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FIGURE 25 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 25. Austroplebeia lateral thoraces: Figs a–b. Worker mesosomal side: a, A. cincta QLD; b, A. cassiae. Figs c–d. Male mesosomal side: c, A. cincta QLD; d, A. cassiae. Figs e–g. Detail of mesepisternum pilosity on male mesosomal side (photographs by K. Walker): e, A. australis; f, A. cassiae; g, A. magna sp. nov. Figs e–g shown at same magnification; all scale bars = 0.25 mm. Abbreviation: Met—metepisternum.
FIGURE 33 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 33. Honey and pollen storage pots in Austroplebeia colonies: a, Translucent honey pots in an A. cincta colony near Rossville, QLD; b, Honey pots with thick, strongly pitted walls in an A. australis colony near Tara, QLD (photograph by M. Halcroft); c, Honey pots in an A. magna sp. nov. colony 50k S of Maningrida, NT (photograph by Aung Si); d, Pollen pots in an A. cincta colony near Rossville, QLD; e, Pollen pots with thickened pitted walls in an A. australis colony near Tara, QLD (photograph by M. Halcroft); f, Pollen pots with strongly pitted walls in an A. australis colony near Kilcoy, QLD; g, Pollen pots made from red-brown cerumen in an A. cassiae colony at Conjuboy, QLD.
FIGURE 22 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 22. Austroplebeia worker faces: a, A. cincta NG; b, A. cincta QLD; c, A. essingtoni, showing a relatively heavily marked specimen within the species range; d, A. australis–Eastern Colour Morph; e, A. cassiae; f, A. magna sp. nov. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 20 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 20. Austroplebeia male sterna and terga, shown in ventral view except for Fig. r. Figs a–f. S4: a, A. cincta; b, A. essingtoni; c, A. australis; d–e, A. cassiae showing variation in position of gradulus; f, A. magna sp. nov. Figs g–j. S5: g, A. cincta; h, A. essingtoni, arrow indicates protruding apical lobe; i, A. australis; j, A. cassiae. Figs k–o. S6: k, A. cincta; l, A. essingtoni; m, A. australis; n, A. cassiae; o, A. magna sp. nov. Figs p–q. S7: p, A. cincta; q, A. australis. Fig. r. T7 of A. cassiae, dorsal view. Figs a–f, scale bar = 0.5 mm; figs g–r, scale bar = 0.33 mm. Abbreviations: Gra—gradulus; Med—median body.
FIGURE 19. Austroplebeia legs. Figs a–b in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 19. Austroplebeia legs. Figs a–b. Worker tibia III and basitarsus III of A. australis–Central Colour Morph: a, inner surface; b, outer surface. Fig. c. Cross-sectional view of A. australis worker tibia III, inner surface uppermost. Fig. d. Worker leg II of A. australis–Eastern Colour Morph, showing mesotibial spur near junction of tibia and basitarsus. Figs e–f. Male tibia III and basitarsus III of A. australis–Central Colour Morph: e, inner surface; f, outer surface. Fig. g. Queen tibia III and basitarsus III of A. australis–Central Colour Morph, outer surface. Fig. h. Variation in size of worker basitarsus III (shaded segment), all drawn to same scale: A. cincta QLD is shown on the left, then remaining species are shown in order of increasing basitarsus III width. Abbreviations: Kei—keirotrichia; Pos—posterior corbicular fringe; Ant—anterior corbicular fringe; Rasrastellum; Cor—corbicula; Pen—pencillum.
FIGURE 18. Austroplebeia wings. Dotted lines indicate pigmented vein traces. Figs a–c in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 18. Austroplebeia wings. Dotted lines indicate pigmented vein traces. Figs a–c. Forewings, showing variation observed in the vestige of the first transverse cubital vein: a, A. magna sp. nov. forewing with a short vein vestige; b, Detail of an A. australis–Eastern Colour Morph forewing with a thickening of vein M at this position; c, Detail of an A. australis–Eastern Colour Morph forewing with a long vein vestige. Fig. d. Hindwing of A. magna sp. nov. Fig. e. Diagram of a forewing showing how the following measurements were made: (1) forewing length without tegula; (2) forewing width; (3) wing diagonal (Sakagami 1978); (4) 1st abscissa of M length; (5) 1st abscissa of Cu length. Figs a–d drawn to same scale: scale bar = 0.25 mm. Abbreviations: M—vein M; 1st R—first recurrent vein; 2nd Cu—second cubital cell; Ham—hamuli.
FIGURE 16 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 16. Austroplebeia worker sting rudiments: a, A. cincta NG; b. A. cincta QLD; c, A. essingtoni; d, A. australis–Eastern Colour Morph; e, A. australis–Central Colour Morph; f, A. australis–Western Colour Morph; g, A. cassiae; h, A. magna sp. nov. All drawn to same scale. Abbreviations: Gon—gonostylus; Sty—sting stylet (bulb); Lan—sting lancet (first valvula or first ramus).
FIGURE 17 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 17. Austroplebeia antennae, mandibles and labial palpi. Figs a–c. Antenna (basal part) of A. essingtoni: a, worker; b, male; c, queen. Figs d–h. Left mandible of worker: d, A. cincta QLD; e, A. essingtoni; f, A. australis; g, A. cassiae; h, A. magna sp. nov. Figs i–m. Left mandible of male: i, A. cincta QLD; j, A. essingtoni; k, A. australis; l, A. cassiae; m, A. magna sp. nov. Fig. n. Left mandible of A. australis queen. Figs a–n drawn to same scale. Figs o–q. Labial palpus of worker (mesal margins uppermost, small hairs omitted): o, A. cincta; p, A. cassiae; q, A. magna sp. nov. Figs o–q drawn to same scale. Abbreviations: F1—first flagellomere; F2—second flagellomere; F3—third flagellomere; F2L—second flagellomere length (showing how this measurement was made).
FIGURE 15 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 15. Worker sting rudiments metric data: ratio of maximum length of sting lancet (A) and shoulder width of gonostyli (B) in all Austroplebeia taxa. Data points are averages for 1–3 workers per nest or flower sample. 1. The geographically isolated colony, F31, from the northern tip of Cape York Peninsula, QLD, which has colouring and HTW/HBW similar to A. australis– Eastern Colour Morph. 2. Colonies C58 and D55 from the 'intermediate' group of Halcroft et al. (2015) which are consistent with A. australis–Eastern Colour Morph in this analysis. 3. CS-8 workers, with Grade 4 Thorax Colour Markings, collected from flowers in the MacDonnell Ranges, NT. They are consistent with A. australis–Central Colour Morph in this analysis, despite their relatively dark colouration. 4. GS-10 workers collected from flowers on the far western edge of the A. cassiae range. 5. NS-7 workers collected from flowers on the far eastern edge of the A. magna sp. nov. range. Names given in brackets in the legend are groups in our Halcroft et al. (2015) preliminary analysis.
FIGURE 14 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 14. Ratio of head width and tibia III length in males of all Austroplebeia species. Data points are averages from 2–3 males per colony. Data from the male paratypes of A. magna sp. nov. are also shown. Names given in brackets in the legend are groups in our Halcroft et al. (2015) preliminary analysis.
FIGURE 13 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 13. Ratio of tibia III width and basitarsus III width in males of all Austroplebeia species. Data points are averages from 2–3 males per colony. Data from the male paratypes of A. magna sp. nov. are also shown. Names given in brackets in the legend are groups in our Halcroft et al. (2015) preliminary analysis.
FIGURE 23 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 23. Austroplebeia male faces: a, A. cincta QLD; b, A. essingtoni; c, A. australis–Eastern Colour Morph; d, A. australis–Central Colour Morph; e, A. cassiae; f, A. magna sp. nov. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 32 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 32. Internal nest characteristics and brood combs of species other than A. cincta: a, Nest of an A. essingtoni colony at Broome, WA (photograph by T. Heard); b, Brood comb of an A. australis colony in a natural log near Ti Tree, NT; c, Brood comb of a boxed colony of A. cassiae near Rossville, QLD; d, Brood comb of an A. magna sp. nov. colony in a narrow tree cavity, 50k S of Maningrida, NT (photograph by Aung Si). Abbreviations: Lar—larval brood cells; Coc—cocoons; Pol—pollen pots; Hon—honey pots; Bat—batumen layer.
FIGURE 28 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 28. Observed distribution of all Austroplebeia species in Australia and the island of New Guinea: a, A. cincta; b, A. essingtoni; c, A. australis; d, A. magna sp. nov. and A. cassiae. In all maps, square symbols represent nest samples and circles represent samples collected from flowers or traps. The type locality for each named species, including those now synonymised, is indicated with arrows. Where the type locality was a general area such as 'Central Australia' or 'Cape York', these areas are indicated with shading.
FIGURE 12 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 12. Ratio of tibia III width and basitarsus III width in workers in a large sympatic population of A. australis–Eastern Colour Morph and A. cassiae near Duaringa, QLD. Data points are averages from two workers per colony. Labelled data points are nests for which the species identification was confirmed in the molecular analysis of Halcroft et al. (2015). Names given in brackets in the legend are groups in our Halcroft et al. (2015) preliminary analysis.
FIGURE 21. Austroplebeia male genitalia. Figs a–c in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 21. Austroplebeia male genitalia. Figs a–c. Genitalia, dorsal view on left, ventral view on right: a, A. cincta; b, A. essingtoni; c, A. magna sp. nov. Figs d–e. Apical abdomen and protruding parts of genitalia, viewed laterally, as visible in many pinned male specimens: d, A. essingtoni, showing distinct curve in apical gonostylus; e. A. magna sp. nov., with gently curved apical gonostylus. Figs a–c drawn to same scale. Abbreviations: Pen—penis valve; Gon—gonostylus.
FIGURE 11 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 11. Ratio of tibia III width and basitarsus III width in workers of all Austroplebeia taxa. Data from 173 colonies are shown, in addition to 26 flower samples: A. australis–Western Colour Morph (14x), A. australis with mixed Western/Central characteristics (4x) and NG A. cincta (8x). Data points are averages from 2–4 workers per colony, or 1–12 workers per flower sample. Data from 12 individual type specimens are also shown. 1. Colony F31 from the northern tip of Cape York Peninsula, QLD, which has characteristics similar to A. australis–Eastern Colour Morph despite its geographic isolation. Names given in brackets in the legend are groups in our Halcroft et al. (2015) preliminary analysis.
FIGURE 31 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 31. Internal nest characteristics and brood comb of an A. cincta colony near Rossville, QLD: a, The multi-pocket batumen sheath enclosing the whole nest within the 170 mm diameter tree cavity; b, Brood comb and honey pots revealed when the upper layer of batumen was removed from the central nest area (arrow indicates six concentric layers of larval brood cells at the top of the brood comb); c, Outer surface of the brood with the newest brood cells of the advancing front waxed together into a solid layer; d, Side view of the advancing front of the brood showing the cells arranged in concentric layers; e, Cocoons in an irregular arrangement in the central area of the brood. Abbreviations: Bat—batumen layer; Bro—brood comb; Hon—honey pots.
FIGURE 9 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 9. Variation in colour of the clypeus, mandible (middle part) and apical terga in workers and males of all Austroplebeia taxa. (No males are known in A. cincta NG and A. australis–Western Colour Morph.) Data are based on 120 workers and 62 males.
FIGURE 8 in Australian and New Guinean Stingless Bees of the Genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae) — a revision
FIGURE 8. Variation in male thorax colour grades observed within all Austroplebeia taxa except A. cincta and A. australis– Western Colour Morph. Data show 196 males from 38 colonies. Colour grades are as illustrated in Fig. 5.
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