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F I G U R E 1 in Sharks checking in to the sponge hotel: First internal use of sponges of the genus Agelas and family Irciniidae by banded sand catsharks Atelomycterus fasciatus

F I G U R E 1 Location of Gascoyne Marine Park (MP) (orange boundary), Ningaloo MP (white boundary), Dampier MP (blue boundary), Montebello MP (yellow boundary), and Eighty Mile Beach MP (black boundary) off Western Australia.

FIGURE 5 in Insights into vertebral band pair deposition rate in the juvenile common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 5 Number of vertebral band pairs after the oxytetracycline mark compared to days at liberty for Alopias vulpinus at liberty ≥1 year, tagged and recaptured in the northeastern Pacific Ocean (1998–2013) n = 14. The dashed lines represent the relationship of band pairs to days at liberty; the dotted line represents a 1:1 deposition rate of one band pair per year.

FIGURE 4 in Insights into vertebral band pair deposition rate in the juvenile common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 4 Age-bias plots for all oxytetracycline (OTC)-marked Alopias vulpinus vertebrae to determine the number of band pairs distal to the birth band (left column), and number of band pairs distal to the OTC mark (right column). Readers 1, 2, and 3 read all sample vertebrae without knowledge of fish ID or time at liberty.

FIGURE 3 in Insights into vertebral band pair deposition rate in the juvenile common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 3 An X-ray image of a section showing band pair progression of an oxytetracycline (OTC)-marked Alopias vulpinus recaptured in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Translucent cartilage (dark bands on image) alternated with more-calcified cartilage (appearing light on image). Opaque, hypermineralized bands are marked with a solid dot; 4 band pairs post birth band and 3.5 band pairs post-OTC. The OTC mark and birth band are labeled. Tagged A. vulpinus A039014 was at liberty 3.81 years, measured 80 cm fork length (LF) at the time of tagging, and 140 cm LF at recapture.

FIGURE 1 in Insights into vertebral band pair deposition rate in the juvenile common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 1 Tag and recapture locations for Alopias vulpinus whose vertebrae were used in this study (n = 14), Southern California Bight.

FIGURE 2 in Insights into vertebral band pair deposition rate in the juvenile common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean

FIGURE 2 Vertebral preparation: (a) standard anatomical planes of a fish; (b) oxytetracycline (OTC) mark fluorescing under UV light; section is cut along the green line (frontal plane); and (c) pin placement with UV light. Image A is adapted from an image in Wilson et al. (1983).

Fig. 2. Juvenile Orthacanthus platypternus, Stephanian B in Morphology and histology of dorsal spines of the xenacanthid shark Orthacanthus platypternus from the Lower Permian of Texas, USA: Palaeobiological and palaeoenvironmental implications

Fig. 2. Juvenile Orthacanthus platypternus, Stephanian B (Upper Carboniferous) of Hamilton, USA (A) compared to juvenile of O. bohemicus, Westphalian D (Upper Carboniferous) of Bohemia, Czech Republic (B), showing the relative position of the dorsal spine. A, modified from Zidek (1993b: fig. 1); B, modified from Soler-Gijón (2004: fig. 3C).

Fig. 3 in Morphology and histology of dorsal spines of the xenacanthid shark Orthacanthus platypternus from the Lower Permian of Texas, USA: Palaeobiological and palaeoenvironmental implications

Fig. 3. External morphology of dorsal spines of Orthacanthus platypternus (Cope, 1884), Lower Permian, Craddock Bone Bed, Texas, USA. A. HMNS-T1, juvenile, lateral view. B. SMU 68799, juvenile, posterior view. C. SMU 68800, juvenile, posterior (C1) and postero-lateral (C2) views. D. SMU 68801, adult, denticulated, postero-lateral view (D1) and non-denticulated, posterior view (D2) regions. Numbers 1 to 17 point to the positions of the denticles along the posterior sides of the spines. Numbers 1' to 17' correspond to the right row of denticles. Grey areas in B–D2 represent sedimentary matrix. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 6 in Morphology and histology of dorsal spines of the xenacanthid shark Orthacanthus platypternus from the Lower Permian of Texas, USA: Palaeobiological and palaeoenvironmental implications

Fig. 6. Cross-sections of dorsal spines (non-denticulated region) of Orthacanthus platypternus (Cope, 1884), Lower Permian, Craddock Bone Bed, Texas, USA. Comparison between the smallest, specimen HMNS-T1 (A), and the largest Orthacanthus dorsal spine sampled, specimen HMNS-J1 (B). Posterior sides of the spines are pointing to the top of the figure.

Fig. 9 in Morphology and histology of dorsal spines of the xenacanthid shark Orthacanthus platypternus from the Lower Permian of Texas, USA: Palaeobiological and palaeoenvironmental implications

Fig. 9. Bivariate plots of relationship between width and height in cross sections of Orthacanthus dorsal spines. A. Orthacanthus platypternus (Lower Permian, Craddock Bone Bed, Texas, USA). B. Comparison of O. platypternus with O. meridionalis (Upper Carboniferous, Puertollano, Spain) and Orthacanthus sp. (Upper Carboniferous, Robinson, Kansas, USA). Note the linear regression (y = 0.91x + 0.15; n = 65, r2 = 0.98) calculated by Donelan and Johnson (1997) for the isolated dorsal spines of O. platypternus. The maximum and minimal values are also included here for a comparative reference; values of the rest of the specimens are not included for clarity. Grey shaded areas indicate approximate intervals of the three size clusters corresponding to juveniles and adults according the biometric analysis by Donelan and Johnson (size intervals are based on unpublished data presented in a poster at 57th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Chicago, October 1997). Note the ontogenetic trajectories of several individuals of O. platypternus (HMNS-T2 and HMNS-J3), O. meridionalis (PU-XE19, 20, 74 and 76) and Orthacanthus sp. (KUVP-72324) showing stages SP1–n spine proper). Data from O. meridionalis and Orthacanthus sp. after Soler-Gijón (1999: table 1 and figs. 4–8). Vertical grey arrows point to the position in the linear regression for SMU specimens according the maximum width values at the proximal end of denticulated regions: 3.5 mm (SMU 68799), 4.5 mm (SMU 68800) and 8.4 mm (SMU 68801). Abbreviations: SP1–5, spines 1–5; SpPr, spine proper.

Fig. 8. A in Morphology and histology of dorsal spines of the xenacanthid shark Orthacanthus platypternus from the Lower Permian of Texas, USA: Palaeobiological and palaeoenvironmental implications

Fig. 8. A. Reconstruction of the dorsal spine (mainly the denticulated region) of Orthacanthus platypternus, based on specimens HMNS-T1 and HMNS-T2. B, C. Reconstructions of the dorsal spine of Orthacanthus meridionalis (modified from Soler-Gijón 1999: fig. 10); PU-XE76 (B) PU-XE19 (C). Note that distal denticles belong to the first spine (juvenile). The intersection of the first major growth line and the denticulated border of the spine indicate the proximal end of the denticulated region of the first spine; the following "spines" exhibit the distal denticles and those corresponding to each new growth stage.

Fig. 5 in Morphology and histology of dorsal spines of the xenacanthid shark Orthacanthus platypternus from the Lower Permian of Texas, USA: Palaeobiological and palaeoenvironmental implications

Fig. 5. Serial cross-sections (A, C, D) of dorsal spine of Orthacanthus platypternus (Cope, 1884), Lower Permian, Craddock Bone Bed, Texas, USA; specimen HMNS-J3, where A represents the most proximal section and D is the most distal. B. Detail of section in A showing three minor growth lines close to the base of the right denticle in the figure (arrows).

Fig. 4 in Morphology and histology of dorsal spines of the xenacanthid shark Orthacanthus platypternus from the Lower Permian of Texas, USA: Palaeobiological and palaeoenvironmental implications

Fig. 4. Serial longitudinal sections of dorsal spine of Orthacanthus platypternus (Cope, 1884), Lower Permian, Craddock Bone Bed, Texas, USA; specimen HMNS-T2, where A represents the most proximal section and E is the most distal. Samples C–E include the denticulate region. Photos of the sections (A1–E1), interpretative drawings (A2–E2). Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 7 in Morphology and histology of dorsal spines of the xenacanthid shark Orthacanthus platypternus from the Lower Permian of Texas, USA: Palaeobiological and palaeoenvironmental implications

Fig. 7. Cross-section of dorsal spine of Orthacanthus platypternus (Cope, 1884), Lower Permian, Craddock Bone Bed, Texas, USA; specimen HMNS-J7 non-denticulated region) showing color-banding in centrifugal trabecular dentine and growth lines in lamellar dentine. A. General view (posterior side of spine towards the top of the figure). B, C. Details of periphery showing pairs of growth lines (marked by arrows) in the centrifugal lamellar dentine. D. Detail of interglobular spaces within the centripetal lamellar dentine (arrows denote interglobular spaces).

Fig. 1 in Morphology and histology of dorsal spines of the xenacanthid shark Orthacanthus platypternus from the Lower Permian of Texas, USA: Palaeobiological and palaeoenvironmental implications

Fig. 1. Baylor County map (A) and stratigraphic section (B) at the Craddock Ranch (denoted with a star), Seymour Texas, lower Clear Fork Formation (cf. Nelson et al. 2013). Numbers 1–5 denote units through the sampled portion of the Craddock Ranch exposure.

Fig. 5 in First Record of the Rare Parasitic Isopod Elthusa splendida (Cymothoidae) from the Pacific Ocean, Based on a Specimen Found in a Museum Shark Collection

Fig. 5. Map showing the distribution of Elthusa splendida. T and P indicate the type locality and the present specimen's locality, respectively.

Fig. 3 in First Record of the Rare Parasitic Isopod Elthusa splendida (Cymothoidae) from the Pacific Ocean, Based on a Specimen Found in a Museum Shark Collection

Fig. 3. Four pits on pereonite 1 of Elthusa splendida (HUMZ-C 2400, ovigerous female, 57.9 mm TL) from the buccal cavity of Japanese spurdog Squalus japonicus collected from the East China Sea. A, Photograph; B, three-dimensional digital scanned image.

Fig. 2 in First Record of the Rare Parasitic Isopod Elthusa splendida (Cymothoidae) from the Pacific Ocean, Based on a Specimen Found in a Museum Shark Collection

Fig. 2. Elthusa splendida (HUMZ-C 2400, ovigerous female, 57.9 mm TL) from the buccal cavity of Japanese spurdog Squalus japonicus collected from the East China Sea. A, Dorsal body; B, lateral body; C, ventral cephalon; D, ventral view of pleon; E, right pereopod 1; F, right pereopod 7; G–K, right pleopods 1–5 (pleopods 2, 4, 5 are partially damaged). Scale bars: 5 mm.

Fig. 4 in First Record of the Rare Parasitic Isopod Elthusa splendida (Cymothoidae) from the Pacific Ocean, Based on a Specimen Found in a Museum Shark Collection

Fig. 4. Morphological differences between Elthusa splendida (A) and E. raynaudii (B). Posterolateral angles of pereonite 7 (arrows) and relative width of pereonite 7 and pleotelson (dashed lines). Only body outlines are shown. Scale bars: 10 mm. A, HUMZ-C 2400, ovigerous female, 57.9 mm TL; B, MNHN-IU-2016-9885, syntype, ovigerous female, 26.7 mm TL.

Fig. 1 in First Record of the Rare Parasitic Isopod Elthusa splendida (Cymothoidae) from the Pacific Ocean, Based on a Specimen Found in a Museum Shark Collection

Fig. 1. Elthusa splendida (HUMZ-C 2400, ovigerous female, 57.9 mm TL) from the buccal cavity of Japanese spurdog Squalus japonicus collected from the East China Sea. A, Dorsal view; B, ventral view.