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opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Attachment, titled: GBCI form exisiting Building X

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opennotspecifiedAug 2015View details →

FIGURE 1 in Rhodolith-forming species of the subfamilies Neogoniolithoideae and Hydrolithoideae (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) from Espírito Santo State, Brazil

FIGURE 1. Location of the sampling sites in Southern Espírito Santo (ES), Brazil.

opennotspecifiedAug 2015View details →

FIGURE 2 in Rhodolith-forming species of the subfamilies Neogoniolithoideae and Hydrolithoideae (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) from Espírito Santo State, Brazil

FIGURE 2. The warty growth-form of Neogoniolithon cf. brassica-florida (white arrow). Scale = 1 cm.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

THE GAME IS AN ACTIVE FORM OF PREPARING CHILDREN FOR EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES

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opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

videos for "On increasing the equilibrium scour funnel size formed upstream of an orifice by using a bottom-mounted cuboid pile"

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opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: The microbiota of diapause: how host-microbe associations are formed after dormancy in an aquatic crustacean

1. A critical question in symbiosis research is where and how organisms obtain beneficial microbial symbionts in different ecological contexts. Microbiota of juveniles are often derived directly from their mother or from the immediate environment. The origin of beneficial symbionts, however, is less obvious in organisms with diapause and dispersal stages, such as plants with dormant seeds and animals in ephemeral or strongly seasonal habitats. In these cases, parents and offspring are separated in time and space, which may affect opportunities for both vertical and horizontal transmission of symbionts. 2. The planktonic crustacean Daphnia produces long-lasting resting eggs to endure winter freezing and summer droughts and requires microbiota for growth and reproduction. It is unknown how hatchlings from resting stages form associations with microbial consorts after diapause. 3. Using natural samples of D. magna resting eggs after several years of storage, we show that the total bacterial community derived from both the exterior and interior of the eggs' ephippial cases is sufficiently beneficial to ensure normal Daphnia functioning in otherwise bacteria-free conditions. We do not find direct evidence that the required bacteria are of maternal origin, though sequencing reveals that the resting stage is accompanied by bacterial taxa previously found in association with adult animals. 4. These findings suggest that while Daphnia are strongly dependent on environmental bacteria for normal functioning, host-bacteria associations are somewhat general and availability of specific bacteria is not a strong constraint on host ecology. Nevertheless, animals and microbes may be ecologically linked through co-dispersal.

opencc-zeroJan 2020View details →

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films study, deposited by laser ablation on glass substrates in the form of prismatic figures type pyramidal

Thin films are something that is very close to the atomic dimensions in thickness, therefore if it is possible to further reduce the width of these, in a controlled way and monitor the behavior of some physical law associated with the variation in thickness, the results can be as expected or maybe adjustments must be applied. For this reason in this work, thin films of titanium dioxide (TiO2) are studied, deposited by laser ablation, on glass substrates in the form of prismatic figures. The main objective was to confine the plasma plume to produce a continuous trail with varying thicknesses that could be analyzed. Growth times of the films were 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes at room temperature in a low vacuum. The deposited films presented a color pattern related to the expected thickness variation, thus the theory of optical interference was applied to the continuous trace to calculate thicknesses. Characterization process was carried out by: X-ray diffraction to know the crystalline structure of the films, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy to verify the variation of thicknesses, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to know the composition and scanning electron microscopy, to measure the thicknesses of the films transversely.

opencc-zeroDec 2008View details →

Data from: Australian Lasioglossum + Homalictus Form a Monophyletic Group: Resolving the "Australian Enigma"

The bee genus Lasioglossum includes over 1000 species of bees distributed on all continents except Antarctica. Lasioglossum is a major component of the bee fauna in the Holarctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental regions, and is an important group for investigating the evolution of social behavior in bees. Given its cosmopolitan distribution, the historical biogeography of the genus is of considerable interest. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships among the subgenera and species within Lasioglossum s.s. using DNA sequence data from a slowly evolving nuclear gene, EF-1α. The entire data set includes over 1604 aligned nucleotide sites (including three exons plus two introns) for 89 species (17 outgroups plus 72 ingroups). Parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses provide strong evidence that the primarily Indoaustralian subgenera (Homalictus, Chilalictus, Parasphecodes) form a monophyletic group. Bootstrap support for the Australian clade ranged from 73% to 77% (depending on the method of analysis). Monophyly of the Australian Lasioglossum suggests that a single colonization event (via Southeast Asia and New Guinea) gave rise to a lineage of over 350 native Indoaustralian bees. We discuss the implications of Australian monophyly for resolving the "Australian enigma" -- similarity in social behavior among the Australian halictine bees relative to Holarctic groups.

opencc-zeroNov 2019View details →

Winter damage is more important than summer temperature for maintaining the krummholz growth form above alpine treeline

1. Understanding the processes that control alpine treelines, the elevational limits of tree growth forms, has been a central question in ecology and is growing in importance with concern over climate change. Cool summer air temperatures are currently thought to be the ultimate limiter of upright tree growth at alpine treelines globally. However, winter damage has long been recognized as a shaping force near alpine treelines. Low-growing krummholz growth forms provide an opportunity to test hypotheses about the controls of upright growth in environments above current treelines. 2. To distinguish between effects of growing season temperature, winter damage and their interaction on preventing upright growth in krummholz, we conducted a field experiment on krummholz growth forms of Pinus albicaulis over the summer and winter of 2015-2016 at 10 mountain top sites in the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, USA. We experimentally manipulated four factors using a fully crossed design: shoot position (natural low position in the krummholz mat vs. propped up above the krummholz mat), summer warming (warming chamber vs. ambient), winter exposure (shelter cage vs. exposed), and elevation position (local high vs. low krummholz limits). We also conducted an observational study of the climatic conditions associated with recent natural emergent stem establishment from krummholz. 3. Experimentally propped shoots that were exposed in winter experienced the highest mortality (10-50%), while propped shoots in shelter cages and shoots located within the krummholz mat, whether caged or not, had low mortality (0-10%). Summer warming had little influence on shoot mortality. Surviving mat shoots had marginally higher growth rates than surviving propped shoots during the early growing season after treatments were established. Natural emergent stem establishment was associated with warmer than average summer temperatures, but also warmer winter temperatures, lower winter wind speeds, and lower snowpack. 4. Synthesis. Our results suggest winter damage plays a more important role than does growing season temperature in maintaining the krummholz growth form. While warming may increase opportunities for emergent shoot establishment above krummholz mats, establishment of upright trees in the krummholz zone will also require climatic change that reduces wind and snow transport which cause winter damage.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Transcriptomic signatures of ageing vary in solitary and social forms of an orchid bee

Eusocial insect queens are remarkable in their ability to maximise both fecundity and longevity, thus escaping the typical trade-off between these two traits. Several mechanisms have been proposed to underlie the remoulding of the trade-off, such as reshaping of the juvenile hormone pathway, or caste-specific susceptibility to oxidative stress. However, it remains a challenge to disentangle the molecular mechanisms underlying the remoulding of the trade-off in eusocial insects from caste-specific physiological attributes that have subsequently arisen. The socially polymorphic orchid bee Euglossa viridissima represents an excellent model to address the role of sociality per se in longevity as it allows direct comparisons of solitary and social individuals within a common genetic background. We investigated gene expression and juvenile hormone levels in young and old bees from both solitary and social nests. We found 902 genes to be differentially expressed with age in solitary females, including those involved in oxidative stress, versus only 100 genes in social dominant females, and 13 genes in subordinate females. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis further highlights pathways related to ageing in this species, including the target of rapamycin pathway. Eleven genes involved in translation, apoptosis and DNA repair show concurrent age-related expression changes in solitary but not in social females, representing potential differences based on social status. Juvenile hormone titres did not vary with age or social status. Our results represent an important step in understanding the proximate mechanisms underlying the remodelling of the fecundity/longevity trade-off that accompanies the evolutionary transition from solitary life to eusociality.

Figure 20 in Differentiation of body form of Protoplophoroidea (Acari: Oribatida) in the light of ontogeny of three species

Figure 20. Haplochthonius simplex, tritonymph, dorsal aspect. Note: explanation of labels in text.

Figure 18 in Differentiation of body form of Protoplophoroidea (Acari: Oribatida) in the light of ontogeny of three species

Figure 18. Haplochthonius simplex, larva, dorsal aspect. Note: explanation of labels in text.

Figure 17 in Differentiation of body form of Protoplophoroidea (Acari: Oribatida) in the light of ontogeny of three species

Figure 17. Haplochthonius simplex, adult, anogenital region. Note: explanation of labels in text.

Figure 16 in Differentiation of body form of Protoplophoroidea (Acari: Oribatida) in the light of ontogeny of three species

Figure 16. Haplochthonius simplex, adult, dorsal aspect. Note: explanation of labels in text.

Figure 12 in Differentiation of body form of Protoplophoroidea (Acari: Oribatida) in the light of ontogeny of three species

Figure 12. Sphaerochthonius splendidus, larva, dorsal aspect. Note: explanation of labels in text.

Figure 1 in Differentiation of body form of Protoplophoroidea (Acari: Oribatida) in the light of ontogeny of three species

Figure 1. Cosmochthonius ponticus, adult, dorsal aspect. Note: explanation of labels in text.

Figure 10 in Differentiation of body form of Protoplophoroidea (Acari: Oribatida) in the light of ontogeny of three species

Figure 10. Sphaerochthonius splendidus, adult, dorsal aspect. Note: explanation of labels in text.

Figure 4 in Differentiation of body form of Protoplophoroidea (Acari: Oribatida) in the light of ontogeny of three species

Figure 4. Cosmochthonius ponticus, larva, dorsal aspect. Note: explanation of labels in text.

Figure 2 in Differentiation of body form of Protoplophoroidea (Acari: Oribatida) in the light of ontogeny of three species

Figure 2. Cosmochthonius ponticus, adult, anogenital region. Note: explanation of labels in text.