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921 results for “neural networks”
BRAIN Journal-Image Finder Mobile Application Based on Neural Networks-Figure 9. Weka Results for Sketches
<p> the sketches and the data is converted to 20x20=400 integer numbers to give it as input to Weka. Our experimentation includes only two objects for recognition i.e. trees and cars. Total tree sketches used = 175 Total car sketches used = 72 Learning rate = 0.3 Momentum = 0.2 Number of epochs = 500 70% of data is used to train the neural network and the remaining 30% is used for testing the trained neural network. Figure 8 shows the neural network for sketches. The results are shown in Figure 9 and are as follows: Total Correct Recognition = 100% </p>
Dataset for "Resonance with subthreshold oscillatory drive organizes activity and optimizes learning in neural networks"
<p>This is the experimental dataset for the paper "Resonance with subthreshold oscillatory drive organizes activity and optimizes learning in neural networks", doi/10.1073/pnas.1716933115.</p>
Classification of Phonocardiograms with Convolutional Neural Networks-Figure 5. An example of a convolutional layer (Convolutional Neural Networks (LeNet), 2018)
<p>Figure 5 shows an example of a convolutional layer. Layer m-1 includes four feature maps. The m is a hidden layer and it includes two feature maps such as h0 and h1. The neuron outputs at h0 and h1 are calculated from the neuron outputs entering the 2x2 receiving area at the layer below layer m-1. Thus, the weights are W0, and W1 and h,0 and h1 are weight tensors that have three dimensions. The leading dimension indexes the map entries summaries, pointing to the other two neuron outputs. To combine all of them Wijkl , with each pixel of the layer's minus k map, it refers to the weight of the link between neuron outputs (i, j) in the coordinates of the feature map m-1 (Convolutional Neural Networks (LeNet), 2018).</p>
Classification of Phonocardiograms with Convolutional Neural Networks-Figure 4. a) Sparse Connectivity, b) Shared Weights (Convolutional Neural Networks (LeNet), 2018)
<p>A CNNs are biologically inspired variants of a multilayer perceptron. CNNs establish a built-in local correlation by applying a local link model between the neurons of adjacent layers. As shown in Figure 4a, the inputs of the hidden units in the m-layer are obtained from a subset of the units having the built-in areas in the m-1 layer. This ensures that a number of layers arrive consecutively, resulting in a filtration. It can encode 5 features such as a neuron in the m+1 hidden layer. On CNNs, each filter hi is repeated on the entire image surface. These repeated units form a feature map that shares the weight and bias parameters. 3 hidden units of the same feature map are shown in Figure 4b. The weights shown by parallel lines in the figure were also limited as same. To learn such shared parameters, the gradient method can be used with only a small modification to the original parameters. The sum of the inverse gradients of the shared parameters equals the gradient of the shared weights.</p>
Classification of Phonocardiograms with Convolutional Neural Networks-Figure 2. PCGs for sample sound file of 103-1305031931979-B
<p>Heart sounds that provide valuable diagnostic information in clinical examinations are among the most important physiological signals in the human body. However, heart sounds include noise, such as external sounds and lung sounds, caused by signal recording conditions. Noisy heart sound signal negatively affects the diagnosis of the doctor (Denga & Hanb, 2018). Digital filters are often used to filter biomedical signal. Digital filtering is defined as the acquisition of desired frequency values according to the characterization of the desired filter in order to improve the signal according to the intended use (Shenoi, 2005; Thede, 1995). Based on the experience gained from previous studies, an elliptic filter was used in this study (Deperlioglu, 2018; Guraksin et. al., 2009) . The heart sound signal covering the first two steps is given in Figure 2 for sample sound file of 103_1305031931979_B in the PASCAL Btraining data set.</p>
Classification of Phonocardiograms with Convolutional Neural Networks-Figure 1. Block diagram of classification process
<p>Heart and vascular diseases are the first cause of death in the world. The heartbeat, which is the result of the blood pumping of the heart, gives information about the functioning of the heart valves. Thus, features can be obtained that can differentiate between normal and abnormal heart sound signals. With the ECG signal, it is possible to visualize the parts of the heartbeat signal. However, ECG measurement is usually expensive and requires extra time. For this reason, studies for the detection of heart diseases generally focus on the analysis of heart sounds. In this context, it is aimed to make a successful classification using deep learning method in this study. The block diagram of the application is shown in Figure 1. The details of each block in the diagram are explained as follows. For all classification study, MATLAB r2017a software was used.</p>
Classification of Phonocardiograms with Convolutional Neural Networks-Figure 6. Confusion matrix of multilayer feedforward network
<p>Multilayer feedforward network was used for classification with ANN. In this application, the ANN structure and parameters were obtained after a review of previous studies and very much number of trial runs. There is a total of 10 neurons in the hidden layer in ANN. The Bayesian regularization backpropagation was used for learning algorithm and the mean square error function was also used the performance algorithm. 134 samples in the data set were used for training data, 29 samples were used for validation data, and 29 samples were used for testing data. The confusion matrix obtained at the end of the classification was given in Figure 6. As seen from the confusion matrix, the accuracy of classification 82.8% was achieved in the ANN classification. The ANN performed with a sensitivity of 92.40% and a specificity of 88.82%.</p>
Classification of Phonocardiograms with Convolutional Neural Networks-Figure 3. Multilayer feed forward network (Gurney, 2004)
<p>Feedforward network is a non-repeating network with the processing units or nodes in the layer, and all nodes in a layer are linked to the nodes of the previous layers. There are different weights on the connection. There is no feedback loop, the signal input can only flow in one direction. Multilayer feedforward network is feedforward ANN concept with multiple weighted layers as seen figure 3. This network is called hidden layers because it has one or more hidden layers between the input and output layers (Gurney, 2004; Tutorials Point, 2017).</p>
Classification of Phonocardiograms with Convolutional Neural Networks-Figure 7. Confusion matrix of convolutional neural network
<p>The final layer of CNN is the classification layer. This layer uses the possibilities returned by the softmax activation function for each input to mutually assign one of the special classes. The confusion matrix obtained at the end of the classification was given in Figure 7. As seen from the confusion matrix, the accuracy of classification 97.9% was achieved in the CNN classification. The CNN performed with sensitivity of 99.47% and specificity of 98.42%.</p>
A Facial Motion Capture System Based on Neural Network Classifier Using RGB-D Data-Figure 11. Accuracy of different method for unseen faces
<p>Table 3 shows the mode detection accuracy of the proposed method and its combination with two other methods (uniform LBP and circular LBP) for different people. The overall accuracy of the proposed procedure is calculated as this way one video is chosen as input, and after mode detection the three aforementioned steps are applied on this video. The obtained feature vectors are given to the neural network and the corresponding labels to each frame are regarded as output. Afterwards, the overall accuracy is calculated from the confusion matrix. However, it should be noted that the expression detection criteria are the observation of a certain number of subsequent similar labels and in the case of observing a limited or sparse number of different labels the final label would not change. Figure 10 and 11 show result of different methods for seen and unseen data respectively. Table 4 shows results for seen data with proposed method and uniform LBP.</p>
A Facial Motion Capture System Based on Neural Network Classifier Using RGB-D Data-
<p>Table 3 shows the mode detection accuracy of the proposed method and its combination with two other methods (uniform LBP and circular LBP) for different people. The overall accuracy of the proposed procedure is calculated as this way one video is chosen as input, and after mode detection the three aforementioned steps are applied on this video. The obtained feature vectors are given to the neural network and the corresponding labels to each frame are regarded as output. Afterwards, the overall accuracy is calculated from the confusion matrix. However, it should be noted that the expression detection criteria are the observation of a certain number of subsequent similar labels and in the case of observing a limited or sparse number of different labels the final label would not change. Figure 10 and 11 show result of different methods for seen and unseen data respectively. Table 4 shows results for seen data with proposed method and uniform LBP.</p>
A Facial Motion Capture System Based on Neural Network Classifier Using RGB-D Data-Figure 9. Results of our facial motion capture system(a,b,c,d)
<p>In test procedures, single video feature vectors consisting of different expressions are given to the neural network and the network produces the corresponding labels for each frame as output. If there is a mode in a video which is not available in the data base, the nearest available mode's label to this mode is produced. For example, in test3 and test6 videos, the surprise expression (that have been showed with number 7) is recognized as open mouth expression. At the end, considering the certain numbers of subsequent similar labels (at least 10 frames, because the minimum number of one modes' frames is related to “rising the eyebrow” mode that takes 10 frames), the expressions are detected, and a 3D show of these expressions are represented. For instance, in test8 videos that have been obtained from unseen face, the “smiling” and “open mouth” expressions are well recognized, but expressions related to rising the eyebrows are not detected properly and all the corresponding frames to this expression are regarded as normal expression. Figure 9 shows example of generated 3D models.</p>
A Facial Motion Capture System Based on Neural Network Classifier Using RGB-D Data-Figure 8. 3D model of some facial expressions
<p>Face region is separated precisely from video frames by using a segmentation method based on skin color. The depth data corresponding to this separated area is taken for a 3D representation from depth data corresponding to each frame. At the end, a file is prepared for each frame consisting of face points with 6 features: X, Y, depth, red, green and blue color. These data are used for producing a 3D model and a graphical avatar for each frame (Figure 7). Figure 8 shows 3D model of some facial expressions.</p>
A Facial Motion Capture System Based on Neural Network Classifier Using RGB-D Data-Figure 6. Proposed feed-forward neural network classifier
<p>After the feature extraction stage, neural network is used for classifying the modes. In this study, the utilized expressions are normal, smiling, open mouth, rising the eyebrows, anger and pursing modes. In fact, they are some selective modes for face movements. It should be noted that the modes can be increased but in this case we work with these six modes. This paper used three layers feed-forward neural network (Figure 6). The proposed neural network includes 800 nodes for the input layer (400 nodes for U matrix and 400 nodes for V matrix), 100 nodes for the hidden layer and 6-nodes for output layer. From the collected data 70% are used for training, 15% for validation and the last 15% are used to evaluate the neural network.</p>
A Facial Motion Capture System Based on Neural Network Classifier Using RGB-D Data-Figure 5. Examples of the circular LBP (Huang et al., 2011)
<p>One limitation of the basic LBP operator is that its small 3x3 neighborhood cannot capture dominant features with large scale structures. To deal with the texture at different scales the operator was later generalized to use neighborhoods of different sizes. A local neighborhood is defined as a set of sampling points evenly spaced on a circle which is centered at the pixel to be labeled. The sampling points that do not fall within the pixels are interpolated using bilinear interpolation, thus allowing for any radius and any number of sampling points in the neighborhood. Figure 5 shows some examples of the extended LBP operator where the notation (P, R) denotes a neighborhood of P sampling points on a circle of radius of R.</p>
A Facial Motion Capture System Based on Neural Network Classifier Using RGB- Figure 4. An example of the uniform LBP operator (Huang et al., 2011)
<p>The original LBP operator labels the pixels of an image by means of decimal numbers called Local Binary Patterns or LBP codes, which encode the local structure around each pixel. It proceeds thus as illustrated in figure 4: Each pixel is compared with its eight neighbors in a 3x3 neighborhood by subtracting the center pixel value. The resulting strictly negative values are encoded with 0 and the others with 1. A binary number is obtained by concatenating all these binary codes in a clockwise direction starting from the top-left one and its corresponding decimal value is used for labeling. The derived binary numbers are referred to as Local Binary Patterns or LBP codes.</p>
A Facial Motion Capture System Based on Neural Network Classifier Using RGB-D Data-Figure 7. Avatar 3D model generation
<p>Face region is separated precisely from video frames by using a segmentation method based on skin color. The depth data corresponding to this separated area is taken for a 3D representation from depth data corresponding to each frame. At the end, a file is prepared for each frame consisting of face points with 6 features: X, Y, depth, red, green and blue color. These data are used for producing a 3D model and a graphical avatar for each frame (Figure 7). Figure 8 shows 3D model of some facial expressions.</p>
A Facial Motion Capture System Based on Neural Network Classifier Using RGB-D Data-Figure 3. Feature vectors of facial expression in database
<p> Figure 3 shows feature vectors of facial expression of our database. Matrices ‘U’ and ‘V’ values that are obtained from this algorithm are used as feature vectors. The ‘U’ matrix represents the position and the ‘V’ matrix represents the change of direction. In the following, the proposed method is combined with some other feature extraction methods (LBP uniform approach and LBP circular approach) and the obtained results will be mentioned.</p>
A Facial Motion Capture System Based on Neural Network Classifier Using RGB-D Data-Figure 2. Facial expression recognition in proposed method
<p>In this stage, a video is prepared using the color data captured from Kinect camera. The face region in each frame is obtained from the video using Viola-Jones algorithm (Figure 2). Because of different distance from the Kinect camera, the obtained images from the face must be re-sized, in order to have the same size. At the end, the colored images are converted to gray-scaled images.</p>
A Facial Motion Capture System Based on Neural Network Classifier Using RGB-D Data-Figure 1. Peak of facial expression in database
<p>In this study, data are obtained from the Kinect camera that benefits from colorful images and depth data. Kinect can record colorful and depth data simultaneously at 30 frames per second. The data are collected from the person who initially pose in front of the camera with normal face mode and then the various modes are represented. It should be noted that data are obtained at different distances from the Kinect camera and in different lighting conditions. Figure 1 shows various facial modes in our database.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.