (MNHN); b: Balligratus humerangulus sp. nov., female paratype from Chiriboga, Ecuador (CPM); c: Aporesthus sp., female from Ecuador (UASM); d: Guatemalteca virgen Erwin, female from Costa Rica (UASM). Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Balligratus, new genus of wingless ground beetles from equatorial Andean montane forest (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lachnophorini)
FIGURE 2. Balligratus humerangulus sp. nov., male holotype, habitus in dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 8 in Balligratus, new genus of wingless ground beetles from equatorial Andean montane forest (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lachnophorini)
FIGURE 8. Balligratus brevis sp. nov., details of ventral side and male genitalia. a: labium; b: prosternal apophysis; c: last visible abdominal ventrite (male); d: ring sclerite; e: median lobe, left lateral view; f: median lobe, dorsal view; g: left paramere; h: right paramere. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Balligratus, new genus of wingless ground beetles from equatorial Andean montane forest (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lachnophorini)
FIGURE 4. Balligratus humerangulus sp. nov., female genitalia, ventral view. a: left gonocoxites and laterotergite IX; b: internal reproductive tract. Legend: bc, bursa copulatrix; gc1, gonocoxite 1; gc2, gonocoxite 2; lt, laterotergite IX; sg, spermathecal gland; sgd, spermathecal gland duct; sbb, spermathecal basal bulb; sab, spermathecal apical bulb. Scale bars: 0.3 mm.
FIGURE 12 in Balligratus, new genus of wingless ground beetles from equatorial Andean montane forest (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lachnophorini)
FIGURE 12. Morphometric ordination of the described species of Balligratus gen. nov. according to their slenderness.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Isthmura (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from the montane cloud forest of central Veracruz, Mexico
FIGURE 4. Map of the type locality of Isthmura corrugata in the mountainous region of central Veracruz, Mexico and, habitat at the type locality. Photograph by R. Luría (left) and A. Sandoval-Comte (right).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.