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1,024 results for “mosquitoes”
Diurnal and nocturnal mosquitoes escape looming threats using distinct flight strategies
<p><span>Flying insects have evolved the ability to evade looming objects such as predators and swatting hands. This is particularly relevant for blood-feeding insects like mosquitoes that routinely need to evade defensive actions of their blood-hosts. To minimize the chance of being swatted, a mosquito can use two distinct strategies: continuously exhibit an unpredictable flight path or maximize its escape manoeuvrability. We studied how baseline flight unpredictability and escape manoeuvrability affects the escape performance of day-active and night-active mosquitoes (<i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Anopheles coluzzii</i>, respectively). We used a multi-camera high-speed videography system to track how freely flying mosquitoes respond to an event-triggered rapidly approaching mechanical swatter, in four light conditions ranging from pitch darkness to overcast daylight. Results show that both species exhibit enhanced escape performance in their respective natural light condition (daylight for <i>Aedes</i> and dark for <i>Anopheles</i>). To achieve this, they show strikingly different behaviours. The enhanced escape performance of <i>Anopheles</i> at night is explained by their baseline unpredictable erratic flight behaviour, whereas the increased escape performance of <i>Aedes</i> in overcast daylight is due to their enhanced escape manoeuvres. This shows that both day and night active mosquitoes modify their flight behaviour in function of light intensity such that their escape performance is maximum in their natural blood-feeding light conditions, when these defensive actions by their blood-hosts occur most. Because <i>Aedes</i> and <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes are major vectors of several deadly human diseases, this knowledge can be used to optimize vector control methods for these specific species.</span></p>
Improving estimations of life history parameters of small animals in mesocosm experiments: A case study on mosquitoes
<p>We used an experimental setup with 48 aquatic mesocosms, each with twenty first instar mosquito (<em>Culex pipiens</em>) larvae and under one of twelve treatments with varying temperatures and nutrient concentrations. We took daily subsamples of the aquatic life stages as well as counting the emerging adults. We developed a method to estimate the survival and development probabilities at each life stage, based on optimising a matrix population model. We used two different approaches, one calculating the difference between predictions and observations based on a normal distribution, and the other using a combination of a normal and a multinomial distribution. For each approach, the resulting optimisation problem had around 100 parameters, making conventional gradient descent ineffective with our limited number of data points. We solved this by computing the formal derivatives of our matrix model.</p>
Comprehensive characterisation of the genomic insertion site of a transgene in highly repetitive, centromeric region of Anopheles mosquitoes
<p>The availability of the genomic sequence of the malaria mosquito <em>Anopheles</em> <em>gambiae</em> has sparked in recent years the development of transgenic technologies with the potential to be used as novel tools for vector control. These technologies rely on genome editing that confers features able to affect vector capacity. This can be achieved by either reducing the mosquito population or by making mosquitoes refractory to the parasite infection. Although sophisticated molecular techniques such as those based on AttB/AttP site-specific recombination and CRISPR/Cas9 systems can lead to the integration of transgenes in specific sites of the genome, methods that allow semi-random integration are still in use due to their high efficiency; PiggyBac transposon-mediated integrations fall in this category. Characterization of the insertion site of transgenes in transgenic strains generated via PiggyBac integration can be hampered when the transgene is inserted in regions of the genome rich in repetitive sequences. Here we describe a number of techniques that were used to identify the genomic location of the transgene in a repetitive region in the <em>Anopheles gambiae</em> strain Ag(PMB)1 which was initially reported on Chromosome 3R 36D. Whilst Inverse PCR used in previous analysis was unable to distinguish between multiple genomic locations as potential insertion sites of the transgene, here we demonstrate that the use of FISH identifies clearly the integration of the transgene in a poorly annotated centromeric region of Chromosome 2R 19D. This study emphasises the need for accuracy in sequencing data for the genome of organisms of medical importance such as <em>Anopheles </em>mosquitoes. An effort to further improve reference genomes is of paramount importance to support and facilitate vector control interventions based on genome editing.</p>
A randomized clinical trial to compare P. falciparum gametocytaemia and infectivity following blood-stage or mosquito bite induced controlled malaria infection
<p>For malaria elimination efforts, it is important to better understand parasite transmission to mosquitoes and to develop models to allow early clinical evaluation of transmission-blocking interventions. We previously described a Controlled Human Malaria Infection protocol for induction of gametocytemia in malaria naïve volunteers by mosquito bite (CHMI-trans) (Reuling et al., 2018). Here, we compared gametocyte production and infectivity in the CHMI-trans model after bites of <em>Plasmodium falciparum (Pf)- </em>infected mosquitoes to that after intravenous administration of <em>Pf-</em>infected-erythrocytes. Volunteers received (sub) curative treatments with gametocyte-permissive piperaquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Blood-stage inoculation induced considerably higher gametocyte densities compared to mosquito bitesthat was predicted by <em>Pf</em>AP2-G transcripts indicative of gametocyte commitment, and resulted in <em>Pf</em>-positive mosquito infections in 9/12 volunteers versus 0/12 volunteers after mosquito bite inoculation. Current findings firmly establish the CHMI-trans with intravenous administration of asexual parasites as a model for early clinical evaluation of interventions that aim to interrupt <em>Pf</em>-transmission.</p>
Fig. 2 in Diversity Of Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) And Physico-Chemical Characterization Of Their Larval Habitats In Tizi-Ouzou Area, Algeria
Fig. 2. Study sites location (1— Irdjen; 2 — Ouadhia; 3 — Beni Yenni; 4 — Iboudraren).
Behavioral and postural analyses establish sleep-like states for mosquitoes that can impact host landing and blood feeding
<p>Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved process that has been described in different animal systems. For insects, sleep characterization has been primarily achieved using behavioral and electrophysiological correlates in a few systems. Sleep in mosquitoes, which are important vectors of disease-causing pathogens, has not been directly examined. This is surprising as circadian rhythms, which have been well studied in mosquitoes, influence sleep in other systems. In this study, we characterized sleep in mosquitoes using body posture analysis and behavioral correlates and quantified the effect of sleep deprivation on sleep rebound, host landing and blood-feeding propensity. Body and appendage position metrics revealed a clear distinction between the posture of mosquitoes in their putative sleep and awake states for multiple species, which correlate with a reduction in responsiveness to host cues. Sleep assessment informed by these posture analyses indicated significantly more sleep during periods of low activity. Nighttime and daytime sleep deprivation resulting from the delivery of vibration stimuli induced sleep rebound in the subsequent phase in day and night active mosquitoes, respectively. Lastly, sleep deprivation suppressed host landing in both laboratory and field settings, and impaired blood-feeding of a human host when mosquitoes would normally be active. These results suggest that quantifiable sleep states occur in mosquitoes and highlight the potential epidemiological importance of mosquito sleep.</p>
Drone use in mosquito surveillance
<p>Datasets used for the analysis of willingness to participate in drone surveillance and to use drone surveillance app.</p>
Underlying data for 'Rapid molecular assays for the detection of the four dengue viruses in infected mosquitoes'
<p>The pantropic emergence of severe dengue disease can partly be attributed to the co-circulation of different dengue viruses (DENVs) in the same geographical location. Effective monitoring for circulation of each of the four DENVs is critical to inform disease mitigation strategies. In low resource settings, this can be effectively achieved by utilizing inexpensive, rapid, sensitive and specific assays to detect viruses in mosquito populations. In this study, we developed four rapid DENV tests with direct applicability for low-resource virus surveillance in mosquitoes. The test protocols utilize a novel sample preparation step, a single-temperature isothermal amplification, and a simple lateral flow detection. Analytical sensitivity testing demonstrated tests could detect down to 1,000 copies/µL of virus-specific DENV RNA, and analytical specificity testing indicated tests were highly specific for their respective virus, and did not detect closely related flaviviruses. All four DENV tests showed excellent diagnostic specificity and sensitivity when used for detection of both individually infected mosquitoes and infected mosquitoes in pools of uninfected mosquitoes. With individually infected mosquitoes, the rapid DENV-1, -2 and -3 tests showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity (95% CI = 69% to 100%, n=8 for DENV-1; n=10 for DENV 2,3) and the DENV-4 test showed 92% diagnostic sensitivity (CI: <span>62% to 100%, n=12</span>) along with 100% diagnostic specificity (CI: 48–100%) for all four tests. Testing infected mosquito pools, the rapid DENV-2, -3 and -4 tests showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity (95% CI = 69% to 100%, n=10) and the DENV-1 test showed 90% diagnostic sensitivity (<span>55.50% to 99.75%, n=10</span>) together with 100% diagnostic specificity (CI: 48–100%). Our tests reduce the operational time required to perform mosquito infection status surveillance testing from > two hours to only 35 minutes, and have potential to improve accessibility of mosquito screening, improving monitoring and control strategies in low-income countries most affected by dengue outbreaks.</p>
Data from: The effect of parasite infection on the recombination rate of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegyti
Sexual reproduction and meiotic recombination generate new genetic combinations and may thereby help an individual infected by a parasite to protect its offspring from being infected. While this idea is often used to understand the evolutionary forces underlying the maintenance of sex and recombination, it also suggests that infected individuals should increase plastically their rate of recombination. We tested the latter idea with the mosquito Aedes aegypti and asked whether females infected by the microsporidian Vavraia culicis were more likely to have recombinant offspring than uninfected females. To measure the rate of recombination over a chromosome we analysed combinations of microsatellites on chromosome 3 in infected and uninfected females, in the (uninfected) males they copulated with and in their offspring. As predicted, the infected females were more likely to have recombinant offspring than the uninfected ones. These results show the ability of a female to diversify her offspring in response to parasitic infection by plastically increasing her recombination rate.
Comparison of mosquitoes and fly derived DNA as a tool for sampling vertebrate biodiversity in suburban forests in Berlin, Germany
<p><span>The use of invertebrate-derived DNA (iDNA) is a promising non-invasive tool to monitor wildlife. While most studies have been carried out in dense tropical and sub-tropical forests and have focused on the use of a single category of invertebrates, this study compares the use of flies- and mosquito-derived DNA to assess vertebrate diversity in semi-urban environments. We conducted our sampling in four different forest plots in Berlin, Germany. Pools of flies and non-bloodfed mosquitoes were metabarcoded using 108 bp vertebrate-specific 12S rRNA (12S-V5) and 94 bp mammal-specific 16S rRNA (16Smam) mitochondrial markers, and individual bloodfed mosquitoes were sequenced using the 340 bp vertebrate-specific 12S rRNA fragment (Mam-12S-340). From the fly pools, we detected 10 mammal species using 16Smam, while 12S-V5 detected four bird, two amphibian and six mammal species. From the non-bloodfed mosquito pools, we only amplified putative contaminant DNA, indicating that mosquito females without visual signs of a blood meal carry no traces of vertebrate DNA. Finally, in the bloodfed mosquitoes, we identified four mammal and one bird species. Focusing on mammal species, we did not find significant differences in the proportion of species detected regarding the total available number of species between sampling localities. Fly samples were easier to obtain and more abundant over the sampled localities compared to mosquito samples. We conclude that, while there are a few advantages in using mosquito blood meals, the use of flies in the detection of wildlife in a suburban environment is more effective in terms of collection of samples and detection of vertebrates, although this technique is limited to few mammal species in the urban environment. </span></p>
Genetic and transcriptomic datasets characterizing gene drive mosquitoes expressing antimicrobial peptides that retard Plasmodium sporogonic development
<p><span>Gene drives hold promise for the genetic control of malaria vectors. The development of vector population modification strategies hinges on the availability of effector mechanisms impeding parasite development in transgenic mosquitoes. We augmented a midgut gene of the malaria mosquito <em>Anopheles gambiae</em> to secrete two exogenous antimicrobial peptides, Magainin 2 and Melittin. This small genetic modification, capable of efficient non-autonomous gene</span> drive, hampers oocyst development in both <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> and <em>Plasmodium berghei</em>. It delays the release of infectious sporozoites while it simultaneously reduces the lifespan <span>of homozygous female transgenic mosquitoes. Modeling the spread of this modification using a large-scale agent-based model of malaria epidemiology reveals that it can break the cycle of disease transmission across a range of transmission intensities.</span></p>
The current and future distribution of the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) on Madeira Island [data set].
<p><strong>Additional data for manuscript:</strong> "The current and future distribution of the yellow fever mosquito (<em>Aedes aegypti</em>) on Madeira Island" published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases by José Maurício Santos, César Capinha, Jorge Rocha, Carla Alexandra Sousa.</p> <p><strong>Corresponding authors:</strong> José Maurício Santos (josemauriciosantos@campus.ul.pt) & César Capinha (cesarcapinha@campus.ul.pt).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Fig. 2 in Mosquito Fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) In Tarhuna Region, Libya
Fig. 2. Monthly differences of larval numbers during the study period in Tarhuna.
Fig. 1 in Mosquito Fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) In Tarhuna Region, Libya
Fig. 1. Study area map of Tarhuna.
Mosquito spray
This spray can was used to help slow the spread of malaria, a life-threatening disease carried by mosquitoes. The can contained water with particles of a green powder suspended in it. The powder, called Paris green, was very successful at killing mosquito larvae. This spray can was made during World War I (1914-1918), and was probably used by British soldiers. Use our 3D antimosquito spray model in the classroom to bring your curriculum teaching to life: https://learning-resources.sciencemuseum.org.uk/resources/antimosquito-spray Find out more in the Science Museum Group online collection: https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co148025/ Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Mosquito Lagoon Watershed Livingshoreline monitoring data
<p><strong>PROJECT NAME: </strong>Implementing and evaluating the effectiveness of native vegetative buffers at controlling nonpoint source pollution and as a tool for public education along the Indian River Lagoon</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>PROJECT LOCATION AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS:</strong> </p> <p>Geographic Location (city and county): New Smyrna Beach, FL and nearby cities</p> <p>Size of Project Impact: North Indian River Lagoon Stakeholder zone (A Project Zone)</p> <p>Size of Area Being Treated: approx. 100,000 sq ft (9300 sq. m)</p> <p>Latitude (decimal degrees): approx. 29 N</p> <p>Longitude (decimal degrees): 80.9 W</p> <p>12 Digit Hydrologic Unit Code: 030802020400</p> <p>WBID<strong>:</strong> 2924B2, 2924B1</p> <p>Impaired Water Body Affected: Indian River Lagoon Basin Northern Indian River Lagoon (North A)</p> <p>TMDL Status and Name: Nutrient TMDLs (TN: 177,220 lbs/yr; TP: 9320 lbs/yr)</p> <p>TMDL Impairment; indicate the parameters in the TMDL: Water quality conditions necessary for seagrass regrowth at water depth limits where seagrass historically grew in the basin (a 10% reduction in the target seagrass depth)</p> <p>Impairments to be Addressed by Project: Dissolved oxygen, Nutrients (TN, TP), Un-Ionized Ammonia, turbidity, seagrass depth limits</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>PROJECT OVERVIEW:</strong> The primary objective of this project is to reduce nonpoint source pollution along the Mosquito Lagoon (ML), a northern sub-lagoon of the Indian River Lagoon (IRL) system, by (1) transforming artificially landscaped turfgrass dominated shorelines and retention ponds into living shorelines of native Florida plants that are known to be better filters of nonpoint source nutrients and (2) engaging the public and enhancing awareness of their role in contribution to BMPs for nonpoint source pollution impacting the system.</p>
Genotypes of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes derived from SNP chip and low-coverage whole genome sequencing for platform cross-validation
<p>The mosquito <em>Aedes aegypti </em>is the primary vector of many human arboviruses such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika, which affect millions of people world-wide. Population genetics studies on this mosquito have been important in understanding its invasion pathways and success as a vector of human disease. The Axiom aegypti1 SNP chip was developed from a sample of geographically diverse <em>Ae. aegypti </em>populations to facilitate genomic studies on this species. Here we evaluate the utility of the Axiom aegypti1 SNP chip for population genetics and compare it with a low-depth shot-gun sequencing approach using mosquitoes from the species' native (Africa) and invasive range (outside Africa). These analyses indicate that the results from the SNP chip are highly reproducible and have a higher sensitivity to capture alternative alleles than a low-coverage whole-genome sequencing approach. Although the SNP chip suffers from ascertainment bias, results from population structure, ancestry, demographic, and phylogenetic analyses using the SNP chip were congruent with those derived from low coverage whole genome sequencing, and consistent with previous reports on Africa and outside Africa populations using microsatellites. More importantly, we identified a subset of SNPs that can be reliably used to generate merged databases, opening the door to combined analyses. We conclude that the Axiom aegypti1 SNP chip is a convenient, more accurate, low-cost alternative to low-depth whole genome sequencing for population genetic studies of <em>Ae. aegypti</em> that do not rely on full allelic frequency spectra. Whole genome sequencing and SNP chip data can be easily merged, extending the usefulness of both approaches. </p>
Fertility decline in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes is associated with reduced maternal transcript deposition and does not depend on female age
<p>Female mosquitoes undergo multiple rounds of reproduction known as gonotrophic cycles. A gonotrophic cycle spans the period from blood meal intake to egg laying. Nutrients from vertebrate host blood are necessary for completing egg development. During oogenesis, a female pre-packages mRNA into her oocytes, and these maternal transcripts drive the first two hours of embryonic development before zygotic genome activation. In this study, we profiled transcriptional changes in 1-2 hour-old <em>Aedes aegypti</em> embryos across two gonotrophic cycles. We found that homeotic genes which are regulators of embryogenesis are downregulated in embryos from the second gonotrophic cycle. Interestingly, embryos produced by <em>Ae. aegypti</em> females progressively reduced their ability to hatch as the number of gonotrophic cycles increased. We show that this fertility decline is due to increased reproductive output and not the mosquitoes' age. Moreover, we found a similar decline in fertility and fecundity across three gonotrophic cycles in <em>Ae. albopictus</em>. Our results are useful for predicting mosquito population dynamics to inform vector control efforts.</p>
Field mosquito trapping data for UAV trial I in Nakasi, Fiji (2018)
<p>Number of <em>Aedes aegypti</em>, coloured and not coloured (UM) were recorded daily for each trap for all 4 releases. Cumulative mosquito count was calculated by tallying mosquitoes collected over the monitoring period. Total number of traps that caught <em>Aedes aegypti</em> were counted and recorded. Average mosquito catch per trap was calculated by dividing the total number of mosquitoes caught by the number of traps that captured <em>Aedes aegypti</em> for each day.</p>
Figure 1 in Mosquito mass rearing: who's eating the eggs?
Figure 1. Mosquito egg showing severe damage. Photo by M. Zheng.
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