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Figure 5. Genus Nugininema Smales, 2016. Body sections. A–D. Nugininema titokis Smales, 2016. A, B within proximal body. A male. B female. C, D in Revision of the genera of Heligmonellidae (Nematoda, Heligmosomoidea), parasitic in Muridae from New Guinea

Figure 5. Genus Nugininema Smales, 2016. Body sections. A–D. Nugininema titokis Smales, 2016. A, B within proximal body. A male. B female. C, D, at midbody. C male, D female. Abbreviations: co, comarete. Source: A–D redrawn from [38].

Figure 4. Genus Pogonomystrongylus Smales, 2014. Body sections. A–D in Revision of the genera of Heligmonellidae (Nematoda, Heligmosomoidea), parasitic in Muridae from New Guinea

Figure 4. Genus Pogonomystrongylus Smales, 2014. Body sections. A–D' Pogonomystrongylus domaensis Smales, 2014. A–B' within proximal body. A, A' male, B, B' female. C–D' at midbody. C, C' male, D, D' female. Source: A–D redrawn from [36]. A'–D', modified figures: A'–C' reversed on their frontal axes with respect to the originals, then slightly rotated clockwise. D' rotated 45° clockwise.

Figure 9. Genus Flannerystrongylus Smales, 2019. Body sections. A–C Flannerystrongylus abulus Smales, 2019. A, A in Revision of the genera of Heligmonellidae (Nematoda, Heligmosomoidea), parasitic in Muridae from New Guinea

Figure 9. Genus Flannerystrongylus Smales, 2019. Body sections. A–C Flannerystrongylus abulus Smales, 2019. A, A' within proximal body, female. B, C at midbody. B male, C female. D–E' Flannerystrongylus chisholmae Smales, 2020. D–E' at midbody. D, D' male. E, E' female. Abbreviation: cu, cuticle. Sources: A–C redrawn from [42]; D, E redrawn from [43]. A', B', D', E': modified figures: A' rotation clockwise, re-numbering of ridges with respect to the original. B' rotation clockwise. D', E' addition of external cuticular lining. D' re-numbering of ridges.

Figure 8. Genus Missimstrongylus Smales, 2018. A-A in Revision of the genera of Heligmonellidae (Nematoda, Heligmosomoidea), parasitic in Muridae from New Guinea

Figure 8. Genus Missimstrongylus Smales, 2018. A-A" Missimstrongylus oweni Smales, 2018, section at midbody, male. Source: A redrawn from [41]. A', A" modified figures: A' rotated 90° clockwise with respect to the original, A" further reversion of A' on its frontal axis.

Figure 3b. I–K Montistrongylus karungi Smales, 2012. I, I in Revision of the genera of Heligmonellidae (Nematoda, Heligmosomoidea), parasitic in Muridae from New Guinea

Figure 3b. I–K Montistrongylus karungi Smales, 2012. I, I' within proximal body, male. J, K at midbody. J male, K female. L–O Montistrongylus kaindiensis Smales, 2015. L, M within proximal body. L male, M female. N–O at midbody. N, N' male, O female. Sources: I–K redrawn from [35]; L–O redrawn from [37]. I', N', modified figures. I' body displaced inside the cuticle to obtain a section congruent with Figure 3K. N' reversed on its sagittal axis then rotated 30° clockwise with respect to the original.

Figure 2 in Revision of the genera of Heligmonellidae (Nematoda, Heligmosomoidea), parasitic in Muridae from New Guinea

Figure 2. Genus Mawsonema Smales & Heinrich, 2010. Body sections. A–F' Mawsonema mokwanense Smales & Heinrich, 2010. A, A' within proximal body, male. B, C at midbody. B male, C female. D, E within distal body. D male, E female. F, F' within proximal body, female. A–E synlophe of type I. F, F' synlophe of type II. Source: A–F redrawn from [45]. A', F' modified figures: reversed on their frontal axes with respect to the originals. F' axis of orientation reinterpreted as subfrontal.

Figure 7. Genus Parvinema Smales, 2017. Midbody sections. A, B Parvinema bafunminense Smales, 2017. A male, B, B in Revision of the genera of Heligmonellidae (Nematoda, Heligmosomoidea), parasitic in Muridae from New Guinea

Figure 7. Genus Parvinema Smales, 2017. Midbody sections. A, B Parvinema bafunminense Smales, 2017. A male, B, B' female. C, C' Parvinema helgeni Smales, 2017, male. Source: A–C redrawn from [40]. B', C' modified figures with respect to the original: B' numbering of ridges added. C' reversed on its frontal axis, then rotated 30° clockwise.

Figure 1. Genus Melomystrongylus Smales, 2009. Body sections. A–D Melomystrongylus sepikensis Smales, 2009. A, B within proximal body. A male, B in Revision of the genera of Heligmonellidae (Nematoda, Heligmosomoidea), parasitic in Muridae from New Guinea

Figure 1. Genus Melomystrongylus Smales, 2009. Body sections. A–D Melomystrongylus sepikensis Smales, 2009. A, B within proximal body. A male, B female; C, D at midbody. C male, D, female. E–H Melomystrongylus somoroensis Smales & Heinrich, 2010. E, F within proximal body. E male, F female. G, G' at midbody, male. H female "at posterior end of midbody" (sic). Sources: A–D redrawn from [30]. E–H redrawn from [45]. G' modified figure, reversed on its frontal axis with respect to the original.

Fig. 18 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 18. Caribesella gen. nov., diagnostic characters of the head not previously illustrated. Micrograph showing part of the head chaetotaxy: the clypeal tuft of one side (white arrow) and the labrum with no tufts (blue arrow); the frontal tuft of the same side is visible (yellow arrow). Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 19 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 19. Caribesella gen. nov., diagnostic characters not previously illustrated, SEM photographs. A. Orbicular scales of dorsal side of the abdomen. B. An indented scale of the dorsal side of the thorax. C. Coxal scales. D. Scales on the apex of the femur. E. Scales and setae on the basal part of the tibia. F. Scales on stylus IX. G. Open anterior trichobothrial area of the pronotum. Scale bars: A = 70 μm; B, G = 50 μm; C = 60 μm; D–E = 90 μm; F = 80 μm.

Fig. 16 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 16. Types of macrochaetae in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802. A. Micrograph of smooth bifid macrochaetae on the mandible of Allacrotelsa kraepelini (Escherich, 1905). B. Comb of smooth and apically bifid macrochaetae of Anisolepisma aquilonaridum Smith, 2016, SEM photograph. C. Micrograph of feathered macrochaetae on the mandible of Ctenolepisma iranicum Molero, Kahrarian & Gaju, 2016. D. Feathered macrochaetae on the frontal area of the head of Hemitelsella transpectinata (Smith, 2015). E. Design of the smooth macrochetae with a round tip on the mandible of Mormisma peyerimhoffi (Silvestri, 1938), adapted from Silvestri (1938). F. Feathered/plumose macrochaeta of the cerci of Swalepisma mirabile Irish, 1988, SEM photograph. Scale bars: A, C–E = 0.1 mm; B, F = 20 μm.

Fig. 17 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 17. Some examples of variability in the body shape and scale pattern of Lepismatidae. A. Sceletolepisma guadianicum (Mendes, 1992), with body shape subcylindrical and greyish-brown uniform dorsal scales. B. Ctenolepisma nicoletii (Lucas, 1846), with the thorax slightly wider than the abdomen and dorsal scales forming longitudinal stripes. C. Neoasterolepisma curtiseta Mendes, 1988, with a wide thorax, detaching from abdomen base, and yellowish scales. D. Lepismina sp., with short body, wide thorax but not markedly detaching from abdomen base, and hypognathous head, not visible dorsally. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Fig. 15 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 15. Scales on appendages of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, variability in shape and distribution pattern. A–B. Fan-shaped scales on antennae of Stylifera gigantea (Escherich, 1905), with light microscope (A) and with SEM (B). C. Tibial scales of Acrotelsella sp. from Australia, similar to those of the femur. D. Tibial scales of Stylifera gigantea from Venezuela. E–F. Scales on cerci of Ctenolepisma lineatum (Fabricius, 1775) (E) and Stylifera gigantea (F). Scale bars: A, E–F = 0.1 mm; B, D = 0.2 mm; C = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 14 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 14. Body scales of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, variability. A. Dorsal scales of Ctenolepisma rothschildi Silvestri, 1907, showing heterogeneity of sizes and spacing of ribs. B. Dorsal scales of Heterolepisma sclerophyllum Smith, 2014, showing more homogeneous scales with dense ribs. Scale bars indicated in the photographs: A = 10 μm; B = 100 μm.

Fig. 13 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 13. Ovipositor types in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802. A. Primary ovipositor of Ctenolepisma rothschildi Silvestri, 1907, SEM photograph. B–C. Secondary ovipositor of Caribesella impudica (Escherich, 1905) comb. nov., SEM photograph (B) and micrograph (C). Scale bars: A = 10 μm; B = 90 μm; C = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 12 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 12. Paramera of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802. A. Tubuliform paramere of Acrotelsa collaris (Fabricius, 1793). B. Big swollen paramere of Lepisma saccharinum Linnaeus, 1758, larger than the inner process of coxite IX and with glandular area. C. Medium-sized to small paramere of Neoasterolepisma hespericum Molero-Baltanás, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart, 1997, with a small glandular area. D. Pseudoarticulated paramere with glandular area of Allacrotelsa kraepelini (Escherich, 1905). E. Pseudoarticulated paramere of Visma brigalowsum Smith, Mitchell & Molero-Baltanás 2021. F. A detail of a similar pseudoarticulated paramere, of Visma bingara Smith, Mitchell & Molero-Baltanás 2021. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 11 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 11. Shape and chaetotaxy of the urotergite X (last abdominal tergite) of Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, variability. A. Caribesella impudica (Escherich, 1905) comb. nov., adapted from Wygodzinsky (1959a). B. Qantelsella louisae Smith, 2015, from Smith (2015). C. Stylifera gigantea (Escherich, 1905), from Irish (1988c). D. Acrotelsella parlevar Smith 2016, from Smith (2016b). E. Hemitelsella clarksonorum Smith, 2016, from Smith (2016b). F. Hemitelsella hortorum Smith & Mitchell, 2021, from Smith & Mitchell (2021). G. Thermobia vallaris Irish, 1988, from Irish (1988b). H. Thermobia domestica (Packard, 1873), from Irish (1988b). I. Sceletolepisma sagartianum (Molero, Kahrarian & Gaju, 2016), from Kahrarian et al. (2016). J. Hyperlepisma patrizii Silvestri, 1932, from Silvestri (1932). K. Nebkhalepisma australe (Wygodzinsky, 1959), from Wygodzinsky (1959b). L. Hyperlepisma arabiense Irish, 1991, from Irish (1991). M. Ornatilepisma horni Irish, 1988, from Irish (1988a). N. Swalepisma mirabile Irish, 1988, from Irish & Mendes (1988). O. Sceletolepisma occidentale (Irish, 1987), from Irish (1987).

Fig. 10 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 10. Praetarsal claws in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, SEM photographs. A. Praetarsus of Ctenolepisma nicoletii (Lucas, 1846), showing lateral claws with smooth base and finely striated tegument. B. Pretarsal claw of Caribesella impudica (Escherich, 1905) comb. nov., with microtrichia, and the empodium with striated tegument. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B = 50 μm.

Fig. 9 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 9. Chaetotaxy of coxae in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, micrographs of the external margin of the coxa. A. Caribesella impudica (Escherich, 1905) comb. nov., showing discrete combs of few macrochaetae. B. Neoasterolepisma curtiseta Mendes, 1988, showing isolated macrochaetae inside a row of setulae. C. Ctenolepisma nicoletii (Lucas, 1846), with an irregular row of macrochaetae not clearly arranged in combs. Scale bars: A, C = 0.1 mm; B = 50 μm.

Fig. 8 in New insights in the taxonomy of Lepismatidae (Insecta, Zygentoma) with an updated key to genera and future challenges

Fig. 8. Thoracic sternites in Lepismatidae Latreille, 1802. A. Mesosternal plate of Anisolepisma sp., adapted from Smith (2016a). B–D. Thoracic sternites (prosternum, mesosternum and metasternum, respectively) of a species of Ctenolepismatinae Mendes, 1991, Sceletolepisma rodriguezi (Mendes, Molero-Baltanás, Bach de Roca & Gaju-Ricart, 1993) that cover the base of coxae. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.