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5,666 results for “Social”
The dynamics of social cohesion in response to simulated intergroup conflict in banded mongooses
<p>Intergroup conflict is widespread in nature and is proposed to have strong impacts on the evolution of social behaviour. The conflict-cohesion hypothesis predicts that exposure to intergroup conflict should lead to increased social cohesion to improve group success or resilience in future conflicts. There is evidence to support this prediction from studies of affiliative responses to outgroup threats in some animal societies. However, most of these studies have focused on behavioural changes over short time periods (minutes and hours after exposure to an outgroup), and hence very little is known about the dynamics and durability of responses to intergroup conflict over the longer term. We investigated this question by simulating intergroup encounters in wild banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) and measuring social behaviour before, during, and after these encounters over a five day period. We also ran control trials with non-threatening stimuli. Banded mongooses reacted immediately to intrusion stimuli by vocalising, grouping together and advancing on the stimulus. In the first five minutes after simulated intrusions, we saw an elevation in grooming levels, but in the hour after exposure grooming rates declined sharply, contrary to our expectation. In the two subsequent days grooming rates remained at this depressed rate. In control trials, the initial increase in grooming was not seen, but grooming declined compared in the longer term time periods. Grooming changed across time, but not in the same pattern as during intrusions, suggesting that intrusions had an impact above and beyond that of the experimental set-up. The dynamics of grooming responses were short-lived and more complex than we initially expected. We suggest this unexpected result may be linked to the frequency of aggressive intergroup encounters in this system. Our results indicate short-lived impacts of outgroup threat on measures of social cohesion in this species, but cannot confirm longer term changes.</p>
Large-scale movement patterns in a social vulture are influenced by seasonality, sex, and breeding region
<p>Dataset (in RData format) and Scripts corresponding to each of the analyses carried out for the manuscript entitled "Large-scale movement patterns in a social vulture are influenced by seasonality, sex, and breeding region".</p>
Microhistoria, liderazgo social y cultura política popular en Colombia
<p>Una versión en texto se encuentra depositada en https://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7502845</p> <p> </p> <p>A partir de la microhistoria en sus posibilidades metodológicas y epistemológicas, y tomando como base de análisis los trabajos del historiador social italiano Carlo Ginzburg, el presente artículo propone una reflexión sobre temas claves de la historia contemporánea de Colombia a través de las experiencias, preocupaciones y vivencias de Sergio Amaya Barrios, «Paz y bien», reciclador, líder social y ciudadano habitante de calle de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. A través de este personaje se revela, además de una interpretación particular sobre el liderazgo social y la cultura política del país, los lenguajes particulares usados por sujetos populares para traducir esa experiencia interpretativa, así como las tensiones que genera la inclusión de las voces, vivencias y reflexiones de los sectores populares en los estudios sociales, ya que pone en cuestión la hegemonía del discurso social situada en la figura del “estudioso”, del “especialista” o del “intelectual”, cuestión que implica la reivindicación de principios de la historiografía crítica, en particular de la microhistoria, tales como el constructivismo epistemológico, la centralidad de las voces populares como referente clave de los análisis, y la experimentación en el abordaje y análisis de los hechos históricos, según lo propone Ginzburg.</p>
Supplementary files for article "Health and social care professions students' health literacy knowledge: a qualitative exploratory study"
<p>Supplementary file A: Complete list of student-reported definition of health literacy</p> <p>Supplementary file B: Complete list of student-reported signs which suggest inadequate health literacy</p> <p>Supplementary file C: Complete list of student-reported potential consequences of inadequate health literacy</p> <p>Supplementary file D: Complete list of student-reported actions that a health or social care professional can take to help a patient with inadequate health literacy</p>
MHG4SNA: Middle high german texts annotated for social network analysis
<p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p>This corpus contains multiple middle high german texts with annotations for social network analysis. It contains annotations of: named entities and entity mentions (including partial coreference resolution), direct speech, narrator's comments. See below for further description.</p> <p>The annotated texts are part of my dissertation on social network analysis of arthurian romances. The research was developed in the context of the DH center <a href="https://www.creta.uni-stuttgart.de/">CRETA</a> at the University of Stuttgart.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Texts</strong></p> <ul> <li>Wolfram von Eschenbach: 'Parzival', in: Wolfram von Eschenbach: Werke, ed. by Karl Lachmann, 5th edition, Berlin 1891, pp. 11–388.</li> <li>Hartmann von Aue: 'Erec', ed. by Albert Leitzmann continued by Ludwig Wolff, 7th edition by Kurt Gärtner, Tübingen 2006 (Altdeutsche Textbibliothek 39).</li> <li>Hartmann von Aue: 'Iwein', ed. by G. F. Benecke and K. Lachmann, revised by Ludwig Wolff, 7th edition, part 1: Text, Berlin 1968.</li> <li>Wolfram von Eschenbach: 'Willehalm', in: Wolfram von Eschenbach: Werke, ed. by Karl Lachmann, 5th edition, Berlin 1891, pp. 421–640.</li> <li>'Das Rolandslied des Pfaffen Konrad', ed. by Carl Wesle, 3rd edition by Peter Wapnewski, Tübingen 1985 (Altdeutsche Textbibliothek 69).</li> </ul> <p>All texts are part of the MHDBDB (<a href="http://mhdbdb.sbg.ac.at/">Mittelhochdeutsche Begriffsdatenbank</a>).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Annotations</strong></p> <p>The texts contain annotations of different categories, as described in the following sections.</p> <p> 1.<em> Named Entities and Entity Mentions</em></p> <p>I annotated all namend entities and entity mentions that belong to the categories PER and LOC. PER stands for 'person' and refers to real persons as well as fictional characters. LOC stands for 'location' and includes real and fictional places.</p> <p>I annotated named entities (e.g. 'Parzival' as PER or 'Nantes' as LOC) as well as entity mentions referring to an instance of PER or LOC (e.g. 'the knight' for Parzival, or 'the city' for Nantes). I did not annotate pronouns. Entity references can contain multiple words, e.g. 'the lovely queen Ginover', and they can be nested, e.g. '[the son of [the king Gahmuret]]'.</p> <p>The annotations follow the guidelines created for multiple categories and disciplines in the context of CRETA. They are published <a href="https://www.creta.uni-stuttgart.de/cute/datenmaterial/annotationsrichtlinien-1-1/index.html">here</a>. </p> <p> 2.<em> Entity Grounding</em></p> <p>All annotated entity references are mapped to the entity instance that they refer to. E.g. the refences 'Parzival', 'Herzeloyde's son', 'the young man', 'the red knight' etc. all refer to the character instance 'Parzival'. The entity grounding takes into consideration the context of the entity mentions since one and the same expression can refer to different instances (in one context 'the king' refers to Arthur, in another context to Gahmuret)</p> <p> 3.<em> Direct Speech (DS)</em></p> <p>Passages of direct speech have been annotated by detecting quotation marks. They are tagged as 'DS'. There are a few cases of embedded direct speech (passages of direct speech containing another passage of direct speech); these cases are annotated as well.</p> <p> 4. <em>Narrator's comments (EK)</em></p> <p>As additional category I annotated passages that contain statements of the narrator, narrator's comments, extensive descriptions or digressions (e.g. an excursus to a specific topic). These passages are not part of the fictional world or lead to a pause in the timeline of events. The are annotated as 'EK' ('EK': passages that aren't part of the diegesis, 'EK2': passages that lead to a pause, e.g. comments or descriptions).</p> <p> 5. <em>Segmentation</em></p> <p>The texts are subdivided in passages of 30 verses. Since some text's editions ('Parzival', 'Willehalm') contain a formal segmentation in passages of 30 verses each, the same kind of segmentation has been transfered to the other texts. This means 'segment 1' contains the first 30 verses, 'segment 2' contains verses 31-60 and so on.</p> <p>According to the editions by Lachmann, 'Parzival' and 'Willehalm' are also subdivided in chapter-like books (Parzival: book 1 to 16, Willehalm: book 1 to 9). The other texts are similarly subdivided in chapter-like sections following common content-based divisions.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Social Network Analysis</strong></p> <p>The data can be used to explore and analyse the social network of the texts. SNA can be performed via gephi [4] using the gefx files.</p> <p>The social network is based on co-occurrences using a) the annotated and grounded entities, and b) the text segmentation in segments of 30 verses each. A relation between two or more entities is extracted whenever they co-occur in a segment.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data downloads</strong></p> <p>The annotated texts can be downloaded in multiple formats: conll, csv, and gexf.</p> <p> 1. <em>Conll </em></p> <p>The files contain seven columns:</p> <ul> <li>(1) token,</li> <li>(2) POS-tag, tagged using a <a href="https://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/forschung/ressourcen/werkzeuge/pos-tag-mhg/">middle high german pos tagger</a>,</li> <li>(3) number of segment,</li> <li>(4) Entity reference annotation indicating the intance that the entity reference refers to. '-' if there is no entity reference,</li> <li>(5) EK: '1' in case there is an annotation of 'EK', '0' if not,</li> <li>(6) EK2: '1' in case there is an annotation of 'EK2', '0' if not,</li> <li>(7) DS: '1' if the token is tagged as direct speech, '0' if not.</li> </ul> <p> 2. <em>Csv</em></p> <p>The csv files contain all annotations of the category PER including entity grounding.</p> <p>The files contain the following columns:</p> <ul> <li>begin and end (start and end of the entity reference expression, character offset),</li> <li>doc_id (document id),</li> <li>buch (book number),</li> <li>quote (entity reference expression),</li> <li>coref (the entity instance that the expression refers to),</li> <li>overlap (indicates if there is an overlap, relevant for embedded entities),</li> <li>ek and ek2 (narrator's comment),</li> <li>ds (direct speech),</li> <li>space (annotations of the space where the story takes action, can be ignored here),</li> <li>segnr (number of segment),</li> <li>em (embedded),</li> <li>klasse (entity class),</li> <li>xrange (technical, relevant for annotation view).</li> </ul> <p> 3. <em>Gexf</em></p> <p>These files can be used to import the data to gephi. It is based on the annotation and grounding of entities (categorie PER). A relation between entities is based on co-occurrence (whenever two or more entities co-occur in a segment, they have a relation; with more relations, the intensitiy of their relation grows). The text segmentation is described above.</p> <p>Embedded entities are excluded. Entities mentioned in direct speech (DS) or in comments (EK) can optionally be selected or deselected. These optional filters are indicated in the name of the files.</p> <p>To visualize the graph dynamically, one can use the text segmentation as timeline.</p> <p> </p> <p>release v1.0.0: data publication in the context of my dissertation. </p>
A multi-platform collection of social media posts about the 2022 U.S. midterm elections
<p>The details and full author list can be found at https://github.com/osome-iu/MEIU22 .</p> <p>Here we only host the 4chan data. Data from other platforms (Twitter, Facebook, and Reddit) are on GitHub.</p>
Social recapitulation: Moulting can restore social tolerance in aggressive spiderlings
<p>Dataset for Mauduit & Jeanson (2023). Social recapitulation: Moulting can restore social tolerance in aggressive spiderlings</p>
Exploring the behaviors and social preferences of a large, multi-generational herd of zoo-housed southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum), 2020–2021
<p><span>The zoo-housed southern white rhinoceros (SWR) population is of special concern due to their lack of consistent breeding success. An enhanced understanding of SWR social preferences could better inform management planning by promoting natural social relationships, which can positively affect their well-being. The large, multigeneration herd housed at the North Carolina Zoo provides an ideal opportunity to examine rhino sociality across different ages, kin types, and social groupings. </span><span>Eight female rhinos' social and nonsocial behaviors were recorded from November 2020 through June 2021 across 242 hours. Activity budget analyses revealed strong seasonal and temporal variations in grazing and resting behaviors, with no stereotypic behaviors recorded. Bond strength calculations suggested that each female maintained strong social bonds with one to two partners. Beyond mother-nursing calf bonds, we found that the strongest social ties were maintained between calf-less adults and subadults in these dyads.</span> <span>Considering these findings, we recommend that management plans attempt to house immature females with calf-less adult females, as they may be necessary to the social landscape of immature females and, ultimately, improve their welfare.</span></p>
Social network matrices data from sociology university classrooms
<p>Hypothetically, a student could attend a class, listen to lectures, and pass the class without knowing or interacting with other students. What happens to the network when the classroom expectations change? For example, there is a coursework expectation that students exchange contact information, or the instructor uses collaborative learning practices. Or what if the principal investigator (PI) of a scientific team goes on a sabbatical? This study uses the framework of classrooms because of their relatability across science. We asked how do different instructor coursework expectations change network structures within a classroom or other learning environments. A social network survey was administered at the start and end of the semester (pre- and post-test) in six university sociology classrooms to explore how expectations impacted the communication and learning networks. We found practical changes in course expectations impact the communication and learning networks, suggesting that instructors, facilitators, and others could be the archintorÔ (<strong>arch</strong>itect+<strong>in</strong>structor+facilita<strong>tor</strong>) of the network. Understanding that expectations can impact a network's structure marks a paradigm shift in educational assessment approaches. If the archintorÔ has identified the "optimal" network structure, then their task is to design expectations that result in specific interactions that ultimately improve student achievement and success. This work provides recommendations for classroom archintorsÔ to create the most impactful classroom networks. Future research should extend beyond education and classroom networks and identify the best or desired networks in other areas like public policy, urban planning, and more. If these "optimal" networks were identified, an archintorÔ could design a social network to solve wicked problems, manage a crisis, and create social change.</p>
A social niche breadth score reveals niche range strategies of generalists and specialists
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Generalists can survive in many environments whereas specialists are restricted to a single environment. Although a classical concept in ecology, niche breadth has remained challenging to quantify for microbes because it depends on an objective definition of the environmental conditions. Here, by defining the environment of a microbe as the community it resides in, we integrated information from over 22 thousand environmental sequencing samples to derive a quantitative measure of the niche, which we call ‘social niche breadth’. At the level of genera, we explored niche range strategies throughout the prokaryotic tree of life. We found that social generalists include opportunists that stochastically dominate local communities, while social specialists are stable but low in abundance. Social generalists have a more diverse and open pan genome than social specialists, but we found no global correlation between social niche breadth and genome size. Instead, we observed two distinct evolutionary strategies, where specialists have relatively small genomes in habitats with low local diversity, but relatively large genomes in habitats with high local diversity. Together, our analysis shines data-driven light on microbial niche range strategies.</p> <p><strong>Inside this repository</strong></p> <p>This is the directory structure and code used to generate all data and figures in the paper "A social niche breadth score reveals niche range strategies of generalists and specialists" by F. A. Bastiaan von Meijenfeldt, Paulien Hogeweg, and Bas E. Dutilh. The code was made by F. A. Bastiaan von Meijenfeldt.</p> <ul> <li>The code inside the ./MGnify directory was used to download the MGnify data.</li> <li>The code inside the ./niche_breadth directory was used to generate all other data and uses the MGnify data.</li> <li>The code inside the ./figures directory was used to generate all figures.<br> </li> <li>Each directory in ./MGnify and ./niche_breadth contains a commands.sh that if run, and if source files are present, will generate all content in that directory. No files are written outside the directory. For example running ./MGnify/commands.sh will generate all files within ./MGnify. The generated files are source files for some of the scripts in ./MGnify/2019-08-20_extra and ./MGnify/2019-08-20_extra/commands.sh can now be run to generate all files within. Source files for the ./niche_breadth subdirectories can be from the ./MGnify directory or from other subdirectories within ./niche_breadth.</li> <li>The ./figures directory and its subdirectories contain *.ipynb Jupyter Notebook files that if run, and source files are present, will generate the vector files that were used as raw input for the final figures.<br> </li> <li>The file ./figures/mappings.Figure_to_Notebook.txt contains the mapping of the figure to the notebook that was used to generate the figure. In some cases only part of the notebook output was used in the final figures.</li> </ul>
"Eco-social education for trainee teachers. Reflections on international mirror-classes in landscape". Study Dataset
<p>Study Dataset for the research work: "Eco-social education for trainee teachers. Reflections on international mirror-classes in landscape"</p>
Lifelong traumatic events, social support, and health-related quality of life among older adults
<p><strong>Purpose</strong>. The present study aimed to investigate the relation between lifelong exposure to traumatic life events and health-related quality of life in a sample of older people. We also assessed the moderating role of social support in the relation between traumatic life events exposure and quality of life. <strong>Method</strong>. A sample of 172 participants (<em>M</em>age = 68.81, <em>SD</em> = 7.15; 68.6% female and 31.4% male) was involved in this study. The participants completed scales measuring lifelong exposure to traumatic events, social support, and health-related quality of life. <strong>Results</strong>. The results showed that lifelong exposure to traumatic events was negatively related to physical functioning, emotional well-being, social functioning, and general health perception. It was also positively related to body pain, role limitations due to physical health problems and role limitations due to personal or emotional problems. Moreover, social support moderated the relation between traumatic life events exposure and dimensions of health-related quality of life. High social support from family contributed to reduced role limitations following trauma exposure, whereas more social support from friends led to poorer emotional well-being. <strong>Discussion</strong>. Geriatric services could identify and implement adequate measured to provide social support and to improve different dimensions of quality of life among older adults.</p>
Social structure and individuals' behavior shaped by group composition in long-term tracking of rats
<p>Trajectory data and behavioral metrics from long-term tracking of groups of rats. Experiments performed in 2012 at Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.</p> <p>The data here is used in the following publication. See the publication for information on experimental structure and notation.<br> Nagy, Máté, Jacob Davidson, Gábor Vásárhelyi, Dániel Ábel, Enikő Kubinyi, Ahmed El Hady, and Tamás Vicsek. 2023. “Social Structure and Individuals’ Behavior Shaped by Group Composition in Long-Term Tracking of Rats.” bioRxiv. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.18.533183">https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.18.533183</a>.</p> <p>Github repository to reproduce results in the paper: <a href="https://github.com/jacobdavidson/ratsocialgroups">github.com/jacobdavidson/ratsocialgroups</a><br> Github repositories used for tracking and computation of behavioral metrics: <a href="https://github.com/vasarhelyi">github.com/vasarhelyi</a></p> <p>The behavioral metrics, approach-avoidance networks, individual labels and group membership information, and behavioral assay data needed to reproduce the results in the publication are included in the zip file <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/969c78d4-1d30-4926-ac6e-141136cd3564/metrics-networks-labels.zip">metrics-networks-labels.zip</a>. This includes the following files in .csv format:</p> <p><strong>Naming/labels:</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>uidlabels.csv</strong>: References the ranked-mass labels used in the paper to the 3-color-code labels that identify each rat from the tracking. "Group" is the membership during the original groups (Period 1), and "GroupG" is membership during the remixed groups (Period 3). <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> </td> <td> <p><strong>masslabel</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>GroupMassRank-Exp7</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Group</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>GroupG</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>GOB</strong></p> </td> <td> <p>a5</p> </td> <td> <p>5.0</p> </td> <td> <p>A1</p> </td> <td> <p>G3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>...</td> <td>...</td> <td>...</td> <td>...</td> <td>...</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </li> <li><strong>groupnames.csv</strong>: Group membership information for each rat, during each experimental period <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Experiments</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>GOB</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>OBG</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>...</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>1-7</strong></p> </td> <td> <p>A1</p> </td> <td> <p>A1</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>...</strong></p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </li> </ul> <p><strong>Behavioral metrics and approach-avoidance networks:</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>metrics.csv: </strong>Behavioral metrics for each rat, calculated for each experiment. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Experiment</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>metric</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>GOB</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>OBG</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>...</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>1</strong></p> </td> <td> <p>AA</p> </td> <td> <p>0</p> </td> <td> <p>0.690964</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>...</strong></p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </li> <li><strong>Networks-Period1+Period3.csv: </strong>Approach-avoidance interaction networks for the groups of 7 rats in Period 1 and Period 3. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Experiment</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>DayNight</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Group</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>index</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>winner</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>loser0</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>loser1</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>loser2</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>loser3</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>loser4</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>loser5</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>loser6</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>1</strong></p> </td> <td> <p>Day</p> </td> <td> <p>A1</p> </td> <td> <p>0</p> </td> <td> <p>GOB</p> </td> <td> <p>0</p> </td> <td> <p>0</p> </td> <td> <p>0</p> </td> <td> <p>0</p> </td> <td> <p>0</p> </td> <td> <p>0</p> </td> <td> <p>0</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>...</strong></p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </li> <li><strong>Networks-Experiment8.csv</strong> and <strong>Networks-Experiment9.csv: </strong>Approach-avoidance interaction networks for the larger combined groups in the experiments during Period 2. </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Behavioral assays results:</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>IndividualTests.csv</strong>: Individual behavioral assay test results for the black and white box, elevated plus-maze, and canopy tests. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>ID</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>BWB-All Frames</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>BWB-Black</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>...</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>BGP</strong></p> </td> <td> <p>7500</p> </td> <td> <p>6860</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>...</strong></p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </li> <li><strong>PairedTests.csv: </strong>Pairwise social interaction behavioral assay test results for tests with unfamiliar and familiar rats <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>rat_ID</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>rat_group_N</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>freq_standup_unfam1</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>...</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>BGP</strong></p> </td> <td> <p>2</p> </td> <td> <p>28</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>...</strong></p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> <td> <p>...</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Trajectory data</strong> is included as multiple text files for each experiment in TSV format. #t is frame number, Color_code_name identifies each rat, Real_recognition(1)_or_virtual(0) = 1 is a detection of the rat's color codes while 0 is an interpolated value, x,y, and Orientation are the position and orientation of the rat.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>#t</td> <td>Color_code_name</td> <td>Real_recognition(1)_or_virtual(0) </td> <td>x</td> <td>y</td> <td>Orientation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>ORG</td> <td>0</td> <td>872.4000</td> <td>778.7000</td> <td>-79.5000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>...</td> <td>...</td> <td>...</td> <td>...</td> <td>...</td> <td>...</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><strong>Time-lapse video of the entire experiment:</strong> <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/969c78d4-1d30-4926-ac6e-141136cd3564/ratlab_timelapse_entire_exp.avi?versionId=a58df78d-1291-4301-9763-86a97b9e146c">ratlab_timelapse_entire_exp.avi</a></p>
FIGURE 3. Leichhardtia weari. A in A new threatened New Caledonian Leichhardtia (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Marsdenieae) species discovered from a TV programme and social media
FIGURE 3. Leichhardtia weari. A. Adaxial view on parts of longitudinally cut corolla; B. Gynostegium in lateral view (lanceolate connective appendages hide the style-head); C. Single corona lobe, adaxial view; D. Single anther, adaxial view; E. Pollinarium; F. Isolated gynoecium with style-head atop. All from D. Fleurot & P. Dayé 905 (UBT, in alc.). Drawn by U. Meve.
FIGURE 4 in A new threatened New Caledonian Leichhardtia (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Marsdenieae) species discovered from a TV programme and social media
FIGURE 4. Distribution map of Leichhardtia weari (stars) in New Caledonia in an insert showing the Yandé island and the Mariri creek in blue. Ultramafic substrates are shown in grey. Map by D. Fleurot.
FIGURE 2 in A new threatened New Caledonian Leichhardtia (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Marsdenieae) species discovered from a TV programme and social media
FIGURE 2. Maximum Likelihood tree of Marsdenieae. The outgroup, and all Marsdenieae clades except for Leichhardtia are summarized as triangles. Numbers at important nodes indicate bootstrap percentages. New Caledonian clades I and II with yellow background, Australasian clades with grey background. Yandé species L. weari and L. neomicrostoma marked red, other New Caledonian accessions not shown in Liede et al. (2022) marked blue.
FIGURE 1. Leichhardtia weari. A in A new threatened New Caledonian Leichhardtia (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Marsdenieae) species discovered from a TV programme and social media
FIGURE 1. Leichhardtia weari. A. Screenshot of the Weari programme "Yandé l'île mystérieuse" from Caledonia channel available on YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4E9Xt8eIEH8) displaying for the first time the new species (originally identified as Leichhardtia neomicrostoma). B. Degraded maquis vegetation in the Mariri creek area; C. A fertile branch with inflorescences; D. Detail of an inflorescence with flowers in lateral view; E. Flower in frontal view displaying the gynostegium. A, C showing Fleurot 838, B Fleurot & Dayé 902, and D–E Fleurot & Dayé 905. Photos by D. Fleurot.
Multiple social benefits drive the formation of mixed-species groups of Australian humpback and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins
<p class="MsoNormal">Mixed-species groups are common amongst diverse taxa including fishes, birds, and mammals. Antipredator, foraging, and social benefits have been proposed as functional explanations for mixed-species group formation. Amongst delphinids, mixed-species groups are widespread, but little is known about their function. To investigate the potential benefits of delphinid mixed-species groups, we compared the number of individuals, the age composition, and the behaviour of single- and mixed-species sightings of Australian humpback (<em>Sousa sahulensis</em>) and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (<em>Tursiops aduncus</em>) observed around the North West Cape, Western Australia. We found no difference in the number of individuals or the age composition of humpback dolphins present in single- and mixed-species sightings, whereas bottlenose dolphins were present in larger numbers in single-species sightings than in mixed-species sightings due to a higher number of adults. Socialising was the initial observed behavioural state of 36.1% of mixed-species sightings, compared to only 5.1% and 10.3% of humpback and bottlenose dolphin single-species sightings, respectively. Furthermore, both species travelled and foraged less frequently when in mixed-species groups. Of 93 mixed-species groups observed during a focal follow of ≥10 minutes, 32 (34.4%) involved aggressive and/or sexual behaviours typically initiated by bottlenose dolphins towards humpback dolphins while the remaining 61 (65.6%) involved only neutral and affiliative behaviours. The results of this study suggest that the observed mixed-species groups provide multiple social benefits, particularly those pertaining to socio-sexual behaviours and the development and care of young.</p>
Social protection Kyrgyzstan
<p>Data and document article Social Protection Kyrgyzstan </p>
Social Programs Benefits Allocation and Elections: An Evidence from Bolsa Família
<p>The database used in the paper.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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