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419 results for “mycorrhizal.”
Data from: Melanization of mycorrhizal fungal necromass structures microbial decomposer communities
Mycorrhizal fungal necromass is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to soil organic carbon pools, particularly in forest ecosystems. While its decomposition rate is primarily determined by biochemical composition, how traits such as melanin content affect the structure of necromass decomposer communities remains poorly understood. To assess the role of biochemical traits on microbial decomposer community composition and functioning, we incubated melanized and non-melanized necromass of the mycorrhizal fungus Meliniomyces bicolor in Pinus- and Quercus-dominated forests in Minnesota, USA and then assessed the associated fungal and bacterial decomposer communities after 1, 2 and 3 months using high-throughput sequencing. Melanized necromass decomposed significantly slower than non-melanized necromass in both forests. The structure of the microbial decomposer communities depended significantly on necromass melanin content, although the effect was stronger for fungi than bacteria. On non-melanized necromass, fungal communities were dominated by r-selected ascomycete and mucoromycete microfungi early and then replaced by basidiomycete ectomycorrhizal fungi, while on melanized necromass these groups were co-dominant throughout the incubation. Bacterial communities were dominated by both specialist mycophageous and generalist taxa. Synthesis. Our results indicate that necromass biochemistry not only strongly affects rates of decomposition but also the structure of the associated decomposer communities. Furthermore, the observed colonization patterns suggest that fungi, and particularly ectomycorrhizal fungi, may play a more important role in necromass decomposition than previously recognized.
Data from: MycoDB, a global database of plant response to mycorrhizal fungi
Plants form belowground associations with mycorrhizal fungi in one of the most common symbioses on Earth. However, few large-scale generalizations exist for the structure and function of mycorrhizal symbioses, as the nature of this relationship varies from mutualistic to parasitic and is largely context-dependent. We announce the public release of MycoDB, a database of 4,010 studies (from 438 unique publications) to aid in multi-factor meta-analyses elucidating the ecological and evolutionary context in which mycorrhizal fungi alter plant productivity. Over 10 years with nearly 80 collaborators, we compiled data on the response of plant biomass to mycorrhizal fungal inoculation, including meta-analysis metrics and 24 additional explanatory variables that describe the biotic and abiotic context of each study. We also include phylogenetic trees for all plants and fungi in the database. To our knowledge, MycoDB is the largest ecological meta-analysis database. We aim to share these data to highlight significant gaps in mycorrhizal research and encourage synthesis to explore the ecological and evolutionary generalities that govern mycorrhizal functioning in ecosystems.
Data from: Co-introduction of native mycorrhizal fungi and plant seeds accelerates restoration of post-mining landscapes
<p>1. Grasslands are among the most threatened terrestrial biomes, and habitat conservation alone will be insufficient to meet biodiversity goals. While restoration of indigenous grasslands is a priority, conflict with economic objectives means that incorporation of alternative habitats is necessary to offset grassland loss. With up to 800,000 km² of land affected by mining globally, there is an opportunity to create additional grassland habitat in post-mining landscapes.</p> <p>2. We aimed to assess whether co-introduction of native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and plants is an efficient means of initializing species rich vegetation recovery in barren post-mining landscapes. We established an experiment in three post-mining areas in Estonia, where we seeded plots with native plant seeds and inoculated them with trap cultured native AM fungi from a similar habitat. We measured the abundance and composition of soil AM fungal and aboveground plant communities in two consecutive years using relevés, high-throughput sequencing and fatty acid profiling.</p> <p>3. Our results demonstrate that co-introduction of native plants and AM fungi is an effective way to establish species rich vegetation in post-mining areas. Co-introduction of symbiotic partners resulted in higher richness, diversity and abundance of plants and AM fungi than when either partner was introduced individually. However, the plant and AM fungal communities in sown and inoculated plots were not distinct from those in uninoculated treatments; they rather formed a subset of all taxa present on the sites but exhibited higher diversity than uninoculated plots.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications: This study shows that managing the below-ground microbiome is an essential part of vegetation restoration. The availability of symbiotic partners can be considered a key aspect determining the diversity of restored vegetation. Targeted inoculations with native and habitat-specific AM fungi could therefore increase restoration success.28-Apr-2020</p>
Data from: Mycorrhizal divergence and selection against immigrant seeds in forest and dune populations of the partially mycoheterotrophic Pyrola rotundifolia
Plant populations occupying different habitats may diverge from each other over time and gradually accumulate genetic and morphological differences, ultimately resulting in ecotype or even species formation. In plant species that critically rely on mycorrhizal fungi, differences in mycorrhizal communities can contribute to ecological isolation by reducing or even inhibiting germination of immigrant seeds. In this study, we investigated whether the mycorrhizal communities available in the soil and associating with the roots of seedlings and adult plants of the mixotrophic Pyrola rotundifolia differed between populations growing in sand dunes and forests. In addition, reciprocal germination experiments were performed to test whether native seeds showed higher germination than immigrant seeds. Our results showed that the mycorrhizal communities differed significantly between forest and dune populations, and that within populations seedlings and adults also associated with different mycorrhizal communities. In both forest and dune populations, mycorrhizal communities were dominated by members of the Thelephoraceae, but dune populations showed a higher incidence of members of the Inocybaceae, whereas forest populations showed a high abundance of members of the Russulaceae. Reciprocal germination experiments showed that native seeds showed a higher germination success than immigrant seeds and this effect was most pronounced in dune populations. Overall, these results demonstrate that plants of P. rotundifolia growing in dune and forest habitats associate with different mycorrhizal communities and that reduced germination of non-native seeds may contribute to reproductive isolation. We conclude that selection against immigrants may constitute an important reproductive barrier at early stages of the speciation process.
Data from: Integrating plant species contribution to mycorrhizal and seed dispersal mutualistic networks
Mutualistic interactions like those established between plants and mycorrhizal fungi or seed dispersers are key drivers of plant population dynamics and ecosystem functioning, however, these interactions have rarely been explored together. We assembled a tripartite fungi-plant-disperser network in the Gorongosa National Park - Mozambique, to test 1) if the diversity and importance of plant mutualists above- and belowground are correlated, and 2) whether biotically and abiotically dispersed plants are associated with similar or distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities. We quantified seed dispersal by animals during one year and characterized the community of 26 common plant species. Sixteen plant species were dispersed by 15 animals and colonized by 48 AMF virtual taxa (VT), while the remaining ten plant species were not dispersed by animals and associated with 34 AMF VT. We found no evidence for a correlation between the number of plant partners above- and belowground or on plant specialization on both types of partners. We also found no evidence for differentiation of AMF communities between biotically and abiotically dispersed plants. Altogether, these results suggest that the establishment of plant interactions with seed dispersers and mycorrhizal fungi are largely independent and that both biotically and abiotically dispersed plants seem to associate with similar communities of AM fungi.
Data from: Evaluating multilocus Bayesian species delimitation for discovery of cryptic mycorrhizal diversity
The increasing availability of DNA sequence data enables exciting new opportunities for fungal ecology. However, it amplifies the challenge of how to objectively classify the diversity of fungal sequences into meaningful units, often in the absence of morphological characters. Here, we test the utility of modern multilocus Bayesian coalescent-based methods for delimiting cryptic fungal diversity in the orchid mycorrhiza morphospecies Serendipita vermifera. We obtained 147 fungal isolates from Caladenia, a speciose clade of Australian orchids known to associate with Serendipita fungi. DNA sequence data for 7 nuclear and mtDNA loci were used to erect competing species hypotheses by clustering isolates based on: (a) ITS sequence divergence, (b) Bayesian admixture analysis, and (c) mtDNA variation. We implemented two coalescent-based Bayesian methods to determine which species hypothesis best fitted our data. Both methods found strong support for eight species of Serendipita among our isolates, supporting species boundaries reflected in ITS divergence. Patterns of host plant association showed evidence for both generalist and specialist associations within the host genus Caladenia. Our findings demonstrate the utility of Bayesian species delimitation methods and suggest that wider application of these techniques will readily uncover new species in other cryptic fungal lineages.
Data from: Plant-mycorrhizal fungus co-occurrence network lacks substantial structure
The interactions between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) maintain a crucial link between macroscopic organisms and the soil microbial world. These interactions are of extreme importance for the diversity of plant communities and ecosystem functioning. Despite this importance, only recently has the structure of plant–AMF interaction networks been studied. These recent studies, which used genetic data, suggest that these networks are highly structured, very similar to plant–animal mutualistic networks. However, the assembly process of plant–AMF communities is still largely unknown, and an important feature of plant–AMF interactions has not been incorporated: they occur at an extremely localized scale. Studying plant–AMF networks in a spatial context seems therefore a crucial step. This paper studies a plant–AMF spatial co-occurrence network using novel methodology based on information theory and a unique set of spatially explicit species-level data. We apply three null models of which only one accounts for spatial effects. We find that the data show substantial departures from null expectations for the two non-spatial null models. However, for the null model considering spatial effects, there are few significant co-occurrences compared with the other two null models. Thus, plant–AMF spatial co-occurrences seem to be mostly explained by stochasticity, with a small role for other factors related to plant–AMF specialization. Furthermore, we find that the network is not significantly nested or modular. We conclude that this plant–AMF spatial co-occurrence network lacks substantial structure and, therefore, plants and AMF species do not track each other over space. Thus, random encounters seem more important in the first step of the assembly of plant–AMF communities.
Data from: Highly diverse and spatially heterogeneous mycorrhizal symbiosis in a rare epiphyte is unrelated to broad biogeographic or environmental features
Symbiotic interactions are common in nature. In dynamic or degraded environments, the ability to associate with multiple partners (i.e. broad specificity) may enable species to persist through fluctuations in the availability of any particular partner. Understanding how species interactions vary across landscapes is necessary to anticipate direct and indirect consequences of environmental degradation on species conservation. We asked whether mycorrhizal symbiosis by populations of a rare epiphytic orchid (Epidendrum firmum) is related to geographic or environmental heterogeneity. The latter would suggest that interactions are governed by environmental conditions rather than historic isolation of populations and/or mycorrhizal fungi. We used DNA-based methods to identify mycorrhizal fungi from eleven E. firmum populations in Costa Rica. We used molecular and phylogenetic analyses to compare associations. Epidendrum firmum exhibited broad specificity, associating with diverse mycorrhizal fungi, including six Tulasnellaceae molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), five Sebacinales MOTUs and others. Notably, diverse mycorrhizal symbioses formed in disturbed pasture and roadside habitats. Mycorrhizal fungi exhibited significant similarity within populations (spatial and phylogenetic autocorrelation) and significant differences among populations (phylogenetic community dissimilarity). However, mycorrhizal symbioses were not significantly associated with biogeographic or environmental features. Such unexpected heterogeneity among populations may result from complex combinations of fine-scale environmental factors and macro-evolutionary patterns of change in mycorrhizal specificity. Thus, E. firmum exhibits broad specificity and the potential for opportunistic associations with diverse fungi. We suggest that these characteristics could confer symbiotic assurance when mycorrhizal fungi are stochastically available, which may be crucial in dynamic or disturbed habitats such as tropical forest canopies.
Data from: Germination patterns in three terrestrial orchids relate to abundance of mycorrhizal fungi
1. The spatial distribution of plants, which is often generated by patterns of seed recruitment, is an important determinant of population dynamics, especially for orchids with seeds that must be exposed to appropriate mycorrhizal fungi. 2. We compared the distribution and abundance of target mycorrhizal fungi detected in the soil using DNA-based molecular techniques and germination in seed packets of Goodyera pubescens, Liparis liliifolia, and Tipularia discolor. 3. We further examined Tulasnella spp. associated with G. pubescens to determine whether areas with abundant host fungi resulted from multiple genets of the same species or from a single widespread fungal genet. 4. We found that target fungi were more likely to be detected using soil DNA assays than by seed germination. Based on soil DNA, fungi were more widespread than suggested by seed germination, which most often reflected the presence of abundant mycorrhizal fungi in the soil. Fungi were more likely to be abundant close to established orchids. Established plants of G. pubescens that were <50cm apart associated with a single abundant fungal genet, while those >50 cm apart associated with multiple fungal genets. 5. Synthesis. This study demonstrates the importance of using multiple methods to detect the distribution and abundance of target fungi and suggests that fungal 'hot spots' may be keys to the dynamics of orchid populations.
Bromus tectorum alters mycorrhizal fungal communities and disrupts mutualism
<p class="MsoNormal">Exotic plant invasions alter native plant productivity and ecosystem function. Mechanisms of plant invasions can include altered disturbance regimes or altered plant-soil feedbacks. Some important hypotheses regarding the invasion of cheatgrass in North America include pathogen spillover and mutualism disruption. Since an important mutualistic interaction in ecosystems is that of mycorrhizal fungi, here we test the mutualism disruption hypothesis by closely examining mycorrhizal allocation and community composition. We conducted a greenhouse study where we grew a native perennial grass in association with invaded and uninvaded soils. We found altered mycorrhizal communities and mycorrhizal allocation patterns associated with cheatgrass-invaded soils supporting the mutualism disruption hypothesis.</p>
Differential responses of Medicago truncatula NLA homologs to nutrient deficiency and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
FIGURE 3 in Serendipita officinale sp. nov. (Serendipitaceae): a new species of orchid mycorrhizal fungus
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree based on LSU sequences of Serendipita and related Sebacinaceae species. Ceratosebacina calosporawas included as an outgroup. The numbers at each branch represented Bayesian posterior probabilities (left) (≥ 0.5 are shown) and bootstrap support calculated from 1000 replicates (right) (≥ 50% are shown). Note that the name Serendipita vermifera is given to a wide range of different Serendipita samples. in the literature. See Table S1 for a complete description of GenBank accessions used in the analysis.
FIGURE 1 in Serendipita officinale sp. nov. (Serendipitaceae): a new species of orchid mycorrhizal fungus
FIGURE 1. Morphological features of Serendipita officinalesp. nov. a, b: Colonies on PDA after 14 and 30 days; c: aerial mycelium; d: Transmission electron micrograph showing monilioid hyphae with a septate (arrows); e: DAPI-stained hyphae (n = nuclei; S = septa); f & g: Micrograph and scanning electron micrograph of hyphae on the agar surface showing typical hyphal coils; h: Branched monilioid cell chains under microscope; i: Monilioid hyphae under scanning electron micrograph; j: Scanning electron micrograph showing chlamydospores in the roots of Dendrobium officinale; k: Micrograph showing chlamydospores in the roots of Dendrobium flexicaule. l: Transmission electron micrograph of the dolipore septum with a flat and imperforate parenthesome (arrow) as typical for members of the Sebacinales.
FIGURE 2 in Serendipita officinale sp. nov. (Serendipitaceae): a new species of orchid mycorrhizal fungus
FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences of Serendipita and related Sebacinaceae species. Tremiscus helvelloides was included as an outgroup. The numbers at each branch represented Bayesian posterior probabilities (left) (≥ 0.5 are shown) and bootstrap support calculated from 1000 replicates (right) (≥ 50% are shown). Note that the name Serendipita sp. is given to a wide range of different Serendipita spp. in the literature. See Table S1 for a complete description of GenBank accessions used in the analysis.
Weathering by mycorrhizal fungi defines a threshold for nutrients in ecosystems along an aridity gradient - Dataset
<p>Dataset for the Statistical Analysis of Hyphal-Covered Mineral Pellets.<br>This dataset originates from a two-year (2016 to 2018) research project conducted in Chile, spanning locations from Nahuelbuta to Pan de Azúcar (Atacama Desert). It includes detailed records of hyphal growth observed on mineral pellets. Comprehensive descriptions of all methods and data will be available in an upcoming journal publication (DOI will be announced soon).</p>
FIGURES 1–9. Acaulospora fanjing spores. 1. Intact spores. 2. Crushed spore. 3–6 in Acaulospora fanjing (Glomeromycota), a new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from Fanjingshan in China
FIGURES 1–9. Acaulospora fanjing spores. 1. Intact spores. 2. Crushed spore. 3–6. Spore wall layers (SW+MW+IW), SWL1 smooth, hyaline and evanescent and completely shed; SWL2 and SWL3 laminate and similar color, in some spores the boundaries between layers are difficult to distinguish; Middle wall (MWLl–MWL2) hyaline, semiflexible bilayered tightly adherent; Inner wall (IWL1–IWL3) hyaline, consists of three layers. Note: MW and IW are easily separated in PVLG and IWL2 shows a pale pink reaction to Melzer's reagent. 7–8. Cicatrix circular to subcircular, slightly raised collar. 9. Mycorrhizal structures of A.fanjing in roots of Trifolium repens stained in 0.1% Trypan blue: hyphae (H) and vesicles (V). 3, 4, 6. In Melzer's. 5. In PVLG+Melzer's reagent.
Figure 10 in Acaulospora fanjing (Glomeromycota), a new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from Fanjingshan in China
Figure 10. MrBayes and RAxML phylogram inferred from SSU-ITS-LSU sequence data. The Bayesian Analysis (BA) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) trees show the same phylogenetic topology, with A.fanjing as a new species that belongs to the genus Acaulospora. The tree is rooted with Claroideoglomus claroideum. Posterior probalities (>0.50) and maximum likelihood support values (>50) are showed on each branch (PP/MP). The new species is in bold.
Data from: Mycorrhizal symbiosis pathway and edaphic fertility frame root economics space among tree species
<p><span>The root economics space (RES) is multidimensional and largely shaped by belowground biotic and abiotic influences. However, how root-fungal symbioses and edaphic fertility drive this complexity remains unclear. </span></p> <p><span>Here, we measured absorptive root traits of 112 tree species in temperate and subtropical forests of China, including traits linked to functional differences between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) hosts. </span></p> <p><span>Our data, from known mycorrhizal tree species, revealed a 'fungal-symbiosis' dimension distinguishing AM from ECM species. This divergence likely resulted from the contrasting mycorrhizal evolutionary development of AM versus ECM associations. Increased root tissue cortical space facilitates AM symbiosis, whereas increased root branching favors ECM symbiosis. Irrespective of mycorrhizal type, a 'root-lifespan' dimension reflecting aspects of root construction cost and defense was controlled by variation in specific root length and root tissue density, which was fully independent of root nitrogen content. Within this function-based RES, we observed a substantial covariation of axes with soil phosphorus and nitrate levels, highlighting the role played by these two axes in nutrient acquisition and conservation. </span></p> <p><span>Overall, our findings demonstrate the importance of</span><span> evolved mycorrhizal symbiosis pathway and edaphic fertility in framing the </span><span>RES</span><span>, and</span> <span>provide theoretical and mechanistic insights into the complexity of root economics.</span></p>
FIGURE 1 in A new mycorrhizal species of Ceratobasidium (Ceratobasidiaceae) associated with roots of the epiphytic orchid Gomesa recurva from Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree inferred with alignment of the nucleotide sequences of the ITS region. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP≥0.95) and Maximum Likelihood boostrap support (ML≥60) are indicated at the nodes (PP/ML). The isolates in this study are highlighted in bold. Type strains of species are indicated after to the culture collection number (T). The tree was rooted with Waitea circinata IMI 375117.
FIGURE 2. Ceratobasidium gomesae COAD 3147 in A new mycorrhizal species of Ceratobasidium (Ceratobasidiaceae) associated with roots of the epiphytic orchid Gomesa recurva from Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE 2. Ceratobasidium gomesae COAD 3147. (a) Three-day-old PDA culture; (b) Hyphae stained with SYBR Green I and Calcofluor showing binucleate cells (N = nuclei; S = septa); (c) Hyphae with branching at right angles; (d) Monilioid cell chains in CMA. Scale bars C and D = 20 µm; B = 25 µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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