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Nitrogen addition amplifies the nonlinear drought response of grassland productivity to extended growing-season droughts

Understanding the response of grassland production and carbon exchange to intra-annual variation in precipitation and nitrogen addition is critical for sustainable grassland management and ecosystem restoration. We introduced growing-season drought treatments of different lengths (15, 30, 45 and 60 day drought) by delaying growing-season precipitation in a long-term nitrogen addition experiment in a low diversity meadow steppe in northeast China. Response variables included aboveground biomass (AGB), ecosystem net carbon exchange (NEE), and leaf net carbon assimilation rate (A). In unfertilized plots drought decreased AGB by 13.7% after a 45 day drought and 31.7% after a 60 day drought (47.6% in fertilized plots). Progressive increases in the drought response of NEE were also observed. The effects of N addition on the drought response of productivity increased as drought duration increased, and these responses were a function of changes in AGB and biomass allocation, particularly root to shoot ratio. However, no significant effects of drought occurred in fertilized or unfertilized plots in the growing season a year after the experiment, N addition did limit the recovery of AGB from severe drought during the remainder of the current growing season. Our results imply that chronic N enrichment could exacerbate the effects of growing-season drought on grassland productivity caused by altered precipitation seasonality under climate change, but that these effects do not carry over to the next growing season.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Response of flow and saltating particle characteristics to bed roughness and particle spatial density

The data were used in the paper "Response of flow and saltating particle characteristics to bed roughness and particle spatial density" which was submitted to "Water Resources Research". In this paper, The numerical model combining LES method and point-particle method is applied for tracking particle trajectories. The effects of bed roughness and particle spatial density on the bedload transport are investigated by numerical simulations. The distributions of key parameters for saltation, including their changes, are assessed using the PDF curves.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

A model-based approach to characterize enzyme-mediated response to antibiotic treatments: towards a model-guided classification

This dataset, taken together with the scripts at <a href="https://gitlab.inria.fr/Public/InBio/esbl-escape">https://gitlab.inria.fr/Public/InBio/esbl-escape</a>, allows one to reproduce the analyses and figures of the article "A model-based approach to characterize enzyme-mediated response to antibiotic treatments: towards a model-guided classification".

Resources do not limit compensatory response of a tallgrass prairie plant community to the loss of a dominant species

The effect of species loss on ecosystem productivity is determined by both the functional contribution of the species lost, and the response of the remaining species in the community. According to the mass-ratio hypothesis, the loss of a dominant plant species, which has a larger proportionate contribution to productivity, is expected to exert an overwhelming effect on this important ecosystem function. However, via competitive release, loss of a dominant species can provide the opportunity for other plant species to establish, thrive and become abundant in the community, potentially compensating for the function lost. Furthermore, if resource limitation is removed, then compensatory response of function to the loss of a dominant species should be greater and more rapid than if resources are more limiting. To evaluate how resources may limit compensation of aboveground productivity to the loss of a dominant plant species, we experimentally removed the C4 perennial tallgrass, Andropogon gerardii, from intact plant communities. We added water for four years, as well as nitrogen in the fourth year, to test the effect of resource limitation on the compensatory response. Overall, aboveground biomass production increased in the remaining community with both water and nitrogen addition. However, this increase in biomass production was not sufficient to fully compensate for the loss of A. gerardii, indicating water and nitrogen were not limiting short-term compensation in this community. Following the removal of the dominant species, there was a reordering of species abundances in the community, rather than changes in species richness. The C4 grass Bouteloua curtipendula was the most responsive species, increasing by 57.9% in abundance with water addition and 91.0% with both water and nitrogen addition. Despite this dramatic increase in abundance, its short stature and lower per capita biomass production prevented this species from compensating for the loss of A. gerardii. Our results suggest that short-term compensation after the loss of a dominant plant species can be hastened by increased resource availability, but ultimately full compensation appears to be limited by the presence and abundance of species in the remaining community that possess traits that allow them compensate for the species lost.

Microgeographic divergence of functional responses among salamanders under antagonistic selection from apex predators

A predator's functional response determines predator–prey interactions by describing the relationship between the number of prey available and the number eaten. Its shape and parameters fundamentally govern the dynamic equilibrium of predator–prey interactions and their joint abundances. Yet, estimates of these key parameters generally assume stasis in space and time and ignore the potential for local adaptation to alter feeding responses and the stability of trophic dynamics. Here, we evaluate if functional responses diverge among populations of spotted salamander ( Ambystoma maculatum ) larvae that face antagonistic selection on feeding strategies based on their own risk of predation. Common garden experiments revealed that spotted salamander from ponds with varying predation risks differed in their functional responses, suggesting an evolutionary response. Applying mechanistic equations, we discovered that the combined changes in attack rates, handling times and shape of the functional response enhanced feeding rate in environments with high densities of gape-limited predators. We suggest how these parameter changes could alter community equilibria and other emergent properties of food webs. Community ecologists might often need to consider how local evolution at fine scales alters key relationships in ways that alter local diversity patterns, food web dynamics, resource gradients and community responses to disturbance.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Survey response of the H2020 Water-ForCE expert meeting on In situ calibration and validation of satellite products of water quality and hydrology

These slides provide an overview of the expert survey held in advance of the H2020 Water-ForCE workshop: In situ calibration and validation of satellite products of water quality and hydrology which was held as three virtual meeting sessions on 17, 18 and 20th May 2021: <ol> <li>Data availability, Accessibility and quality gaps</li> <li>Emerging technologies to address current gaps</li> <li>Data harmonization and sharing</li> </ol> Source data have been removed from the graphs included in these slides but may be requested from the authors. The workshop and outcomes are part of the H2020 funded project Water-ForCE: Water Scenarios For Copernicus Exploitation. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101004186

Supplemental information for: Annual tropical-rainforest productivity through two decades: Complex responses to climatic factors, CO2 and storm damage

The supplemental files in this deposition contribute additional information useful for understanding the analyses in the associated manuscript. Two files contain the annual (CARBONO Project measurement-year) data for productivity and for environmental conditions that were analyzed in the paper. The annual productivity metrics were derived from the CARBONO Project litterfall and tree-growth data that were provided and documented in prior Dryad data depositions. A third file in this deposition provides the daily data underlying the analyzed meteorological factors. The fourth file lists the standardized set of 66 test models that were used to test each of the five productivity metrics for environmental responses. The fifth file is an auxiliary table documenting tree mortality by year. The included README file documents the information in these files.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Pandemic, epidemic, endemic: B cell repertoire analysis reveals unique anti-viral responses to SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Respiratory Syncytial Virus

VDJ gene usage, and associated amino acid sequences and properties, from healthy controls as well as patients with COVID-19, RSV or Ebola and Yellow fever vaccine recipients.

Data from: The music of silence. Part I: Responses to musical imagery encode melodic expectations and acoustics

Musical imagery is the voluntary internal hearing of music in the mind without the need for physical action or external stimulation. Numerous studies have already revealed brain areas activated during imagery. However, it remains unclear to what extent imagined music responses preserve the detailed temporal dynamics of the acoustic stimulus envelope and, crucially, whether melodic expectations play any role in modulating responses to imagined music, as they prominently do during listening. These modulations are important as they reflect aspects of the human musical experience, such as its acquisition, engagement, and enjoyment. This study explored the nature of these modulations in imagined music based on EEG recordings from 21 professional musicians (6 females and 15 males). Regression analyses were conducted to demonstrate that imagined neural signals can be predicted accurately, similarly to the listening task, and were sufficiently robust to allow for accurate identification of the imagined musical piece from the EEG. In doing so, our results indicate that imagery and listening tasks elicited an overlapping but distinctive topography of neural responses to sound acoustics, which is in line with previous fMRI literature. Melodic expectation, however, evoked very similar frontal spatial activation in both conditions, suggesting that they are supported by the same underlying mechanisms. Finally, neural responses induced by imagery exhibited a specific transformation from the listening condition, which primarily included a relative delay and a polarity inversion of the response. This transformation demonstrates the top-down predictive nature of the expectation mechanisms arising during both listening and imagery.

Single versus repeated human trampling events: Responses of ground vegetation in sub-urban beech forests

Forests provide important ecosystem services and are often the only natural areas that are freely accessible to the public for outdoor recreation. Large numbers of forest visitors can cause severe damage to forest ecosystems, which in turn can affect the ecosystem functioning. We aimed to assess whether experimental short-term and long-term trampling affect the ground vegetation in deciduous forests and its recovery to a different extent. We used a standard experimental trampling procedure to simulate single and repeated human trampling events of different intensity. Experimental trampling of different intensity was conducted on a single day (single trampling) or on five days at intervals of four weeks (repeated trampling) in three suburban beech forests on different soil types. We recorded the cover, height, species density and species composition of the ground vegetation in the trampling lanes. We also assessed the recovery of the ground vegetation one and two years after trampling. Trampling intensity and the type of trampling (single vs. repeated) affected the ground vegetation in the three forests. Vegetation cover, plant height and species density all decreased with increasing trampling intensity, but to a different extent in the three forests. Most vegetation characteristics were more severely affected by repeated trampling than single trampling of equal intensity. A longer trampling period strengthened the effects of trampling on ground vegetation, except in one forest. Two years after experimental trampling, most vegetation characteristics still differed from those of undisturbed ground vegetation

Responses of soil temperature, moisture, and respiration to five-year warming and nitrogen addition in a semi-arid grassland

How climate warming interacts with atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition to affect carbon (C) release from soils remains largely elusive, posing a major challenge in projecting climate change‒terrestrial C feedback. As part of a five-year (2006–2010) field manipulative experiment, this study was designed to examine the effects of 24-hour continuous warming and N addition on soil respiration and explore the underlying mechanisms in a semi-arid grassland on the Mongolian Plateau, China. Across the five years and all plots, soil respiration was not changed under the continuous warming, but was decreased by 3.7% under the N addition. The suppression of soil respiration by N addition in the third year and later could be mainly due to the reductions in the forb-to-grass biomass ratios. Moreover, there were interactive effects between continuous warming and N addition on soil respiration. Continuous warming increased soil respiration by 5.8% in the ambient N plots, but reduced it by 6.3% in the enriched N plots. Soil respiration was unaffected by N addition in the ambient temperature plots yet decreased by 9.4% in the elevated temperature plots. Changes of soil moisture and the proportion of legume biomass in the community might be primarily responsible for the non-additive effects of continuous warming and N addition on soil respiration. This study provides empirical evidence for the positive climate warming‒soil C feedback in the ambient N condition. However, N deposition reverses the positive warming‒soil C feedback into a negative feedback, leading to decreased C loss from soils under a warming climate. Incorporating our findings into C-cycling models could reduce the uncertainties of model projections for land C sink and global C cycling under multifactorial global change scenarios.

Cytokine storms and pyroptosis are primarily responsible for the rapid death of mice infected with pseudorabies virus

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) , the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease (AD), is one of the most harmful pathogens to the pig industry. PRV can infect and kill a variety of mammals. Nevertheless, the underlying pathogenesis related to PRV is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the pathogenesis induced by PRV in a mouse model. The mice infected with the PRV-HLJ strain were developed severe clinical manifestations at 36 hour post-infection (hpi), and mortality occurred within 48-72 hpi. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and qRT-PCR methods were used to detect the pathological damage and expression of cytokines related to immune reaction in brain tissue, respectively. The cytokine storms caused by IFN-α, IFN-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18 were related to the histopathological changes induced by PRV. This pattern of cytokine secretion depicts an image of typical cytokine storms, characterized by dysregulated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and imbalanced pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. In addition, the pyroptosis pathway was also activated by PRV by elevating the expression levels of nod-like receptor protein 3, caspase-1, gasdermin-D and interleukin-1β/18. These findings provide a way for further understanding the molecular basis in PRV pathogenesis.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

CESM data: Response of the low-level jet to precession and itsimplications for proxies of the Indian monsoon

This repository contains the simulation output of precession minimum and maximum experiments carried out using the CESM 1.2.0. The experimental setup is the same as that of Bosmans et al. (2014). Each simulation is run of 100 years, and the Jun-Jul-Aug mean of the last 50 years of the simulation is provided here. The climatological monthly mean of total precipitation from the pre-industrial control simulation is also deposited here.    Contact: Chetankumar Jalihal email: jalihal@iisc.ac.in   Acknowledgments: These simulations were carried out as a part of Chetankumar Jalihal's Ph.D. thesis, funded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, and the Centre for Excellence in the Divecha Centre for Climate Change (DCCC), supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. We also acknowledge the Supercomputer Education and Research Centre (SERC), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, for making available the computation facilities to carry out the simulations.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

Distinct Roles of Land Cover in Regulating Spatial Variabilities of Temperature Responses to Radiative Effects of Aerosols and Clouds

Dataset of drawing figures in work 'Distinct Roles of Land Cover in Regulating Spatial Variabilities of Temperature Responses to Radiative Effects of Aerosols and Clouds'. Dataset File List  1. Present_Day_Variables.nc : global spatial distributions of radiative forcing, climate sensitivity and temperature response  2. Regional_Variables.xlsx : regional data of radiative forcing, climate sensitivity and temperature response 3. Aerosol_Burdens.nc : monthly aerosol burdens (atmospheric column concentration) of ten simulation cases  4. Aerosol_Burdens_README.txt : dimensional descriptions of  Aerosol_Burdens.nc 5. Monthly_Radiation.nc : monthly radiation variables of PD simulation for testing model performance 6. Monthly_Radiation_README.txt : dimensional descriptions of  Monthly_Radiation.nc

Figure 15 in Avifaunal Responses to Warm Climate: The Message from Last Interglacial Faunas

Figure 15. Modern area of co-occurrence for the Cape Wanbrow marine avifauna (5 analyzable taxa).

Figure 12 in Avifaunal Responses to Warm Climate: The Message from Last Interglacial Faunas

Figure 12. Modern areas of co-occurrence for the Schönfeld avifauna (9 analyzable taxa).

Figure 8 in Avifaunal Responses to Warm Climate: The Message from Last Interglacial Faunas

Figure 8. Modern areas of co-occurrence for the American Falls avifauna (6 analyzable taxa).

Figure 7 in Avifaunal Responses to Warm Climate: The Message from Last Interglacial Faunas

Figure 7. Modern areas of maximum co-occurrence for the Arredondo IA avifauna (12 analyzable taxa).

Figure 4 in Avifaunal Responses to Warm Climate: The Message from Last Interglacial Faunas

Figure 4. Modern areas of co-occurrence for the Rock Spring avifauna (36 analyzable taxa).

Figure 3 in Avifaunal Responses to Warm Climate: The Message from Last Interglacial Faunas

Figure 3. Modern areas of maximum co-occurrence for the Haile XIB avifauna (64 analyzable taxa).