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FIGURE 1 in Morphological and molecular characterization of a new isolate of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) from Vancouver, Canada, with morphometrical comparison with the topotype population from Russia
FIGURE 1. SEM of male of S. feltiae strain BC. A, face view. B, C, posterior regions with prominent genital papillae in B and not very prominent in C. D–F, variation of mucron and tail tip. Scale bars: A=7.5 µm, B=50.0 µm, C=85.7 µm, D=23.1 µm, E=10 µm, F=8.57 µm.
Data from: Roads to isolation: similar genomic history patterns in two species of freshwater crabs with contrasting environmental tolerances and range sizes
Freshwater species often show high levels of endemism and risk of extinction owing to their limited dispersal abilities. This is exemplified by the stenotopic freshwater crab, Johora singaporensis which is one of the world's 100 most threatened species, and currently inhabits less than 0.01 km2 of five low order hill streams within the highly urbanized island city‐state of Singapore. We compared populations of J. singaporensis with that of the non‐threatened, widespread, abundant, and eurytopic freshwater crab, Parathelphusa maculata, and found surprisingly high congruence between their population genomic histories. Based on 2,617 and 2,470 genome‐wide SNPs mined via the double‐digest restriction‐associated DNA sequencing method for ~90 individuals of J. singaporensis and P. maculata, respectively, the populations are strongly isolated (FST = 0.146–0.371), have low genetic diversity for both species (also for COI), and show signatures of recent genetic bottlenecks. The most genetically isolated populations for both species are separated from other populations by one of the oldest roads in Singapore. These results suggest that anthropogenic developments may have impacted stream‐dependent species in a uniform manner, regardless of ubiquity, habitat preference, or dispersal modes of the species. While signs of inbreeding were not detected for the critically endangered species, the genetic distinctiveness and low diversity of the populations call for genetic rescue and connecting corridors between the remaining fragments of the natural habitat.
FIGURE 2 in Plastid DNA fingerprinting of the rare Fritillaria moggridgei (Liliaceae) reveals population differentiation and genetic isolation within the Fritillaria tubiformis complex
FIGURE 2. Strict consensus tree of more than 2600 most parsimonious trees from analysis of the combined plastid matK and rpl16 intron sequences. Tree length = 451 steps, CI = 0.89 and RI = 0.85. Bootstrap percentages (> 50%) are indicated above branches. Cardiocrinum giganteum and Notholirion thomsonianum are the outgroups. See also Table 2.
FIGURE 4 in Plastid DNA fingerprinting of the rare Fritillaria moggridgei (Liliaceae) reveals population differentiation and genetic isolation within the Fritillaria tubiformis complex
FIGURE 4. Principal coordinate analysis (PCO) of eleven populations of Fritillaria tubiformis s.l. analyzed for ten microsatellite loci. The first (PCO1) and the second (PCO2) axes explain 50.4% and 20.9% of total variation, respectively. Acronyms correspond to populations (see Table 1). The two genetic groups corresponding to the two subspecific taxa are circled.
FIGURE 1 in Plastid DNA fingerprinting of the rare Fritillaria moggridgei (Liliaceae) reveals population differentiation and genetic isolation within the Fritillaria tubiformis complex
FIGURE 1. Map of the Italian populations of F. tubiformis s.l. Populations belonging to var. burnatii are labelled with a star and those belonging to subsp. moggridgei with a solid circle. Most sampled populations are located at the boundary between Piedmont (P) and Liguria (L) (Italy). Insets show, top left, sampling sites numbered as for populations (see Table 1) and, top right, the position of the sampled area within the Alps.
Isolation by geographical distance after release from Pleistocene refugia explains genetic and phenotypic variation in Xylotrupes siamensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
<p class="BodyA">Consistent and objective species delimitation is crucial to biodiversity studies, but challenges remain when conflicting taxonomic decisions have been made because different data sets and analytical methods were used to delineate species. In the rhinoceros beetle, <em>Xylotrupes siamensis</em>, the use of different morphological characters has resulted in taxonomic disagreement between studies. We used three molecular loci (mitochondrial <em>CO1</em> and nuclear ITS2 and <em>H3</em>) to investigate the genetic divergence between populations exhibiting different male horn phenotypes. We also applied an approximate Bayesian computation approach to test alternative historical hypotheses that might explain the present genetic diversity among geographical populations. Furthermore, we used species distribution models to estimate the temporal variation in the geographical distribution of suitable habitats. The results show that the two phenotypic taxa within <em>X. siamensis</em> are not genetically structured and that their genetic structure can be explained using isolation by geographical distance. The emergence of the two phenotypic taxa might have been associated with historical isolation in separate refugia. However, spatial expansion and genetic interchange between populations might have gradually eroded the spatial genetic structure. We demonstrate that understanding the historical processes responsible for phenotypic divergence and genetic diversity among current populations could help with making evolutionarily coherent taxonomic decisions.</p>
The role of local impedance drop in the acute lesion efficacy during pulmonary vein isolation performed with a new contact force sensing catheter – a pilot study
<p>The role of local impedance drop in the acute lesion efficacy during pulmonary vein isolation performed with a new contact force sensing catheter – a pilot study</p>
Data for: Variation in reproductive isolation across a species range
<p>Reproductive isolation is often variable within species, a phenomenon that while largely ignored by speciation studies, can be leveraged to gain insight into the poten- tial mechanisms driving the evolution of genetic incompatibilities. We used experi- mental greenhouse crosses to characterize patterns of reproductive isolation among three divergent genetic lineages of Campanulastrum americanum that occur in close geographic proximity in the Appalachian Mountains. Substantial, asymmetrical repro- ductive isolation for survival due to cytonuclear incompatibility was found among the lineages (up to 94% reduction). Moderate reductions in pollen viability, as well as cytoplasmic male sterility, were also found between some Mountain populations. We then compared these results to previously established patterns of reproductive isola- tion between these Mountain lineages and a fourth, widespread Western lineage to fully characterize reproductive isolation across the complete geographic and genetic range of C. americanum. Reproductive isolation for survival and pollen viability was consistent across studies, indicating the evolution of the underlying genetic incompat- ibilities is primarily determined by intrinsic factors. In contrast, reproductive isolation for germination was only found when crossing Mountain populations with the Western lineage, suggesting the underlying genetic incompatibility is likely influenced by envi- ronmental or demographic differences between the two lineages. Cytoplasmic male sterility was also limited in occurrence, being restricted to a handful of Mountain pop- ulations in a narrow geographic range. These findings illustrate the complexity of spe- ciation by demonstrating multiple, independent genetic incompatibilities that lead to a mosaic of genetic divergence and reproductive isolation across a species range.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Polyphasic characterization of Nostoc commune (Cyanobacteria, Nostocaceae) isolated from rice growing agro-ecosystems of Dima Hasao district of Assam, North-East India
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Marked strains are the N. commune strains isolated from the selected agro-ecosystems(flat and terraced paddy fields).
FIGURE 2. Growth curve obtained for the strains. A in Polyphasic characterization of Nostoc commune (Cyanobacteria, Nostocaceae) isolated from rice growing agro-ecosystems of Dima Hasao district of Assam, North-East India
FIGURE 2. Growth curve obtained for the strains. A. Nostoc commune AUS-JR/DB/NT-003. B. Nostoc commune AUS-JR/DB/NT- 004.
FIGURE 1. Morphological variation within the N. commune strains. A, B in Polyphasic characterization of Nostoc commune (Cyanobacteria, Nostocaceae) isolated from rice growing agro-ecosystems of Dima Hasao district of Assam, North-East India
FIGURE 1. Morphological variation within the N. commune strains. A, B. Plate view and liquid culture of N. commune AUS-JR/DB/ NT-003. C, D. Plate view and liquid culture of N. commune AUS-JR/DB/NT-004. E. A single colony of N. commune AUS-JR/DB/NT- 003. F. A single colony of N. commune AUS-JR/DB/NT-004. G. Disintegration of the sheath. H. Individual trichomes. I. Aseriate filaments (h: heterocyst). J. Seriate filaments. K. Ensheathed coccoid cells. L. Old colonies with reduced trichome. Bar length = 50µm.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of rust fungus on the New Zealand endemic plant, Myosotidium, from the isolated Chatham Islands
FIGURE 1. Pucciniastrum myosotidii on Myosotidium hortensii. A. Adaxial view. Scale bar = 5 mm B. Abaxial view. Scale bar = 5 mm C. Urediniospores. Composite image. Scale bar = 10 μm D. Urediniospores. Scale bar = 10 μm
FIGURE 2 in A new species of rust fungus on the New Zealand endemic plant, Myosotidium, from the isolated Chatham Islands
FIGURE 2. Phylogram obtained from maximum likelihood analysis of nuclear LSU rDNA. Bootstrap support values (> 50%) from a maximum likelihood search with 1000 replicates shown.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of rust fungus on the New Zealand endemic plant, Myosotidium, from the isolated Chatham Islands
FIGURE 3. Phylogram obtained from maximum likelihood analysis of nuclear rDNA loci, LSU and SSU. Bootstrap support values (> 50%) from a maximum likelihood search with 1000 replicates shown.
Island area, not isolation, drives taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of ants on land-bridge islands
<p><b>Aim:</b> To explore the impact of island area and isolation on multiple dimensions of ant biodiversity (taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity) and the underlying processes of community assembly on islands.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Thousand Island Lake, Zhejiang, China, created by dam construction in 1959.</p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> Ants.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We sampled ants on 33 islands, built a species-level phylogenetic tree and measured five morphological traits of all species collected to estimate taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity. We used multiple linear regression models and null models to examine the relationships between diversity metrics and island variables (area and isolation).</p> <p><b>Results</b>: We recorded 97 ant species on the study islands. We verified positive diversity–area relationships for species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and functional diversity. However, although functional and phylogenetic community structure were indistinguishable from random communities, phylogenetic structure tended to be clustered, whereas functional structure tended to be over dispersed. Additionally, we found the structure of ant communities shifted from phylogenetic and functional clustering on smaller islands to phylogenetic and functional overdispersion on larger islands.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Our results support the hypothesis that environmental filtering is the dominant process structuring ant communities on smaller islands, and that competitive exclusion becomes more important on larger islands. Thus, island area acts as an important filter even though ant community structure on the study islands was indistinguishable from random communities. Moreover, our results show that environmental filtering influences phylogenetic community structure of ants, whereas competitive exclusion influences functional community structure of ants. These findings highlight the need to examine both phylogenetic and functional diversity in order to understand the mechanisms that govern the assembly of natural communities on islands.</p>
Facilitation by isolated trees triggers woody encroachment and a biome shift at the savanna-forest transition
<p>1. Woody encroachment into grassy biomes is a global phenomenon, often resulting in a nearly complete turnover of species, with savanna specialists being replaced by forest-adapted species. Understanding the mechanisms involved in this change is important for devising strategies for managing savannas.</p> <p>2. We examined how isolated trees favor woody encroachment and species turnover by overcoming dispersal limitation and environmental filtering. In a savanna released from fire in southeastern Brazil (Cerrado) we sampled woody plants establishing under 40 tree canopies and in paired treeless plots. These trees comprised eight species selected for habitat preference (savanna or forest) and dispersal syndrome (bird-dispersed or not). We recorded dimensions of each tree, dispersal syndrome and habitat preference of recruits, and quantified the physical environment within each plot, aiming at a mechanistic understanding of woody encroachment.</p> <p>3. We found clear evidence that isolated trees cause nucleation and drive changes in functional composition of savanna. Effectiveness as nucleator differed among species, but was unrelated to their functional guilds (habitat preference or dispersal syndrome). Density of saplings in nuclei was partially explained by soil moisture (+), daily temperature amplitude (-), and sum of bases (-).</p> <p>4. Our results indicate that isolated trees act first as perches, strongly favoring bird-dispersed species. They then act as nurse trees, considerably changing the environment in favor of forest-adapted recruits. In the long term, as the nuclei expand and merge, savanna specialists tend to disappear and the savanna turns into a low-diversity forest.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and applications: Fire suppression has allowed the nucleation process and consequently the woody encroachment and fast replacement of savanna specialists by forest species in the Cerrado. By elucidating the mechanisms behind woody encroachment, we recommend using prescribed fires to burn forest seedlings and to reduce tree canopy size wherever the management goal is to maintain the typical savanna structure and composition.</p>
Effect of changes in MS diagnostic criteria over 25 years on time to treatment and prognosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome
<p><strong>Objectives</strong>: To explore whether time to diagnosis, time to treatment initiation and age to reach disability milestones has changed in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) according to different multiple sclerosis (MS)-diagnostic criteria periods.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Retrospective study based on data prospective collected from the Barcelona-CIS cohort between 1994 and 2020. Patients were classified into five periods according to different MS criteria, and the time to MS diagnosis and treatment initiation were evaluated. The age at which MS patients reached an EDSS ≥3.0 was assessed by Cox regression analysis according to diagnostic criteria periods.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: 1174 patients were included. The median time from CIS to MS diagnosis, and from CIS to treatment initiation showed a 77% and 82 reduction from the Poser to the McDonald 2017 diagnostic criteria periods, respectively. Patients diagnosed in more recent diagnostic criteria periods had a lower risk of reaching age at EDSS ≥3.0 compared to Poser period: Adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.47 (95% confidence interval 0.24-0.90) for McDonald 2001, aHR 0.25 (0.12-0.54) for McDonald 2005, aHR 0.30 (0.12-0.75) for McDonald 2010 and aHR 0.07 (0.01-0.45) for McDonald 2017. Early-treatment patients displayed an aHR of 0.53 (0.33-0.85) of reaching age at EDSS ≥3.0 compared to late-treatment. Changes in prognosis together with early-treatment effect were maintained after excluding possible bias derived from the use of different diagnostic criteria over time (so called, "Will Rogers" phenomenon)</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: A continuous decrease in the time to MS diagnosis and treatment initiation were observed across diagnostic criteria periods. Overall, patients diagnosed in more recent diagnostic criteria periods displayed a lower risk of reaching disability. Importantly, the prognostic improvement is maintained after discarding the "Will Rogers" phenomenon, and early treatment appears to be the most likely contributing factor. </p>
FIGURE 4 in The largest blindsnake in Mesoamerica: a new species of Typhlops (Squamata: Typhlopidae) from an isolated karstic mountain in Honduras
FIGURE 4. Montaña de Santa Bárbara, Depto. Santa Bárbara, Honduras, seen from the community of El Cedral, 1580 m elevation, in the vicinity of the type locality of Typhlops tycherus. The highest part of the mountain is>2700 m elevation. Photographed 28 January 2008 by JHT.
FIGURE 2 in The largest blindsnake in Mesoamerica: a new species of Typhlops (Squamata: Typhlopidae) from an isolated karstic mountain in Honduras
FIGURE 2. Scalation of the head of the holotype of Typhlops tycherus. A = dorsal view, B = lateral view.
FIGURE 1 in The largest blindsnake in Mesoamerica: a new species of Typhlops (Squamata: Typhlopidae) from an isolated karstic mountain in Honduras
FIGURE 1. Distribution of Typhlops in eastern Nuclear Central America, shaded areas indicate>1000 m elevation. Triangle = T. tycherus n. sp., diamonds = T. costaricensis, squares = T. stadelmani.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.