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Figure 4 in Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) of the genus Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 in Senegal: a review of host associations, chorology, and identification

Figure 4 Collecting sites ofHaemaphysalis of the leachi group indicated in red; blue dots show localization of all other collection sites: A – Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) leachi; B – Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) moreli; C – Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) muhsamae; D – Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) spinulosa.

Figure 3 in Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) of the genus Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 in Senegal: a review of host associations, chorology, and identification

Figure 3 Collecting sites of Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) houyi indicated in red; blue dots show localization of all other collection sites.

Figure 1 in The occurrence of three tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from the area of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (Southern Poland)

Figure 1 Locations of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland in Poland and the location of the studied areas.

Figure 2 in Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) of the genus Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 in Senegal: a review of host associations, chorology, and identification

Figure 2 Collecting sites ofHaemaphysalis (Ornithophysalis) hoodi indicated in red; blue dots show localization of all other collection sites.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2018View details →

Figure 1 in The first DNA barcodes for the Australian platypus tick Ixodes ornithorhynchi Lucas, 1846 (Acari: Ixodidae) to facilitate conservation efforts for a declining parasite and its host

Figure 1 Ventral view of Ixodes ornithorhynchi specimens from which DNA barcodes were generated. A – Adult female; B – Nymph.

Figure 1 Micrographs showing a in Morphological observations of fluorescence in different tick species (Family: Ixodidae)

Figure 1 Micrographs showing a dorsal view of Dermacentor variabilis (male) to compare each light source. White light (left), royal blue (RB, 440-460 nm) (middle) and ultraviolet (UV, 360-380 nm) (right). Variation in ornamentation illuminated by the different light sources can

Figure 4 in Exploiting assembly pheromone for the control of ixodid ticks

Figure 4 Comparison of the per cent death of adult ticks after 1 hour in Assembly pheromonedeltamethrin and deltamethrin treatment.

Figure 3 in Exploiting assembly pheromone for the control of ixodid ticks

Figure 3 Comparison of the per cent death of ixodid tick larvae after 1 hour in Assembly pheromonedeltamethrin and deltamethrin treatment.

Figure 2 in Exploiting assembly pheromone for the control of ixodid ticks

Figure 2 Behavioural responses of ixodid tick larvae to assembly pheromone: A – Curled leg appearance ofHyalomma marginatumlarvae; B

Figure 1 in Exploiting assembly pheromone for the control of ixodid ticks

Figure 1 Effect of assembly pheromone: A – Clustering ofRhipicephalus sanguineuslarvae on assembly pheromone impregnated filter paper disc; B –Arrestment of Rhipicephalus sanguineus larvae on assembly pheromone impregnated filter paper disc; C – Behaviour of the adults of Rhipicephalus sanguineus in assembly pheromone-deltamethrin trial; D – Behaviour of the adults ofRhipicephalus sanguineusin positive control; E – Behaviour of the adults ofRhipicephalus sanguineusin negative control; F – Response of the adults ofRhipicephalus sanguineus to natural assembly pheromone.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Data for: Multi-omics analysis identifies symbionts and pathogens of blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) from a Lyme disease hotspot in southeastern Ontario, Canada

Ticks in the family Ixodidae are recognized as important vectors of zoonoses including Lyme disease (LD), which is caused by spirochete bacteria from the Borreliella (Borrelia) burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) complex. The blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapulars) continues to expand across Canada, creating hotspots of elevated LD risk at the leading edge of its expansion range. Current efforts to understand the risk of pathogen transmission associated with I. scapularis in Canada focus primarily on targeted screens, while variation in the tick microbiome remains poorly understood. Using multi-omics consisting of 16S metabarcoding and ribosome-depleted, whole-shotgun RNA transcriptome sequencing, we examined the microbial communities associated with adult I. scapularis (N = 32), sampled from four tissue types (whole tick, salivary glands, midgut, and viscera) and three geographical locations within an LD hotspot near Kingston, Ontario. The communities consisted of both endosymbiotic and known or potentially pathogenic microbes, including RNA viruses, bacteria, and a Babesia sp. intracellular parasite. We show that β-diversity is significantly higher between individual tick salivary gland and midgut bacterial communities, compared to whole ticks; while linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) determined that the three potentially pathogenic bacteria detected by V4 16S rDNA sequencing were also discriminatory for dissected tissues only, including a Borrelia from the Bbsl complex, Borrelia miyamotoi, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Importantly, we find co-infection of I. scapularis by multiple microbes, in contrast to diagnostic protocols for LD, which typically focus on infection from a single pathogen of interest (B. burgdorferi sensu stricto).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Fig.1 in Distribution Of Ixodes Ricinus (Arachnida, Ixodidae) In Ukraine In The Context Of Tick Hazard, And Factors Favoring Its Persistence In Conditions Of Fast-Going Environmental Change

Fig.1. The hiatus in the range that has been noted on the territory of Ukraine: 1 — European area of distribution; 2 — Crimean area of distribution; 3 — Caucasian-Western Asian area of distribution; 4 — zone of disjunction (after fig. 1 Akimov & Nebogatkin, 1996 with changes).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Fig. 2 in Distribution Of Ixodes Ricinus (Arachnida, Ixodidae) In Ukraine In The Context Of Tick Hazard, And Factors Favoring Its Persistence In Conditions Of Fast-Going Environmental Change

Fig. 2. Distribution of I. ricinus on the territory of Ukraine, from the point of view of tick-borne danger.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Data for: Off-host survival of blacklegged ticks in eastern North America: A multi-stage, multi-year, and multi-site study

Climatic conditions are widely thought to govern the distribution and abundance of ectoparasites, such as the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis), vector of the agents of Lyme disease and other emerging human pathogens. However, translating physiological tolerances to distributional limits or mortality is challenging. Ticks may be able to avoid or tolerate unsuitable conditions, and what is lethal to one life history stage may not extend to others. Thus, even after decades of research there are clear gaps in our knowledge about how climatic conditions determine tick distributions or patterns of abundance. We present the results of a comprehensive, three-year study of the influence of local temperatures and vapor pressure deficits on the survival of each free-living, off-host stage of I. scapularis in semi-natural enclosures across three locations that span their current distribution in eastern North America. We found that only larvae are clearly sensitive to direct mortality from climatic conditions, specifically desiccating conditions, whereas mortality of nymphs and adults appears to stem from exhausted energy reserves. We also found strong evidence that key developmental transitions in the tick's life cycle—fed larvae molting into to nymphs, fed nymphs molting into adults, and fed females producing larvae (via egg masses)—were all strongly temperature-dependent, though temperatures were not limiting in any of our sites. Collectively, our results suggest that climate is likely to impact I. scapularis largely through its impact on the larval stage.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) decrease nymphal infection prevalence for tick-borne pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a coastal dune ecosystem

1. Understanding which factors determine tick-borne disease hazard can contribute to effective disease control. In Europe, the hazard of the pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum is determined by local tick densities (mainly Ixodes ricinus) and the reservoir competence of the host species community. Sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) are common hosts for larvae and nymphs of I. ricinus and non-competent reservoirs for both pathogens. Consequently, high relative abundance of L. agilis is hypothesized to be associated with lower infection prevalence in nymphs. Here, we aimed to test whether this effectively occurs in natural settings. 2. We sampled different habitat types within a heterogenous dune landscape at the Dutch coast and estimated 1) L. agilis densities, 2) host community competence, 3) the density and infection prevalence of questing I. ricinus ticks, and 4) the number and infection prevalence of ticks feeding on L. agilis. 3. Captured L. agilis had high tick burdens and contributed substantially to feeding I. ricinus larvae in their natural habitat. B. burgdorferi s.l. and A. phagocytophilum were virtually absent from feeding larvae and nymphs. 4. The nymphal infection prevalence of both pathogens in questing ticks was lower in habitat types where L. agilis was more abundant. Hence, L. agilis strongly reduced community competence. 5. The density of questing nymphs was higher in habitat types with denser vegetation and also varied more between habitat types than infection prevalence. As a result, nymphal density had a stronger effect on the density of infected ticks than did nymphal infection prevalence. 6. Synthesis and applications. Coastal dune habitats favourable for L. agilis have lower densities of questing nymphs, and a lower human infection hazard. These results might be applicable to similar ecosystems where L. agilis is present. From a public health perspective, this underlines the importance of preserving early successional habitat, as encroaching shrubs are associated with higher tick-borne disease hazard, and vegetation removal might be a solution to reduce hazard in coastal dunes. The high degree of spatial heterogeneity in the abundance of tick-borne pathogens also poses opportunities to manage recreational activities to limit human exposure to tick-borne diseases.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Ecological interactions driving population dynamics of two tick-borne pathogens, Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti

Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) and Babesia microti (Bm) are vector-borne zoonotic pathogens commonly found co-circulating in Ixodes scapularis and Peromyscus leucopus populations. The restricted distribution and lower prevalence of Bm has been historically attributed to lower host-to-tick transmission efficiency and limited host ranges. We hypothesized that prevalence patterns are driven by coinfection dynamics and vertical transmission. We use a multi-year, multiple-location, longitudinal dataset with mathematical modelling to elucidate coinfection dynamics between Bb and Bm in natural populations of P. leucopus, the most competent reservoir host for both pathogens in the eastern USA. Our analysis indicates that, in the absence of vertical transmission, Bb is viable at lower tick numbers than Bm. However, with vertical transmission, Bm is viable at lower tick numbers than Bb. Vertical transmission has a particularly strong effect on Bm prevalence early in the active season while coinfection has an increasing role during the nymphal peak. Our analyses indicate that coinfection processes, such as facilitation of Bm infection by Bb, have relatively little influence on the persistence of either parasite. We suggest future work examines the sensitivity of Bm vertical transmission and other key processes to local environmental conditions to inform surveillance and control of tick-borne pathogens.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2017View details →

Fig. 2 in Anti-tumour necrosis factor activity in saliva of various tick species and its appearance during the feeding period

Fig. 2. Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) activity in tick salivary glands during feeding. Salivary gland extract (SGE) was prepared from females of Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) either unfed (day 0) or fed for 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. Various concentrations of SGE protein were preincubated for 1.5 h with 2 ng/ml of mouse recombinant TNF before the cytokine ELISA was performed. PBS instead of SGE was added into negative control. Results are presented as the mean ± SD of triplicate wells. *The difference between saliva-treated and untreated group was signif- icant at P <0.05.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2020View details →

Figure 2. Ixodes ricinus A in A contribution to the tick (Acari: Ixodidae) fauna of Turkey: The first record of Ixodes inopinatus Estrada-Peña, Nava & Petney

Figure 2. Ixodes ricinus A. Dorsal view of male, B. Several rows of setae in the lateral margin of the conscutum of male, C. Internal spurs of coxa I of female, D. Spiracular plate with concentric five rows goblets of female.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

Figure 3. A European Robin, Erithacus rubecula. A in Capturing migratory birds and examining for ticks (Acari: Ixodida)

Figure 3. A European Robin, Erithacus rubecula. A. Examination of tick presence, B. Collection of immature ticks by a tweezer.