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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2015View details →

Fig. 67 in Revision of the endemic genus Perinetella (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Flatidae) from Madagascar

Fig. 67. Distribution of the genus Perinetella Synave, 1956 in Madagascar.

FIGURE 5 in The masked torrent mite, Torrenticola larvata n. sp. (Acari: Hydrachnidiae: Torrenticolidae): a water mite endemic to the Ouachita Mountains of North America

FIGURE 5: Torrenticola larvata n. sp. female dorsal plates: anterio-lateral platelet (a-l p); anterio-medial platelet (a-m p); dorsal glandularia (Dgl); dorsal plate (dp); muscle scars (ms); post-ocularial setae (po); and area of primary (1°) and secondary (2°) sclerotization.

FIGURE 6 in The masked torrent mite, Torrenticola larvata n. sp. (Acari: Hydrachnidiae: Torrenticolidae): a water mite endemic to the Ouachita Mountains of North America

FIGURE 6: Torrenticola larvata n. sp. female venter (right legs removed; leg setae omitted; female depicted): coxae (Cx); coxal glandularia (Cxgl); excretory pore (ep); latero-glandularia (Lgl); medial length of suture between Cx II+III (Cx II+III mL); ventral glandularia (Vgl); and area of primary (1°) and secondary (2°) sclerotization.

FIGURE 4 in The masked torrent mite, Torrenticola larvata n. sp. (Acari: Hydrachnidiae: Torrenticolidae): a water mite endemic to the Ouachita Mountains of North America

FIGURE 4: Torrenticola larvata n. sp. female gnathosoma: adoral setae (ad); bifurcating short setae (bss), fringed spatulate setae (fss), long simple setae (lss), oral opening (o), posterio-dorsal apodeme (p-d a), posterio-ventral apodeme (p-v a), simple grooved setae (sgs).

FIGURE 2 in The masked torrent mite, Torrenticola larvata n. sp. (Acari: Hydrachnidiae: Torrenticolidae): a water mite endemic to the Ouachita Mountains of North America

FIGURE 2: Torrenticola larvata n. sp. female: A – dorsal plates; B – ventral plates; C – subcapitulum and chelicerae; D – pedipalp (dorsal setae removed).

FIGURE 3 in The masked torrent mite, Torrenticola larvata n. sp. (Acari: Hydrachnidiae: Torrenticolidae): a water mite endemic to the Ouachita Mountains of North America

FIGURE 3: Torrenticola larvata n. sp. male: A – dorsal plates; B – ventral plates; C – subcapitulum and chelicerae; D – pedipalp (dorsal setae removed).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2009View details →

Figure 9 in The taxonomy of the endemic golden palm civet of Sri Lanka

Figure 9. Skull height (ht). Sample sizes as for Figure 6, except that dark dry = 6.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2009View details →

Figure 13 in The taxonomy of the endemic golden palm civet of Sri Lanka

Figure 13. Type of Paradoxurus aureus F. Cuvier, 1822. Photo by C. Callou.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2005View details →

Figure 13 in On the confusion surrounding Pareledone charcoti (Joubin, 1905) (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): endemic radiation in the Southern Ocean

Figure 13. Locations of RV Polarstern stations detailed under material examined.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2008View details →

Figure 33 in A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriauchenius gracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)

Figure 33. Distribution map for Eriauchenius species; image created by Lindsay Upshaw.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2008View details →

Figure 32 in A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriauchenius gracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)

Figure 32. Distribution map for Eriauchenius species; image created by Lindsay Upshaw.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Pleistocene climatic fluctuations promoted alternative evolutionary histories in Phytelephas aequatorialis, an endemic palm from western Ecuador

Aim: Pleistocene (2.58 Ma – 11.7 ka) climatic fluctuations have shaped intraspecific genetic patterns worldwide; however, their manifestation in many regions remains unknown. In order to determine the impact of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on the tropical rain forests of western Ecuador, we explored the evolutionary history of the endemic palm Phytelephas aequatorialis. Location: Western Ecuador, northwestern South America. Taxon: Phytelephas aequatorialis (Arecaceae). Methods: 176 nuclear genes were sequenced in 91 individuals for phylogenomic and population structure analyses. The time of divergence between identified genetic lineages was estimated using a coalescent phylogenomic analysis. Paleoecological niche modelling analyses were performed to determine areas of historical climatic suitability since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 22 ka) that potentially acted as forest refugia during the Pleistocene. A Wilcoxon test and Pearson correlations were used to explore how current levels of genetic diversity (Hs) have been shaped by several paleoclimatic and geographic factors. Results: Phylogenomic and population structure analyses revealed two genetic lineages with a north-south distribution, which diverged 1.14 Ma during the Pleistocene. Two potential Pleistocene refugia were identified in the Pacific coast of Ecuador and in the Andean foothills of southwestern Ecuador, whose distribution agrees with the spatial location of the two lineages. Within the Andean foothills, Hs was lower for the southern lineage than for the northern lineage. Hs significantly increased with decreasing latitude within the whole species distribution. Main conclusions: Pleistocene climatic fluctuations promoted intraspecific divergence in P. aequatorialis within the rain forests of western Ecuador. The Andean foothills of southwestern Ecuador could be an important spot for rain forest evolution because they potentially remained climatically suitable through the Pleistocene. Lower genetic diversity in the southern lineage, which apparently remained isolated in the Andean foothills during glacial cycles, adds evidence to the presence of a forest refugium in southwestern Ecuador. The geographic pattern in genetic diversity suggests that P. aequatorialis colonized western Ecuador from the north. This study supports the role of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations in promoting intraspecific divergence, and for the first time, we show their impact west of the Andes.

Data from: Ancestral area analyses reveal Pleistocene-influenced evolution in a clade of Coastal Plain endemic plants

AIM: The North American Coastal Plain is currently recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot. However, the mechanisms driving high levels of species richness in a region with relatively low topographic relief and homogeneous climate are unclear. We investigated the evolutionary processes driving ancestral area evolution and diversification in a biodiversity hotspot from both a systematic and biogeographic context using a clade endemic to the hotspot. LOCATION: North American Coastal Plain TAXON: The Scrub Mint clade comprises Dicerandra, Conradina, Piloblephis, Stachydeoma, and four species of Clinopodium (Mentheae; Lamiaceae), almost all of which are endemic to the North American Coastal Plain. METHODS: We generated a dated phylogeny using a target enrichment/capture dataset and then calculated ancestral area using biogeographic models. We uncovered neo- and paleo-endemism hotspots and inferred ancestral potential ranges at each node based on ancestral niche reconstructions and paleoclimatic data to understand the geographic range evolution of subclades. RESULTS: Ancestral area for the SMC was inferred to be the Florida Panhandle/Apalachicola River basin. A diversification event likely happened around the mid-Pleistocene Transition. Endemism hotspots were recovered in NE Florida, the Atlantic Coastal Ridge, and along the Lake Wales Ridge. Reconstructions of potential ranges support biogeographic findings, with the ancestor of the SMC likely located in the vicinity of the northeastern Gulf Coast during interglacial and glacial periods. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The timing of diversification events and colonization of new areas by ancestors of the SMC is consistent with the timing of major geological events in the region. The presence of multiple types of endemism highlights the complexity of evolutionary and ecological processes that foster the large number of endemic taxa found in this region. Efforts to identify hotspots in this region will be critical to preserving the remaining pockets of biodiversity threatened by global change.

Illumina next generation ddRAD sequencing SNP data from: Contrasting genetic diversity and structure between endemic and widespread damselfishes are related to differing adaptive strategies

Aim: Discerning when, where, and how processes of isolation lead to differing biogeography is especially complex for marine species with similar ecological niches and within the same geographic location. We assessed population genetics of congeneric and ecologically similar damselfishes within their overlapping distributions and across potential barriers to geneflow. Taxon: Dascyllus marginatus (endemic) and Dascyllus abudafur (widespread). Location: Coral reefs from the Red Sea, Djibouti, Yemen, Oman, and Madagascar. Methods: We used RADseq derived SNPs to investigate key differences in population genetics between both species and discuss barriers shaping genetic differentiation (neutral vs. selective) and biogeography. Results: Dascyllus marginatus inhabited the Red Sea, the coasts of Yemen (including Socotra), and the Gulf of Oman. Dascyllus abudafur species was present from the Red Sea to Madagascar but was absent from Yemen and Oman. Populations of D. marginatus had an order of magnitude higher genetic differentiation compared to D. abudafur, as well as several outlier loci (suggesting selective pressure), which were absent in D. abudafur despite equal sampling locations. In both species, specimens from the Red Sea and Djibouti formed one genetic cluster separated from all other locations. Main conclusions: The stronger genetic structure at smaller geographic scale of the endemic species seems associated to faster adaptation to environmental differences; whereas the widespread species only experienced reduced geneflow and neutral differentiation at much larger geographic scales. Restrictive transitions (between the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea or the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden) did not affect the genetic architecture of either species, while the environmental shift within the Red Sea (at 22°N/20°N) affected the endemic but not the widespread species. Samples from continental Yemen revealed that a genetic break in the Gulf of Aden likely reflects historical colonization processes and not contemporary environmental regimes.

Alignments and phylogenetic tree from: A new endemic species of Loasa ser. Macrospermae from northern Chile

Alignments used for the phylogenetic work and raw phylogenetic trees obtained. A new species of Loasa, endemic‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌northern ‌Andes‌ ‌‌of‌ ‌Chile‌ is described and evaluated, under the IUCN criteria for conservation, as critically endangered. Molecular analyses based on plastid markers place the new species within the Loasa ser. Macrospermae, with high support, and specifically as sister to Loasa acerifolia. A key to and comparative plates including all the 13 known species of Loasa ser. Macrospermae, are provided.

Does ivermectin treatment for endemic hookworm infection alter the gut microbiota of endangered Australian sea lion pups?

The gut microbiota is essential for the development and maintenance of the hosts' immune system. Disturbances to the gut microbiota in early life stages can result in long-lasting impacts on host health. This study aimed to determine if topical ivermectin treatment for endemic hookworm (Uncinaria sanguinis) infection in endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) pups resulted in gut microbial changes. The gut microbiota was characterised for untreated (control) (n = 23) and treated (n = 23) Australian sea lion pups sampled during the 2019 and 2020/21 breeding seasons at Seal Bay, Kangaroo Island. Samples were collected pre- and post-treatment on up to four occasions over a four-to-five-month period. The gut microbiota of untreated (control) and treated pups in both seasons were dominated by five bacterial phyla, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroides. A significant difference in alpha diversity between treatment groups was seen in pups sampled during the 2020/21 breeding season (p = 0.008), with higher richness and diversity in treated pups. Modeling the impact of individual pup identification (ID), capture, pup weight (kg), standard length (cm), age, and sex on beta diversity revealed that pup ID accounted for most of the variation (35% in 2019 and 42% in 2020/21), with pup ID, capture, and age being the only significant contributors to microbial variation (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the composition of the microbiota between treatment groups in both the 2019 and 2020/21 breeding seasons, indicating that topical ivermectin treatment did not alter the composition of the gut microbiota. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterise the gut microbiota of free-ranging Australian pinniped pups, compare the composition across multiple time points, and consider the impact of parasitic treatment on the overall diversity and microbial composition of the gut microbiota. Importantly, the lack of compositional changes in the gut microbiota with topical ivermectin treatment supports the utility of topical ivermectin as a safe and minimally invasive management strategy to enhance pup survival in this endangered species.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Data for "From pandemic to endemic: Spatial-temporal patterns of influenza-like-illness incidence in a Swiss canton, 1918-1924"

Datasets underlying the analysis of the paper: "From pandemic to endemic: Spatial-temporal patterns of influenza incidence in a Swiss canton, 1918-1924" <ul> <li>Cofactors_1918.xlsx : Ecological cofactors for each bernese municipility</li> <li>Data_Influenza_Bern.xlsx: Influenza data (1920-1924)</li> <li>Data_Spanishflu.xlsx: "Spanish flu" data (1918-1919)</li> <li>Data_Population.xlsx: Population for each municipality</li> <li>Tb_death.xlsx : Number of tuberculosis death</li> <li>Fabrik_Statistik_1929.xlsx : Information about the factories</li> </ul>

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Distribution patterns and drivers of non-endemic and endemic glires species in China

Spatial patterns and determinants of species richness in complex geographical regions are important subjects of current biogeography and biodiversity conservation research. Glires are small herbivorous mammal species with limited migratory ability that may serve as an indicator of biodiversity and ecosystems. Herein, we aimed to evaluate how multiple ecological hypotheses could explain the species richness patterns of glires in China. Initially, we constructed a mapping grid of 80 × 80 km2 squares which covered China's land mass and mapped the distribution ranges of the 237 glires species that had recorded. The glires taxa were separated into three response variables based on their distribution: (a) all species, (b) non-endemic species, and (c) endemic species. The species richness patterns of the response variables were evaluated using four predictor sets: (a) hydrothermal characteristics, (b) climatic seasonality, (c) habitat heterogeneity, and (d) human factors. We performed regression tree analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and variation partitioning analyses to determine the effects of predictors on spatial species patterns. The results showed that the distribution pattern of species richness was the highest in the Hengduan Mountains and surrounding areas in southwest China. However, only a few endemic species adapted to high-latitude environments. It was found that there are differences in the determinants between non-endemic and endemic species. Habitat heterogeneity was the most influential determinant for the distribution patterns of non-endemic species richness. Climatic seasonality was the best predictor to determine the richness distribution pattern of endemic species, whereas this was least affected by human factors. Furthermore, it should be noted, that hydrothermal characteristics were not strong predictors of richness patterns for all or non-endemic species, which may be due to the fact that there are also more species in some areas with less precipitation or energy. Therefore, glires are likely to persist in areas with characteristics of high habitat heterogeneity and stable climate.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Effects of environmental factors on the ecology and survival of a widespread, endemic Cerrado frog

Understanding the mechanisms that affect habitat use by vertebrates is critical for understanding how species are distributed across landscapes and how they cope with habitat change. The Brazilian Savanna (the Cerrado) has vegetation ranging from grassland to woodland savannas and harbors a rich and diverse amphibian fauna impacted by accelerated habitat loss. Here, we test the influence of vegetation type (from grassy scrubland to woodland) and distance from breeding sites (ephemeral water bodies) on body size, abundance, and survival of the frog Physalaemus nattereri in a natural metapopulation system of south-central Brazil. We also test whether body size is a significant predictor of population abundance. We found that the abundance of P. nattereri varies according to the mean snout-vent length of each metapopulation (sampling unit), as well as a higher estimated mortality rate in woodlands compared to typical Cerrado. Furthermore, we found no difference in estimated mortality among sampling units located far or close to ephemeral water bodies. Thus, our results highlight variable responses of P. nattereri metapopulations to environmental factors, despite the observed high heterogeneity among sampled habitats and the importance of ephemeral water bodies for reproduction. These findings highlight that land cover and availability of breeding sites might not always interact to explain population persistence of Cerrado frogs.