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9,937 results for “Endemicity”
Dataset on household survey on the prevalence of epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic communities in the Bono Region of Ghana
<p>Household survey on prevalence of epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic communities in the Bono Region of Ghana</p>
Fig. 1 in Revision of the South African endemic genus Edenophorus Smith (Diptera: Empididae)
Fig. 1. Habitus photograph of Edenophorus kynsna Smith, female (Storms River Village).
Dataset from: Exaptation and vulnerability to introduced mammal herbivores on Balearic endemic flora
<p><span><strong>Aim</strong>: </span><span>How introduced mammal herbivores affect insular flora is still under study. Also, disentangling which particular traits, that plants might develop from exaptations, are functional to avoid herbivory remains mainly unknown. This study aims to</span><span> assess if the flora of continental islands with historic native herbivores has exapted to the introduction of new mammal herbivores and to predict the potential vulnerability of endemic species from islands where mammal herbivores have not been introduced yet.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>: </span><span>Balearic Islands</span></p> <p><span><strong>Taxon</strong>: 96 Balearic endemic plant species</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:</span><span> We investigated whether the endemic flora on continental islands maintains functional traits that resist introduced mammal herbivores by analysing the chemical and morphological traits related to plant resistance of five individuals per species (n=480). Also, we measured plant-size variables to assess plant escape strategies. Overall, we combined these traits with the accessibility to goats. Predictive models were generated for species that inhabit islands where goats have not been introduced to assess their potential vulnerability.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:</span><span> Endemic species may defend against new herbivores (e.g., goats) if they contain highly toxic compounds (alkaloids, glycosides, coumarins), spinescent and urticating structures, or specific plant architecture (low plant size, high specific leaf area).</span> <span>If such traits are absent, the species may become extinct—unless they inhabit areas inaccessible to goats. On continental islands, some endemic species are expected to resist the introduction of herbivores, while others may be significantly affected. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>:</span><span> Part of the endemic flora may have previously adapted to ancient herbivores on the islands. Even though the ancient connection with the mainland, these</span><span> traits may allow the plants to resist the presence of introduced herbivores. However, non-exapted species could be threatened by the introduction of non-native ungulates.</span></p>
FIG. 3 in Synopsis of Humbertacalia (Compositae), a genus endemic to Madagascar and Réunion
FIG. 3. — Lectotype of Senecio neoalleizettei Humbert, Humbert 18479 (P00557630).
FIG. 1 in Synopsis of Humbertacalia (Compositae), a genus endemic to Madagascar and Réunion
FIG. 1. — Lectotype of Senecio exsertus var. abbreviatus Humbert, Decary 5226 (P00835897).
Phylogenomics resolves the Himalayan endemic Brachymeniopsis gymnostoma (Bryophyta, Funariaceae), rediscovered after almost a century, as a species of Entosthodon
<p>Traits of the spore-bearing generation have historically provided the basis for systematic concepts across the phylogenetic spectrum and depth of mosses. Whether taxa characterized by a simple sporophytic architecture are closely related or emerged from independent reduction is often ambiguous. Phylogenomic inferences in the Funariaceae, which hold the model taxon <em>Physcomitrium</em> <em>patens</em>, revealed that several such shifts in sporophyte complexity occurred, mostly within the Entosthodon-Physcomitrium complex. Here, we report the rediscovery, nearly 100 years after its description, of the Chinese endemic and monospecific genus <em>Brachymeniopsis</em>, which is characterized by, among other traits, its short sporophytes lacking the sporangial peristome teeth controlling spore dispersal. Phylogenomic inferences reveal that its sole species, <em>B. gymnostoma</em> arose within the clade of <em>Entosthodon</em> sensu stricto, a genus with typically long-exerted capsules. We therefore propose to transfer <em>B. gymnostoma</em> to the genus <em>Entosthodon</em>, as <em>E. gymnostomus</em>. Furthermore, <em>Clavitheca poeltii</em>, the sole species of the genus, is morphologically highly similar to <em>E. gymnostomus</em>, and should also be transferred to <em>Entosthodon</em>, but is retained as a distinct taxon, <em>E. poeltii</em>, until additional populations allow for testing the robustness of the observed divergence in costa and seta length between the Nepalese and Chinese populations.</p>
FIG. 1 in An evaluation of the endemic bryophyte flora of Guadeloupe
FIG. 1. — Isotypes of Frullania trigona L.Clark, Jovet-Ast & Frye (PC).
FIG. 2 in An evaluation of the endemic bryophyte flora of Guadeloupe
FIG. 2. — Lectotype of Riccardia innovans (Steph.) Pagán (G).
Fig. 2 in Madagascar's living giants: discovery of five new species of endemic giant pill-millipedes from Madagascar (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Arthrosphaeridae: Zoosphaerium)
Fig. 2. Distribution map of new Zoosphaerium species.
Figs 9, 10 in Pre-testical spermathecal pores and unusual setal arrangement in the South African endemic microchaetid earthworms of presumed Gondwanan origin (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae)
Figs 9, 10. Habitus of Geogenia benhami (9) and G. mkuzi (10). Scale bars = 1 cm.
Figs 1, 2 in Vendaphaea, a new dark sac spider genus apparently endemic to the Soutpansberg Mountains, South Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae)
Figs 1, 2. Dorsal habitus of Vendaphaea lajuma sp. n., male (1) and female (2). Scale bars = 2 mm.
Fig. 24 in Four new narrow-range endemic species of Gulella from Eastern Cape, South Africa (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Streptaxidae)
Fig. 24. Map of northern Eastern Cape showing distribution of new species.
Data for: Aspects of distribution, abundance, habitat, and life history of the Caddo Madtom (Noturus taylori), a narrow endemic of the Ouachita Highlands
<p>The Caddo Madtom, <em>Noturus</em> <em>taylori</em>, is a small catfish endemic to the Ouachita Mountain ecoregion in Arkansas, with habitat altered by land use practices and reservoir dams. We examined aspects of distribution, abundance, habitat, and life history of <em>N. taylori</em> during seasonal sampling from winter 2016 through fall 2017. Our sampling data were concordant with previous studies that suggested <em>N. taylori</em> is more widespread and has higher catch per unit effort in the Caddo River drainage when compared to the upper Ouachita River drainage. We did not detect <em>N. taylori</em> in the Little Missouri River drainage, where it is presumed extirpated. A total of 370 individuals ranging from 14–76 mm (mean = 45.1 mm) standard length (SL) were collected during seasonal samples. Length-frequency analyses estimated a maximum age of 3 years for <em>N. taylori</em>, and we identified three discernable age classes with the emergence of young-of-year (age 0 cohort) in summer: age 0 (up to ~40 mm SL); age 1 (~41–60 mm SL); and age 2+ (>60 mm SL). Sites where <em>N. taylori</em> was captured had an average depth of 20.6 cm, an average base velocity of 0.18 m/sec, and were dominated primarily by a mix of gravel, pebble, and cobble. Despite the relatively higher abundances of <em>N. taylori</em> in the Caddo River, we recommend that long-term, periodic monitoring of <em>N. taylori</em> would be an important conservation tool to assess potential future changes in distribution, habitat, occurrence, and abundance. Future studies that implement occupancy and habitat suitability modeling are needed to better understand suitable and preferred habitat of <em>N. taylori</em>.</p>
Data from: Integrating ecological niche and hydrological connectivity models to assess the impacts of hydropower plants on an endemic and imperiled freshwater turtle
<p>We built this dataset to assess the impacts of hydropower plants on the distribution of an endemic and imperiled freshwater turtle with very unique ecological requirements, the Williams' side-necked turtle (<em>Phrynops</em> <em>williamsi</em>). To prevent and mitigate impacts, we prioritized sites for species conservation by classifying planned HPP locations according to their predicted adverse effects on species distribution. The dataset has two files: i) species occurrence records and ii) hydropower plant data. The first dataset was fully built by the authors and the second was modified from the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) georeferenced data system.</p>
Going, going, gone: evidence for loss of an endemic species pair of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) with implications for protection under species-at-risk legislation
<p>Genomic extinction occurs when the unique combination of genetic traits that characterize distinct phenotypes is eliminated by introgressive hybridization even if population size is greater than zero. Benthic and limnetic threespine sticklebacks (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>) constitute reproductively isolated undescribed biological species that have evolved independently in several lakes in southwestern British Columbia, Canada (known as "species pairs" in each lake). Here we investigated whether the two species that comprise the pair from Enos Lake, southeastern Vancouver Island, remain as two distinct gene pools. Multi-season samples (>1200 fish) obtained over two years from throughout the lake and assayed for variation in morphological traits characteristic of the two species (i.e., body depth, dorsal spine count, gill raker counts) and at 12 microsatellite DNA loci consistently indicated the existence of only a single group of sticklebacks. There was no consistent evidence of two groups in any morphological trait, and mean gill raker counts were consistently intermediate (20–21) to those of known benthics (~18) and limnetics (~24) which together comprised strikingly bimodal distributions in historical samples. Genetic analyses employing model-based clustering also consistently indicated the presence of only a single genetic group of sticklebacks. Compared to historical samples and to benthics and limnetics from other lakes, no Enos Lake fish could be identified confidently as a pure benthic or limnetic. Our results provide the strongest evidence yet that the Enos Lake sticklebacks now consist of a single morphological and genetic population of sticklebacks, that the unique combination of genetic and morphological traits that characterized benthic and limnetic sticklebacks no longer exist, and that their current status under Canada's <em>Species-at Risk Act</em> as Endangered should be re-evaluated.</p>
Breeding biology and nesting behaviour of the endemic subspecies of White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus bermudianus) on the Bermuda archipelago
<p><span>See full abstract by searching the title of this article on the Journal of Field Ornithology webpage, ResearchGate, or Google Scholar. </span></p>
Data for: Genome editing of an African elite rice variety confers resistance against endemic and emerging Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strains
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Bacterial leaf blight (BB) of rice, caused by <em>Xanthomonas oryzae </em>pv<em>. oryzae</em> (<em>Xoo</em>), threatens global food security and the livelihood of small-scale rice producers.<em> </em>Analyses of <em>Xoo</em> collections from Asia, Africa and the Americas demonstrated complete continental segregation, despite robust global rice trade. Here, we report unprecedented BB outbreaks in Tanzania. The causative strains, unlike endemic African <em>Xoo</em>, carry Asian-type TAL effectors targeting the sucrose transporter <em>SWEET11a</em> and iTALes suppressing <em>Xa1</em>. Phylogenomics clustered these strains with <em>Xoo</em> from Southern-China. African rice varieties do not carry effective resistance. To protect African rice production against this emerging threat, we developed a hybrid CRISPR-Cas9/Cpf1 system to edit all known TALe-binding elements in three <em>SWEET</em> promoters of the East African elite variety Komboka. The edited lines show broad-spectrum resistance against Asian and African strains of <em>Xoo</em>, including strains recently discovered in Tanzania. The strategy could help to protect global rice crops from BB pandemics.</span></p>
Geographic patterns in range sizes and their drivers of endemic angiosperms in China
<p><span>Geographic range size of endemic species is the most important indicator of</span><span> species' vulnerability to extinction and conservation prioritization, yet </span><span>variation in </span><span>range size among species and across space has been relatively underst</span><span>udied</span><span>. We investigated the variations and geographic patterns of the range sizes of 9,898 angiosperm species endemic to China and compared them with effects of historical and contemporary climate, physiological tolerances of species and species functional traits associated with dispersal ability (including growth form, fruit type and sexual system) on range size variations</span><span>. Our </span><span>results revealed </span><span>that</span><span> narrow-ranged species are clustered</span> <span>in Southwest China where angiosperm species richness peaks. Winter temperature had the strongest and most negative effects on the range size variations of narrow-ranged species across space and species, while climate seasonality had the strongest and most positive effects on the range size variations of wide-ranged species across space and species. Climate also influenced species range size indirectly via its effects on species' functional traits associated with dispersal ability. Range size of all species, narrow-ranged, and wide-ranged species showed little phylogenetic signal, suggesting that phylogenetic conservatism plays a very weak role in range size variations. Our results show that the range size of angiosperm species endemic to China is driven by both extrinsic spatio-temporal environmental factors and intrinsic species' traits that allow species to cope with environment change.</span></p>
Limited hybridization and introgression despite stocking among endemic Interior Highlands black basses (Centrarchidae: Micropterus)
<p><strong>Aim</strong></p> <p>Smallmouth Bass (<em>Micropterus</em> <em>dolomieu</em>; SMB) are globally popular among anglers and have been widely introduced (i.e., stocked) for population management and sportfishing. Importantly, stocking was prevalent before cryptic diversity within the SMB complex was known, which now includes three newly elevated species: Neosho Bass (<em>M</em>. <em>velox</em>; NB), Little River Bass (<em>M</em>. sp. cf. <em>dolomieu</em> Little River; LRB), and Ouachita Bass (<em>M</em>. sp. cf. <em>dolomieu</em> Ouachita River; OB). We sought to quantify population structure and hybridization and introgression in these three recently described species.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong></p> <p>Species-level diversity, particularly in the basin-restricted LRB and OB in the Ouachita Mountains within the Central Interior Highlands (CIH), North America, suggests the presence of distinct genetic variation that could be eroded by introgression. </p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>We estimated interspecific introgression and intraspecific population differentiation in the Smallmouth Bass species complex (SMB-C) using 472 specimens comprising SMB, NB, LRB, and OB, including the naturally sympatric Spotted Bass (<em>M</em>. <em>punctulatus</em>; SPB). Genomic samples were genotyped on a SNP panel of 192 loci designed to detect allele-sharing on multiple hierarchical levels. </p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>We found low range-wide hybridization between species in the SMB-C and SPB (mostly SMB-C backcrosses), and interspecific heterozygosity varied, indicating differential introgression. Range-wide hybridization between species in the CIH and SMB was similar overall (but mostly F<sub>2</sub> and CIH backcrosses) and was observed in streams with known SMB stocking in connected reservoirs. Interspecific heterozygosity in SMB hybrids was also generally lower, indicating later-generation backcrosses. We found strong population structure in the Ouachita Mountains (LRB and OB). </p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions</strong></p> <p>Despite isolated incidences of natural (SPB) and human-mediated (SMB) introgression, genomic identity appears intact in endemic LRB and OB, suggesting potential ecological or behavioral isolating mechanisms preventing cross-species reproduction. Our findings reveal that genetic variation remains in cryptic, basin-restricted species in the Ouachita Mountains ecoregion that may be managed for long-term conservation.</p>
Fig. 6 in A taxonomic review of the endemic Mexican genus Ceratotrupes Jekel, 1865 (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Ceratotrupini), with the description of an unexpected new species from the Sierra Madre del Sur
Fig. 6. Geographic distribution of the genus Ceratotrupes Jekel, 1865.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.