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Figure 8 in Four new species of Parabathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Syncarida) from the interstitial environment of the Mekong River

Figure 8. Mekongbathynella pienensis sp. n. (Holotype: ♀). (a), thoracopod IV (frontal); (b), thoracopod V (frontal); (c), thoracopod VI (frontal); (d), thoracopod VIII (lateral); (e), thoracopod VI (ventral). Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

Figure 7 in Four new species of Parabathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Syncarida) from the interstitial environment of the Mekong River

Figure 7. Mekongbathynella pienensis sp. n. (Holotype: ♀). (a), maxillule (dorsal); (b). maxilla (dorsal); (c), thoracopod I (frontal); (d), thoracopod II (frontal); (e), thoracopod III (frontal). Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

Figure 21 in Four new species of Parabathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Syncarida) from the interstitial environment of the Mekong River

Figure 21. Map showing the type localities of the two known and four new species of Mekongbathynella: 1. M. sesanensis Nam and Cho, 2014 and M. kryi Nam and Cho, 2014; 2. M. kampucheana sp. n. and M. jayavarmani sp. n.; 3. M. pienensis sp. n. and M. jayavarthoni sp. n. (Semi-) Circles in dotted line indicate the reaches of the Mekong in Cambodian boundary sensu Cogels (2005).

Figure 5 in Four new species of Parabathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Syncarida) from the interstitial environment of the Mekong River

Figure 5. Mekongbathynella kampucheana sp. n. (Holotype: ♀). (a), uropod (dorsal); (b), pleotelson and furcal rami (dorsal); (c), pleotelson, uropod and furcal ramus (lateral). Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

Figure 4 in Four new species of Parabathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Syncarida) from the interstitial environment of the Mekong River

Figure 4. Mekongbathynella kampucheana sp. n. (Holotype: ♀; allotype: ♂). (a), thoracopod VII ♀ (frontal); (b), thoracopod VIII ♀ (lateral); (c), thoracopod VIII ♀ (ventral); (d), right and left thoracopod VIII ♂ (ventral); (e), thoracopod VIII ♂ (inner lateral). Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

Figure 3 in Four new species of Parabathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Syncarida) from the interstitial environment of the Mekong River

Figure 3. Mekongbathynella kampucheana sp. n. (Holotype: ♀). (a), thoracopod IV (frontal); (b), thoracopod V (frontal); (c), thoracopod VI (frontal). Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

Figure 2 in Four new species of Parabathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Syncarida) from the interstitial environment of the Mekong River

Figure 2. Mekongbathynella kampucheana sp. n. (Holotype: ♀). (a), mandible (dorsal); (b), mandibular incisor process and molar process ♀ (inner lateral); (c), maxillule (dorsal); (d). maxilla (dorsal); (e), thoracopod I (frontal); (f), thoracopod II (frontal); (g), thoracopod III (frontal). Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

Figure 1 in Four new species of Parabathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Syncarida) from the interstitial environment of the Mekong River

Figure 1. Mekongbathynella kampucheana sp. n. (Holotype: ♀; allotype: ♂). (a), general habitus ♂ (lateral); (b), antennule ♀ (dorsal); (c), antenna ♂ (dorsal); (d), second antennular segment ♂ (lateral); (e), second antennular segment ♂ (ventral); (f), antenna ♀ (dorsal); (g), labrum ♀ (ventral). Scale bars = 0.05 mm, unless otherwise specified.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Data from: Female developmental environment delays development of male honeybee (Apis mellifera)

Background Nutrition and cell size play an important role in the determination of caste differentiation in queen and worker of honeybees (Apis mellifera), whereas the haploid genome dominates the differentiation of drones. However, the effects of female developmental environment on the development of males remain unclear. In this study, young drone larvae were transferred into worker cells (WCs) or remained in drone cells (DCs) to rear drones. The drone larvae were also grafted into queen cells (QCs) for 48 hrs and then transplanted into drone cells until emerging. Morphological indexes and reproductive organs of these three types of newly emerged drones were measured. Newly emerged drones and 3-day drone larvae from WCs, DCs and QCs were sequenced by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Results The amount of food remaining in cells of the QC and WC groups was significantly different to that in the DC group at the early larval stage. Morphological results showed that newly emerged DC drones had bigger body sizes and more well-developed reproductive tissues than WC and QC drones, whereas the reproductive tissues of QC drones were relatively larger than those of WC drones. Additionally, gene expression results showed a clear difference among three groups. At the larval stage, there were 889, 1761 and 1927 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in WC/DC, QC/DC and WC/QC comparisons, respectively. The number of DEGs decreased in adult drones of these three comparisons [678 (WC/DC), 338 (QC/DC) and 518 (WC/QC)]. A high number of DEGs were involved in sex differentiation, growth, olfaction, vision, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Wnt signaling pathways, and other processes. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the developmental environment of honeybee females can delay male development, which serves as a model for understanding the regulation of sex differentiation and male development in social insects by environmental factors.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Supporting data : A fungus infected environment does not alter the behaviour of foraging ants

As part of the publication process of our article "A fungus infected environment does not alter the behaviour of foraging ants", we shared on Zenodo.org the data set which underpins our results.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Dataset for: No evidence for short-term evolutionary response to a warming environment in Drosophila

Adaptive evolution is key in mediating responses to global warming and may sometimes be the only solution for species to survive. Such evolution will expectedly lead to changes in the populations' thermal reaction norm and improve their ability to cope with stressful conditions. Conversely, evolutionary constraints might limit the adaptive response. Here, we test these expectations by performing a real-time evolution experiment in historically differentiated Drosophila subobscura populations. We address the phenotypic change after nine generations of evolution in a daily fluctuating environment with average constant temperature, or in a warming environment with increasing average and amplitude temperature across generations. Our results showed that (1) evolution under a global warming scenario did not lead to a noticeable change in the thermal response; (2) historical background appears to be affecting responses under the warming environment, particularly at higher temperatures; (3) thermal reaction norms are trait-dependent: while lifelong exposure to low temperature decreases fecundity and productivity but not viability, high temperature causes negative transgenerational effects on productivity and viability, even with high fecundity. These findings in such an emblematic organism for thermal adaptation studies raise concerns about the short-term efficiency of adaptive responses to the current rising temperatures.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Morphological and behavioural differences facilitate tropical butterfly persistence in variable environments

1. The thermal biology of ectotherms largely determines their abundance and distributions. In general, tropical species inhabiting warm and stable thermal environments tend to have low tolerance to cold and variable environments, which may restrict their expansion into temperate climates. However, the distribution of some tropical species does extend into cooler areas such as tropical borders and high elevation tropical mountains. Behavioural and morphological differences may therefore play important roles in facilitating tropical species to cope with cold and variable climates at tropical edges. 2. We used field-validated biophysical models to estimate body temperatures of butterflies across elevational gradients at three sites in southern China and assessed the contribution of behavioural and morphological differences in facilitating their persistence in tropical and temperate climates. We investigated the effects of temperature on the activity of 4,844 individuals of 144 butterfly species along thermal gradients and tested whether species of different climatic affinities -- tropical and widespread (distributed in both temperate and tropical regions) -- differed in their thermoregulatory strategies (i.e. basking). In addition, we tested whether thermally-related morphology, or the strength of solar radiation (when butterflies were recorded) were related to such differences. 3. We found that activities of tropical species were restricted (low abundance) at low air temperatures compared to widespread species. Active tropical species were also more likely to bask at cooler body temperatures than widespread species. Heat gain from behavioural thermoregulation was higher for tropical species (when accounting for species abundance), and heat gain correlated with larger thorax widths but not with measured solar radiation. 4. Our results indicate that physiological intolerance to cold temperatures in tropical species may be compensated through behavioural and morphological responses in thermoregulation in variable sub-tropical environments. Increasing climatic variability with climate change may render tropical species more vulnerable to cold weather extremes compared to widespread species that are more physiologically suited to variable environments.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Canopy and understory tree guilds respond differently to the environment in an Indian rainforest

<ul> <li> Questions. Changes in the functional composition of tree communities along resource availability gradients have received attention, but it is unclear whether or not understory and canopy guilds respond similarly to different light, biomechanical, and hydraulic constraints. </li> <li> Location. An anthropically-undisturbed, old-growth wet evergreen Dipterocarp forest plot located in Karnataka State, India. </li> <li> Methods. We measured leaf and wood traits of 89 tree species representing 99% of all individuals in a 10 ha permanent plot with varying topographic and canopy conditions inferred from LiDAR data. We assigned tree species to guilds of canopy and understory species and assessed the variation of the guild weighted means of functional trait values with canopy height and topography. </li> <li> Results. The functional trait space did not differ between canopy and understory tree species. However, environmental filtering led to significantly different functional composition of canopy and understory guild assemblages. Furthermore, they responded differently along environmental gradients related to water, nutrients, light, and wind exposure. For example, the canopy guild responded to wind exposure while the understory guild did not. </li> <li>Conclusions. The pools of understory and canopy species are functionally similar. However, fine-scale environmental heterogeneity impacts differently on these two guilds, generating striking differences in functional composition between understory and canopy guild assemblages. Accounting for vertical guilds improves our understanding of forest communities’ assembly processes.</li> </ul>

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Data from: Trophic plasticity of mixotrophic corals under contrasting environments

1. Mixotrophic organisms can derive nutrition from both auto- and heterotrophy, which allows them to use a variety of trophic pathways to sustain their metabolic demands under variable conditions. Therefore, when facing environmental change, these organisms are expected to demonstrate an intrinsic ability to acclimatise through trophic plasticity. 2. Scleractinian corals are ecologically important mixotrophs, but understanding their trophic plasticity has been impaired by an oversimplification toward inconsistent proxies of coral diet and overlooking intraspecific variability. 3. Here, we applied a Bayesian analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data to determine the trophic niches of six common species of scleractinian corals and their associated endosymbionts, and combined it with an unsupervised machine learning algorithm to identify trophic behaviours and strategies. 4. We found a variable amount of nutritional plasticity identified by different trophic behaviours within and between mixotrophic corals living under the same environmental conditions. Further, we observed changes in trophic plasticity across environmental conditions. Corals from variable environments had larger host and endosymbiont niches than corals from stable environments. In addition, deeper corals had niches indicating a greater degree of heterotrophy than shallow corals. Collectively, corals exhibited distinct trophic strategies by promoting trophic niche differentiation along the mixotrophic continuum and conspecific individual colonies displayed high trophic variation. 5. Our results provide a foundation to understand how mixotrophic organisms may adjust their nutrition in response to ongoing global environmental change and the consequential modification of benthic assemblages.

FIGURE 9 in New genus and two new species of the family Ethmolaimidae (Nematoda: Chromadorida), found in two different cold-seep environments

FIGURE 9. Females of Dystomanema brandtae gen. nov., sp. nov. A: entire body; B: head; amphid C: anterior end, median section; D: reproductive system, vulva; E: vulva and perivulvar glands; F: tail. (Scale bars: A= 200 µm; D= 100 µm; C, F= 50 µm; B, E= 20 µm).

FIGURE 8 in New genus and two new species of the family Ethmolaimidae (Nematoda: Chromadorida), found in two different cold-seep environments

FIGURE 8. Dystomanema brandtae gen. nov., sp. nov. Male. A: entire body; B: pharynx; C: mouth, pharynx, detail nerve ring; D: end of anterior testis; E: end of posterior reflexed testis; F: supplements, spicules. (Scale bars: A= 200 µm; B, E, F= 20 µm; C,D= 50 µm).

FIGURE 7 in New genus and two new species of the family Ethmolaimidae (Nematoda: Chromadorida), found in two different cold-seep environments

FIGURE 7. Dystomanema brandtae gen. nov., sp. nov. (Holotype male). A: entire body; B: anterior end surface view; C: anterior end median section; D: posterior end; E: female reproductive system; F: Female tail. (Scale bars: A= 100 µm; E, F= 50 µm; B, C, D= 20 µm).

FIGURE 2 in New genus and two new species of the family Ethmolaimidae (Nematoda: Chromadorida), found in two different cold-seep environments

FIGURE 2. (A) location of the Larsen B area (B) and the stations sampled during ANT-XXIII/8. For this study, only Larsen B Seep is of interest, indicated with the red dot (map modified after Gutt 2008).

FIGURE 4 in New genus and two new species of the family Ethmolaimidae (Nematoda: Chromadorida), found in two different cold-seep environments

FIGURE 4. Dystomanema cadizensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Holotype male). A: entire body; B: anterior end surface view; C: anterior end median section; D: posterior end; E: female reproductive system; F: female tail (Scale bars: A, E = 50 µm; B, C, D, F= 20 µm).

FIGURE 6 in New genus and two new species of the family Ethmolaimidae (Nematoda: Chromadorida), found in two different cold-seep environments

FIGURE 6. Females of Dystomanema cadizensis gen. nov., sp. nov. A: entire body; B: head; C: anterior end, median section; D: reproductive system, vulva; E: vulva and perivulvar glands; F: tail. (Scale bars: A= 200 µm; B, C, D= 50 µm; E, F= 20 µm).