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1,919 results for “trigger”
Data and R code used in Delory et al (2020) Soil chemical legacies trigger species-specific and context-dependent root responses in later arriving plants
<p>This repository contains the data and R markdown files supporting the findings presented in Delory et al (2020) Soil chemical legacies trigger species-specific and context-dependent root responses in later arriving plants.</p>
Data from: Temporal partitioning of activity: rising and falling top-predator abundance triggers community-wide shifts in diel activity
Top predators cause avoidance behaviours in competitors and prey, which can lead to niche partitioning and facilitate coexistence. We investigate changes in partitioning of the temporal niche in a mammalian community in response to both the rapid decline in abundance of a top predator and its rapid increase, produced by two concurrent natural experiments: 1) the severe decline of the Tasmanian devil due to a transmissible cancer, and 2) the introduction of Tasmanian devils to an island, with subsequent population increase. We focus on devils, two mesopredators, and three prey species, allowing us to examine niche partitioning in the context of intra- and inter-specific competition, and predator-prey interactions. The most consistent shift in temporal activity occurred in devils themselves, which were active earlier in the night at high densities, presumably because of heightened intraspecific competition. When devils were rare, their closest competitor, the spotted-tailed quoll, increased activity in the early part of the night, resulting in increased overlap with the devil's temporal niche and suggesting release from interference competition. The invasive feral cat, another mesopredator, did not shift its temporal activity in response to either decreasing or increasing devil densities. Shifts in temporal activity of the major prey species of devils were stronger in response to rising than to falling devil densities. We infer that the costs associated with not avoiding predators when their density is rising (i.e., death) are higher than the costs of continuing to adopt avoidance behaviours as predator densities fall (i.e., loss of foraging opportunity), so rising predator densities may trigger more rapid shifts. The rapid changes in devil abundance provide a unique framework to test how the non-lethal effects of top predators affect community-wide partitioning of temporal niches, revealing that this top-predator has an important but varied influence on the diel activity of other species.
Data from: Climate change and human colonization triggered habitat loss and fragmentation in Madagascar.
The relative effect of past climate fluctuations and anthropogenic activities on current biome distribution is subject to increasing attention, notably in biodiversity hot spots. In Madagascar, where humans arrived in the last ~4 to 5,000 years, the exact causes of the demise of large vertebrates that cohabited with humans are yet unclear. The prevailing narrative holds that Madagascar was covered with forest before human arrival and that the expansion of grasslands was the result of human-driven deforestation. However, recent studies have shown that vegetation and fauna structure substantially fluctuated during the Holocene. Here, we study the Holocene history of habitat fragmentation in the north of Madagascar using a population genetics approach. To do so, we infer the demographic history of two northern Madagascar neighbouring, congeneric and critically endangered forest dwelling lemur species—Propithecus tattersalli and Propithecus perrieri—using population genetic analyses. Our results highlight the necessity to consider population structure and changes in connectivity in demographic history inferences. We show that both species underwent demographic fluctuations which most likely occurred after the mid-Holocene transition. While mid-Holocene climate change probably triggered major demographic changes in the two lemur species range and connectivity, human settlements that expanded over the last four millennia in northern Madagascar likely played a role in the loss and fragmentation of the forest cover.
Data from: Ecologically diverse and distinct neighbourhoods trigger persistent phenotypic consequences, and amine metabolic profiling detects them
1.Global change triggers rapid alterations in the composition and diversity of plant communities which may change ecosystem functioning. Do changes in community diversity also change traits persistently, i.e. does coexistence with numerous or functionally or phylogenetically distinct species trigger, in a given focal species, trait shifts that persist? 2.We studied the grass Dactylis glomerata. Dactylis was grown in experimental plots with different species compositions for five years, sampled, cloned and grown in a common garden. We studied amines, regulators integrating growth responses of organisms to their environment. 3.We found that the mean levels and variances of most amines depended on the diversity of the source community, notably the species richness and the phylogenetic and functional distinctness from Dactylis, unbiased by species identity or biomass shifts. 4.Synthesis. Our results suggest that different levels of ambient diversity can, within a few years, select for different genotypes which have different compositions of growth regulators. Our study also suggests that a plant species can evolve in response to the diversity or distinctness of the surrounding plant community. Evolutionary changes of plant phenotypes might mediate an impact of past biological diversity on present ecosystem functioning.
Data from: High-speed displays encoding motor skill trigger elevated territorial aggression in downy woodpeckers
1) Many species perform social displays that incorporate complex body movements. However, the reason why such exaggerated behavioral signals evolve in the first place is unclear. 2) Recent work posits that physical displays arise in part because they showcase an animal's motor skill—that is, the ability to produce challenging motor acts with great coordination, precision, and/or speed. Support for this idea is largely correlational, with few studies attempting to manipulate metrics of motor skill to assess their effect on physical display efficacy. 3) Here, we address this issue in the downy woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens). Individuals of this species compete for territories through the performance of drums, which are complex displays produced by rapidly hammering the bill against a resonate surface at rates of 16 hits sec-1. This display is a whole-body endeavor, and its production relies on the ability to swiftly oscillate the head forward and backward at fraction-of-a-second periods. 4) Using a series of playback studies, we expose resident birds to experimentally engineered drums that reflect putative fine-scale differences in the motor command of the head and neck. We show that resident individuals respond more aggressively to drums characterized by a cadence with a 9-msec faster beat speed. These residents even modulate their own drum speed to resemble this high-performance stimulus, although they often fail to reach it. Residents also appear to appraise drum acceleration by listening to the time intervals between successive beats in a single drum, while tracking how these time intervals change as the signal progresses. 5) Our data support a connection between motor skill and the effectiveness of a physical display produced through elaborate body movement. We therefore suspect that motor skill is adaptive and evolves in response to selection by competition for effective drum displays.
Data from: Recent decadal drought reverts warming–triggered growth enhancement in contrasting climates in the southern Andes treeline
Aims: Rising temperature and declining summer precipitation due to the 1970s-climate shift in southern South America have reduced forest productivity at dry sites. Here, we worked with the most widespread Southern Hemisphere treeline species, Nothofagus pumilio, across contrasting climatic conditions and determined whether rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations as well as warmer and drier climatic conditions provoked by the 70s-climatic shift have been causing systematic changes in treeline growth rates and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE).Location: 36–54° S, southern Andes. Time period: 1950–2010. Major taxa studied: Nothofagus pumilio. Methods: We worked at five disparate climatic treeline locations, spanning 18 degrees of latitude; at each location, we sampled trees at four different elevations, including treeline elevation. We quantified the variation of annual tree-ring width (TRW) as a function of climate, elevation, tree age, size, annual CO2 concentrations, and location, using linear mixed-effects models and interpreted TRW trends in relation to iWUE and isotope (δ13C and δ18O) signalling. Results: Across locations, the patterns of treeline growth occurring in the 1980–2010 period exhibited a clear and significant negative trend, in contrast to the previous 1950–1980 period. We found an increase of iWUE and δ18O across time and locations. Given that an increase in δ18O indicates a decrease in stomatal conductance, we assert that drought-induced stomatal closure appears to be causing the reduction in growth. Main conclusions: We show unequivocal evidence that warmer and drier summer conditions translated into a decrease of growth rates along the elevational treeline of the southern Andes, reverting previous growth improvements linked to climate warming. An improvement in iWUE at all locations is most likely explained by decreased stomatal conductance given the rising δ18O signal. An iWUE–growth decoupling may act as an ecological strategy to respond to drought.
Data from: Prominent intra-specific genetic divergence within Anopheles gambiae sibling species triggered by habitat discontinuities across a riverine landscape
The Anopheles gambiae complex of mosquitoes includes malaria vectors at different stages of speciation, whose study enables a better understanding of how adaptation to divergent environmental conditions leads to evolution of reproductive isolation. We investigated the population genetic structure of closely-related sympatric taxa that have recently been proposed as separate species (An. coluzzii and An. gambiae), sampled from diverse habitats along the Gambia River in West Africa. We characterised putatively neutral microsatellite loci as well as chromosomal inversion polymorphisms known to be associated with ecological adaptation. The results revealed strong ecologically-associated population subdivisions within both species. Microsatellite loci at chromosome-3L revealed a clear differentiation between coastal and inland populations, which in An. coluzzii is reinforced by a peculiar inversion polymorphism pattern, supporting the hypothesis of genetic divergence driven by adaptation to the coastal habitat. Striking genetic differences, compatible with a strong reduction of gene-flow, were observed between An. gambiae populations west and east of an extensively rice-cultivated region exclusively occupied by An. coluzzii. Notably, this 'intra-specific' differentiation was higher than that observed between the two species and involved also the centromeric region of chromosome-X which has previously been considered a marker of speciation within this complex, suggesting that the two populations may be at an advanced stage of reproductive isolation triggered by human-made habitat fragmentation. These results confirm ongoing ecological speciation within these most important Afro-tropical malaria vectors and raise new questions on the possible effect of this process in malaria transmission.
Data from: Tectonic collision and uplift of Wallacea triggered the global songbird radiation
Songbirds (oscine passerines) are the most species rich and cosmopolitan bird group, comprising almost half of global avian species diversity. Because of their diversity and ubiquity, songbirds are used extensively in studies of evolutionary ecology, diversification, and ethology. Songbirds originated in Australia, but the evolutionary trajectory from a single species in an isolated continent to worldwide proliferation is poorly understood. Prior research suggested songbird diversification scenarios that are largely uncoupled from Earth history, including extensive diversification of lineages in New Guinea prior to its emergence as a landmass and long-distance dispersal to Africa or Asia when no dispersal corridors existed. However, these results may be flawed because the studies relied on unresolved phylogenetic relationships and a controversial biogeographic time calibration. Here, we combine the first genome-scale DNA sequence data set for songbirds, fossil-based time calibrations, and geologically informed biogeographic reconstructions to provide the first well-supported evolutionary hypothesis for the group. We show that songbird diversification began in the Oligocene, but accelerated in the early Miocene, at approximately half the age of most previous estimates. This burst of diversification occurred after island formation in Wallacea, which provided the first dispersal corridor out of Australia, and resulted in independent waves of songbird expansion through Asia to the rest of the globe. Although New Guinea presently contains high songbird species richness, our data unambiguously falsify the proto-Papuan hypothesis for early songbird diversification and suggest that New Guinea has, instead, served as an "evolutionary refuge" for Australian lineages that have diversified more recently within the island. Our results reconcile songbird evolution with Earth history and link a major radiation of terrestrial biodiversity to early diversification within an isolated Australian continent.
Data from: What triggers colour change? Effects of background colour and temperature on the development of an alpine grasshopper
Background: Colour polymorphisms are a fascinating facet of many natural populations of plants and animals, and the selective processes that maintain such variation are as relevant as the processes which promote their development. Orthoptera, the insect group that encompasses grasshoppers and bush crickets, includes a particularly large number of species that are colour polymorphic with a marked green-brown polymorphism being particularly widespread. Colour polymorphism has been associated with the need for crypsis and background matching and background-dependent homochromy has been described in a few species. However, when and how different environmental conditions influence variation in colour remains poorly understood. Here we test for effects of background colour and ambient temperature on the occurrence of colour morph switches (green to brown or brown to green) and developmental darkening in the alpine dwelling club-legged grasshopper Gomphocerus sibiricus. Results: We monitored individually housed nymphae across three of their four developmental stages and into the first week after final ecdysis. Our data show an absence of colour morph switches in G. sibiricus, without a single switch observed in our sample. Furthermore, we test for an effect of temperature on colouration by manipulating radiant heat, a limiting factor in alpine habitats. Radiant heat had a significant effect on developmental darkening: individuals under low radiant heat tended to darken, while individuals under high radiant heat tended to lighten within nymphal stages. Young imagoes darkened under either condition. Conclusions: Our results indicate a plastic response to a variable temperature and indicate that melanin, a multipurpose pigment responsible for dark colouration and presumed to be costly, seems to be strategically allocated according to the current environmental conditions. Unlike other orthopterans, the species is apparently unable to switch colour morphs (green/brown) during development, suggesting that colour morphs are determined genetically (or very early during development) and that other processes have to contribute to crypsis and homochromy in this species.
Data from: Experiences with Global Trigger Tool reviews in five Danish hospitals – an implementation study
Objectives: To describe experiences with the implementation of global trigger tool (GTT) reviews in five Danish hospitals and to suggest ways to improve the performance of GTT review teams. Design: Retrospective observational study. Setting: The measurement and monitoring of harms are crucial to campaigns to improve the safety of patients. Increasingly, teams use the GTT to review patient records and measure harms in English and non-English-speaking countries. Meanwhile, it is not clear as to how the method performs in such diverse settings. Participants: Review teams from five Danish pilot hospitals of the national Danish Safer Hospital Programme. Primary and secondary outcome measures: We collected harm rates, background and anecdotal information and reported patient safety incidents (PSIs) from five pilot hospitals currently participating in the Danish Safer Hospital Programme. Experienced reviewers categorised harms by type. We plotted harm rates as run-charts and applied rules for the detection of patterns of non-random variation. Results: The hospitals differed in size but had similar patient populations and activity. PSIs varied between 3 and 12 per 1000 patient-days. The average harm rate for all hospitals was 60 per 1000 patient-days ranging from 34 to 84. The percentage of harmed patients was 25 and ranged from 18 to 33. Overall, 96% of harms were temporary. Infections, pressure ulcers procedure-related and gastrointestinal problems were common. Teams reported differences in training and review procedures such as the role of the secondary reviewer. Conclusions: We found substantial variation in harm rates. Differences in training, review procedures and documentation in patient records probably contributed to these variations. Training reviewers as teams, specifying the roles of the different reviewers, training records and a database for findings of reviews may improve the application of the GTT.
Data from: Evolutionary radiations of Proteaceae are triggered by the interaction between traits and climates in open habitats
Aim: Ecologically driven diversification can create spectacular diversity in both species numbers and form. However, the prediction that the match between intrinsic (e.g. functional trait) and extrinsic (e.g. climatic niche) variables may lead to evolutionary radiation has not been critically tested. Here, we test this hypothesis in the Southern Hemisphere plant family Proteaceae, which shows a spectacular diversity in open mediterranean shrublands in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR) and the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). Species in the Proteaceae family occupy habitats ranging from tropical rain forests to deserts and are remarkably variable in leaf morphology. Location: Southern Hemisphere. Methods: We built a phylogenetic tree for 337 Proteaceae species (21% of the total), representing all main clades, climatic tolerances and morphologies, and collected leaf functional traits (leaf area, sclerophylly, leaf shape) for 261 species and climatic niche data for 1645 species. Phylogenetic generalized least squares regression and quantitative-trait evolutionary model testing were used to investigate the evolutionary pathways of traits and climatic niches, and their effect on diversification rates. Results: We found that divergent selection may have caused lineages in open vegetation types to evolve towards trait and climatic niche optima distinct from those in closed forests. Furthermore, we show that the interaction between open habitats, dry, warm and/or mediterranean climates, and small, sclerophyllous, toothed leaves increases net diversification rates in Proteaceae. Main conclusions: Our results suggest that the evolution of specific leaf adaptations may have allowed Proteaceae to adapt to variable climatic niches and diversify extensively in open ecosystems such as those in the CFR and SWAFR. This match between morphology and environment may therefore more generally lead to evolutionary radiation.
Data from: Speciation in sympatry with ongoing secondary gene flow and an olfactory trigger in a radiation of Cameroon cichlids
The process of sympatric speciation in nature remains a fundamental unsolved problem. Cameroon crater lake cichlid radiations were long regarded as one of the most compelling examples; however, recent work showed that their origins were more complex than a single colonization event followed by isolation. Here, we performed a detailed investigation of the speciation history of a radiation of Coptodon cichlids from Lake Ejagham using whole-genome sequencing data. The existence of this radiation is remarkable since this 0.5 km2 lake offers limited scope for divergence across a shallow depth gradient, disruptive selection is weak, and the species are sexually monochromatic. We infer that Lake Ejagham was colonized by riverine cichlids soon after its formation 9,000 years ago, yet speciation occurred only in the last 1,000-2,000 years. We show that secondary gene flow from riverine species has been ongoing, into ancestral and extant Lake Ejagham lineages, and identify and date river-to-lake admixture blocks. One of these contains a cluster of olfactory receptor genes that introgressed close to the time of the first speciation event and coincides with a higher overall rate of admixture into the recipient lineages. Olfactory signaling is a key component of mate choice and species recognition in cichlids. A functional role for this introgression event is consistent with previous findings that assortative mating appears much stronger than ecological divergence in Ejagham Coptodon. We conclude that speciation in this radiation took place in sympatry, yet may have benefited from ongoing riverine gene flow.
Microsaccades inhibition triggered by a repetitive visual distractor is not subject to habituation: implications for the programming of reflexive saccades
<p>Dataset relative to the manuscript entitled "<strong>Microsaccades inhibition triggered by a repetitive visual distractor is not subject to habituation: implications for the programming of reflexive saccades</strong>"</p>
Output files for Degassing of CO2 triggers large-scale loss of helium from magma oceans
<p>This upload includes output files for the paper Degassing of CO2 triggers large-scale loss of helium from magma oceans.</p>
Table 8 for the Study: "Correlation Study: Triggering and Magnitude of Earthquakes in Italy (≥M4.3) in Relation to the Positions and Gravitational Forces of the Sun, Moon, and Planets Relative to Earth."
<p>Summary distribution and probability graphs for the study: <i>"Correlation Study: Triggering and Magnitude of Earthquakes in Italy (≥M4.3) in Relation to the Positions and Gravitational Forces of the Sun, Moon, and Planets Relative to Earth". </i>Summary distribution and probability of the three σFR indices (parameters A, B and % Alert Time) of the Hypothesis 2 for all 200 earthquakes, for Section 3.2.2.</p>
Table 6 for the Study: "Correlation Study: Triggering and Magnitude of Earthquakes in Italy (≥M4.3) in Relation to the Positions and Gravitational Forces of the Sun, Moon, and Planets Relative to Earth."
<p>Summary Excel tables for the study: <i>"Correlation Study: Triggering and Magnitude of Earthquakes in Italy (≥M4.3) in Relation to the Positions and Gravitational Forces of the Sun, Moon, and Planets Relative to Earth". </i>Results of the first hypothesis, for both the sample of 200 and the 63 earthquakes that occurred after 1988, for Section 3.1.</p>
Table 7 for the Study: "Correlation Study: Triggering and Magnitude of Earthquakes in Italy (≥M4.3) in Relation to the Positions and Gravitational Forces of the Sun, Moon, and Planets Relative to Earth."
<p>Summary graphs for the study: <i>"Correlation Study: Triggering and Magnitude of Earthquakes in Italy (≥M4.3) in Relation to the Positions and Gravitational Forces of the Sun, Moon, and Planets Relative to Earth". </i>Data distributions of the Hypothesis 2, with the R² regression coefficients of the three σFR values and indices (parameters A, B and % Alert Time) of both the 200 earthquakes and the 63 earthquakes after 1988, for Section 3.2.1.</p><p>The R² regression coefficients of each curve are calculated in the Excel files on the 2 Drives: </p><p>https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/17UGHZlvZ2N-g6TOzgqpIe248_IitBmka8DbGWsv-lKQ/edit?usp=sharing, for the 200 earthquakes.</p><p>https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Pyd4wZxZrq6G76nM2SwHYBBjbPZz7uM8GeO7PXG7obU/edit?usp=sharing, for the 63 earthquakes after 1988.</p>
Table 9 for the Study: "Correlation Study: Triggering and Magnitude of Earthquakes in Italy (≥M4.3) in Relation to the Positions and Gravitational Forces of the Sun, Moon, and Planets Relative to Earth."
<p><strong>Overview of the 200 analyzed earthquakes encompassing values and indices for σFR Parameters A, B, and the percentile of Alert Time across the three Analysis Lines, for Section 3.2.6.</strong></p><p>It contains 1 Excel calculation file, consisting of 3 excel sheet for each of the 3 lines of analysis, for both the 200 earthquakes since 1600 and for the 63 earthquakes that occurred after 1988.</p>
The 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye earthquake doublet: Cascading-like triggered ruptures on bifurcating faults
<p>Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired from the ALOS-2 and Sentinel-1 satellites for the 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye earthquake doublet are included in this repository.</p>
Weathering of accretionary orogens as a trigger for the Cambrian Explosion
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