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Figure 1 in Dinosaur Census Reveals Abundant Tyrannosaurus and Rare Ontogenetic Stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA
Figure 1. Index map of the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation along Ft. Peck Lake in northeastern Montana, USA. Contiguous outcrops are traceable over an area of about 1000 square km adjacent to Fort Peck Lake shown in blue. Dark orange represents the lower Hell Creek Formation and light orange represents the middle and upper Hell Creek Formation. The enlarged view of the study area is indicated by the rectangle in the northeast quarter of the map of Montana. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016574.g001
Figure 2 in Dinosaur Census Reveals Abundant Tyrannosaurus and Rare Ontogenetic Stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA
Figure 2. Stratigraphic divisions of the Hell Creek Formation with stratigraphic details of the upper third (U3) and lower third (L3) sequences referenced in the text and the associated pie chart showing dinosaur abundance. Pie charts I – IV reflect the relative abundance of dinosaur genera based on skeletons (charts I and IV) and individual bones (charts II and III). Tyrannosaurus skeletons are as abundant as the hadrosaurid Edmontosaurus, an herbivore, in the upper Hell Creek Formation and nearly twice as common as Edmontosaurus in the lower Hell Creek Formation. Individual bones of Tyrannosaurus and Edmontosaurus are found approximately in the same order of magnitude within the lag deposits. Key: Pie chart I, dinosaur skeletons in the upper Hell Creek Formation (U3); Pie chart II, dinosaur bones from the ''Doldrum's'' lag deposit at the base of the Apex Sandstone (AS); Pie chart III, dinosaur bones from the ''3B-1'' lag deposit at the base of the Jen-rex Sand; and Pie chart IV, dinosaur skeletons from the lower Hell Creek Formation (L3). Abbreviations: L3lBS, lower basal sandstone; L3.mBS, middle basal sandstone; L3.uBS, upper basal sandstone; L3.lMS, lower mudstone; L3.mMS, middle mudstone; L3.uMS, upper mudstone; U3.AS, Apex sandstone; U3.ibMS, interbedded mudstone; U3.10mS, 10 meter sandstone; U3.uMS, upper mudstone; U3.CZ, coal zone. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016574.g002
Figure 2 in Tyrannosaurus en pointe: allometry minimized rotational inertia of large carnivorous dinosaurs
Figure 2. RI versus body mass in carnivorous archosaurs. Grey bands indicate the range of changes in RI magnitudes when computed with body widths that were 110% and 90% of the original models.
Figure 1. Dorsal and lateral 3D in Tyrannosaurus en pointe: allometry minimized rotational inertia of large carnivorous dinosaurs
Figure 1. Dorsal and lateral 3D views of carnivorous archosaur body models. The theropods Coelophysis, Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus (bottom to top, at right) span three orders of magnitude in body mass, and exhibit increasing concentration of body mass about the hips and trunk regions with increasing body size. The quadrupedal rauisuchian Saurosuchus (lower left) has a narrow, shallow body, and only half the axial body mass of the comparably long Allosaurus (table 1). These differences in body shape have important consequences for RI and agility. Scale bar, 2 m.
Figure 4 in An approach to scoring cursorial limb proportions in carnivorous dinosaurs and an attempt to account for allometry
Figure 4. CLP scores vs. femur length for the multi-specimen and Nanotyrannus datasets. Herrerasaurus ischigualestensis n = 6, variance = 1.7, coefficient of variance = 0.09; Coelophysis bauri n = 10, variance = 2.6, coefficient of variance = −0.25; Allosaurus fragilis (n = 8, variance = 1.7, coefficient of variance = −0.16; Albertosaurus sarcophagus n = 4, variance = 1.4, coefficient of variance = 0.76; Gorgosaurus libratus n = 6, variance = 2.6, coefficient of variance = 0.08; Tyrannosaurus rex n = 5, variance = 7.5, coefficient of varianc = 0.22; Nanotyrannus lancensis n = 2, variance = 4.9, coefficient of variance = 0.06).
Fig. 3 in Distribution of the dentary groove of theropod dinosaurs: Implications for theropod phylogeny and the validity of the genus Nanotyrannus Bakker et al., 1988
Fig. 3. Proposed phylogenetic relationships of Nanotyrannus within Tyrannosauroidea with distribution of the theropod dentary groove on trees indicated with thickened bars. (A) Most parsimonious cladogram proposed by this study placing Nanotyrannus as sister to the Albertosaurinae. (B) Relationship sensu Currie (2003a) placing Nanotyrannus as sister to Tyrannosaurus. This tree requires 5 more independent losses of the dentary groove than the tree proposed in this study. (C) Relationship proposed by Brusatte et al. (2010) placing Nanotyrannus as a juvenile Tyrannosaurus. This tree requires 4 more independent losses than the tree proposed in this study and a loss of the dentary groove through ontogeny in Tyrannosaurus.
Fig. 1 in Distribution of the dentary groove of theropod dinosaurs: Implications for theropod phylogeny and the validity of the genus Nanotyrannus Bakker et al., 1988
Fig. 1. Lateral views of theropod skulls demonstrating presence or absence of the dentary groove. The dentary groove is present in the primitive theropod (A) Coelophysis bauri (NMMNH P-42200), as well as in the derived theropod (B) Compsognathus longipes (BSP AS I 563). The dentary groove is present in the tyrannosaurids (C) Gorgosaurus libratus (TCM 2001.89.1) and (D) Nanotyrannus lancensis ("Jane"; BMR P2002.4.1). The dentary groove is absent in both (E1) young (LACM 28471) and (E2) adult ("Sue"; FMNH PR2081) Tyrannosaurus rex. Arrows indicate the position of the groove, when present. Scale bars equal 5 cm.
Fig. 2 in Distribution of the dentary groove of theropod dinosaurs: Implications for theropod phylogeny and the validity of the genus Nanotyrannus Bakker et al., 1988
Fig. 2. Cladogram of Theropoda modifed from Carrano et al. (2012). Thickened branches indicate lineages possessing the dentary groove, thin branches indicate lineages in which the groove is absent. Grayed-out braches marked with dashed lines indicate taxa without a known dentary. Circled numbers indicate sequence of losses of the dentary groove assuming maximum parsimony.
Fig. 1 in Dentary groove morphology does not distinguish 'Nanotyrannus' as a valid taxon of tyrannosauroid dinosaur. Comment on: "Distribution of the dentary groove of theropod dinosaurs: Im...
Fig. 1. Lateral views of tyrannosauroid dentaries with a lateral groove (indicated by arrows). (A) Tarbosaurus bataar, PIN 4216/3 (image reversed); (B) Tarbosaurus bataar, PIN 551-2/ 1; (C) Adult Tyrannosaurus rex, MOR 008 (image reversed); (D) Adult Tyrannosaurus rex, AMNH FARB 5027 (cast); (E) Juvenile Daspletosaurus torosus, TMP 1994.143.0001; (F) Adult Daspletosaurus torosus, CMN 8506 (image reversed); (G) Juvenile Bistahieversor sealeyi, NMMNHS P-25049 (image reversed); (H) Adult Bistahieversor sealeyi, NMMNHS P-27469; (I) Juvenile Gorgosaurus libratus, ROM 1247 (image reversed); (J) Adult Gorgosaurus libratus, CMNN 2120. Scale bars equal 10 cm. Scales not available for A-C because these photographs were taken of specimens on display behind glass.
Figure 15 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 15. Right femur of subadult hadrosaurid (UCM 43654) in anterior (A) and medial (B) views from Laramie Formation. Scale bar = 10 cm.
Figure 14 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 14. Astragalus of the Littleton specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex (DMNH 2827) in anterior (A); medial (B); ventral (C); posterior (D); and lateral (E) views. Scale bar = 10 cm.
Figure 12 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 12. Cast of ceratopsian pes track Ceratopsipes goldenensis (CU- MWC 220.6) from Laramie Formation. Track measures 38 cm long, 55 cm wide.
Figure 13 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 13, below. Postcrania of Littleton specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex (DMNH 2827). A, scapulo-coracoid; B, left ilium in medial view; C, left ilium in lateral view; D, left femur in anterior view; E, left femur in lateral view; F, astragalus and distal end of tibia; G, left fibula in lateral view; and H, left fibula in medial view. Scale bars = 10 cm.
Figure 19 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 19. Oblique, schematic restoration of western part of Denver Basin during late Maastrichtian. Laramie Formation is inferred to be a distal lowland (coastal, delta plain, swamp); Denver Formation as distal upland/proximal lowland; and Arapahoe Formation as proximal upland relative to mountain front. Distribution of dinosaurs as controlled by environment is inferred based on locations in formations.
Figure 18 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 18. Basicranium of Edmontonia sp. (UCM 7572) in left lateral (A) and ventral (B)views, from Laramie Formation.
Figure 8 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 8. Ceratopsian pelvic bones (UCM 68914) from Denver Formation. Right ilium lacking most of preacetabular blade in dorsal (A), lateral (B), medial (C), and ventral (D) views. Left pubis in lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Right ischium in medial (G) and lateral (IT) views. Scale bar = 10 cm.
Figure 10 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 10. Fossils of Triceratops horridus from Laramie Formation after preparation (uncataloged; Weld County Court House). Skull in right lateral view (A), mid-caudal vertebrae in left lateral view (B), left pubis (C), and right partial ischium (D). Scale bars = 10 cm.
Figure 6 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 6. Left distal end of tibia and foot of holotype of Ornithomimus velox (YPM 542) from Denver Formation; anterior (A), posterior (B); tibia in lateral view (C). Scale in cm.
Figure 16 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 16. Fragment of Pachycephalosaurus (DMNH 32649) dome in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views from Denver Formation. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 4 in Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado
Figure 4. The first known specimen of what can now be identified as Tyrannosaurus rex is a tooth collected from Denver Formation at South Table Mountain. It was first mentioned and sketched in a letter from Edward Berthoud to O. C. Marsh dated June 20, 1874. Specimen is now at Yale Peabody Museum (YPM 4192).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.