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Data files for Sheehan et al. 2023 'City Scale Traffic Monitoring Using WorldView Satellite Imagery and Deep Learning: A Case Study of Barcelona' DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15245709

Data files for Sheehan et al. (2023) City Scale Traffic Monitoring Using WorldView Satellite Imagery and Deep Learning: A Case Study of Barcelona. Remote Sensing. 15(24) DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15245709">https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15245709</a> Description of contents:  xView-YOLOv3_Model6_Barcelona_weights.pt This file contains the pre-trained weights for the xView-YOLOv3 model (model code available here: https://github.com/ultralytics/xview-yolov3). These weights were trained on a manually created training data set of vehicles present in WorldView 2/3 imagery covering the city of Barcelona. The weights relate to Model 6 set up: a single vehicle class (parked, static and moving), RGB imagery, Barcelona training data set derived anchor boxes, 1500 x 1500 pixel sized images and to 1000 epochs.

The Age and Evolution of Lunar Micro Cold Traps at the Scale of Surface Exploration Figures 1 and 2

Figures from the paper The Age and Evolution of Lunar Micro Cold Traps at the Scale of  Surface Exploration.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Tree diversity across multiple scales and environmental heterogeneity promote ecosystem multifunctionality in a large temperate forest region

Aim: Biodiversity across different scales provides multidimensional insurance for ecosystem functioning. Although the positive effects of local scale (α-diversity) biodiversity on ecosystem multifunctionality are widely accepted, species turnover across communities (β-diversity) which is often an important driver of ecosystem functioning did not receive the same attention. This study broadens the understanding of how multiple attributes of biodiversity maintain ecosystem multifunctionality from local to regional scales, across diverse environmental gradients. Location: North-eastern China. Time period: 2017. Major taxa studied: Woody plants. Methods: We estimate ecosystem multifunctionality using both averaging and modified multiple thresholds (50%, 70% and 90%) approaches. Multiple dimensions of biodiversity across varying spatial scales were measured within the framework of Hill‒Chao numbers. Linear and nonlinear models were used to evaluate the optimal patterns of multifunctionality and biodiversity along the latitude. Using variance decomposition, structural equation modeling and linear mixed models, we explored how multiple attributes of tree diversity at varying spatial scales affect multifunctionality, and how these relationships are modulated by environmental drivers. Results: Our results show that multifunctionality decreased with increasing latitude, mirroring the pattern of tree diversity along latitudinal gradients. Phylogenetic β-diversity and species α-diversity emerged as crucial diversity indices for sustaining multifunctionality in these temperate forests. Soil and climatic conditions had either direct effects on multifunctionality, or indirect ones mediated by tree diversity. Environmental heterogeneity played a pivotal role in maintaining high levels of multifunctionality, exerting influence both directly and indirectly via phylogenetic β-diversity. Main conclusions: This study underscores the positive effects of biodiversity on multifunctionality across multiple dimensions. Based on our findings, we conclude that any design of a forested landscape that is aimed at maximizing multifunctionality should consider maintaining high local diversity as well as forest community heterogeneity at varying scales.

Data from: Temporal dynamics in psychological assessments: a novel dataset with scales and response times

This dataset is collected from February 27 to March 17, 2021, it includes responses from 24,292 students to four recognized psychological scales: PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI, and PSS. A unique aspect of this dataset is the inclusion of response time data, which reflects the duration students took to answer each question. This temporal information offers a new dimension in understanding respondent behavior and enhances the reliability of these scales.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Data from: Redefining the Huayquerian Stage (Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene) of the South American chronostratigraphic scale based on biostratigraphical analyses and geochronological dating

The Huayquerian Stage of the South American chronostratigraphic scheme (named for the Huayquerías del Este, Argentina) was originally based on a poorly known mammal association of six taxa from the Huayquerías Formation. We studied the geology, age and fauna of the Neogene sequence in this area, including the Huayquerías, Tunuyán and Bajada Grande formations. The sequence comprises a monotonous succession of synorogenic epiclastic sediments deposited under arid to semi-arid conditions. Zircon U–Pb dates from 10 tuffaceous levels (7.2–1.6 Ma) place deposition of the Huayquerías Formation during the late Tortonian or Messinian to early Zanclean, the Tunuyán Formation during the Zanclean–Piacenzian, and the Bajada Grande Formation during the Piacenzian–Calabrian. We present 43 and 31 new mammal taxon records for the Huayquerías and Tunuyán formations, respectively. Progressive faunal change was observed along the sequence. The first records of the Chaco tortoise Chelonoidis chilensis and the notoungulate Xotodon major, and the latest records of Interatheriidae and Typotheriopsis (notoungulates), Metacaremys calfucalel, Phtoramys hidalguense and Lagostomus pretrichodactyla (rodents), Chasicotatus ameghinoi and Macroeuphractus morenoi (xenarthrans) are reported. The faunal associations of the Huayquerías and lower Tunuyán formations are highly similar to each other, and to other coeval localities in Argentina. The Macroeuphractus morenoi Assemblage Biozone is proposed as the basis for redefining the Huayquerian Stage, due to the co-occurrence of three taxa with wide geographical distribution in southern South America: Macroeuphractus morenoi, Pseudotypotherium subinsigne and Lagostomus pretrichodactyla. The age of this biozone is constrained at c. 8–5 Ma in its type area.

Lohora Plate Scales

Outlines of Lohora plate scales of different species, from SEM images. Each outline contains 30 points and has been standardized.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Data from: Microbial composition play the leading role in volatile fatty acid production in the fermentation of different scale of corn stover with rumen fluid

Rumen fluid is a natural and green biocatalyst that can efficiently degrade biomass into volatile fatty acid (VFA) used to produce value-added materials. But the essence of high degradation efficiency in the rumen has not been fully analyzed. This study investigated the contribution of substrate structure and microbial composition to volatile fatty acid production in the fermentation of corn stover. The ball milled corn stover were innovatively applied to ferment with the rumen fluid collected at different digestion times. Exogeneous cellulase was also added to the ruminal fermentation to further reveal the inner mechanism. With prolonged digestion time, the microbial community relative abundance levels of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes increased from 29.98% to 72.74% and decreased from 51.76% to 22.11%, respectively. The highest VFA production of the corn stover was achieved via treatment with the rumen fluid collected at 24 h which was up to 9508 mg/L. The ball milled corn stover achieved high VFA production because of the more accessible substrate structure. The application of exogenous cellulase has no significant influence to the ruminal fermentation. The microbial community abundance contributed more to the VFA production compared with the substrate structures.

opencc-byAug 2022View details →

Beirut Silo Scale 1 / 100

**Beirut silo scale 1/100** I am sharing with you my latest .USDZ in memory of Beirut's blast. 08_04_2020 For those who have lost loved ones, those who are still fighting, and those who have survived. Never forgive never forget. Charles Nakhle Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

92 Block--63k or 50k scale South Asia Maps

6 maps of the Survey of India covering block 92.

46 Block--63k or 50k scale Maps of South Asia--additional 1--20240105

56 new map files to add to the set of 63k/50k Maps of South Asia, Block 46.  An updated Index Map for Block 46 is included in this set of maps.

84 Block--63k or 50k scale South Asia Maps

19 maps of the Survey of India covering block 84.

Data from: ASTRAL: genome-scale coalescent-based species tree estimation

Species trees provide insight into basic biology, including the mechanisms of evolution and how it modifies biomolecular function and structure, biodiversity and co-evolution between genes and species. Yet, gene trees often differ from species trees, creating challenges to species tree estimation. One of the most frequent causes for conflicting topologies between gene trees and species trees is incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), which is modelled by the multi-species coalescent. While many methods have been developed to estimate species trees from multiple genes, some which have statistical guarantees under the multi-species coalescent model, existing methods are too computationally intensive for use with genome-scale analyses or have been shown to have poor accuracy under some realistic conditions. Results: We present ASTRAL, a fast method for estimating species trees from multiple genes. ASTRAL is statistically consistent, can run on datasets with thousands of genes and has outstanding accuracy—improving on MP-EST and the population tree from BUCKy, two statistically consistent leading coalescent-based methods. ASTRAL is often more accurate than concatenation using maximum likelihood, except when ILS levels are low or there are too few gene trees.

Regional and fine-scale local adaptation in salinity tolerance in Daphnia inhabiting contrasting clusters of inland saline waters

Freshwater salinisation is an important threat to biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and the provision of ecosystem services. Therefore, understanding the capacity of species to adapt to salinity gradients is crucial. Clusters of naturally saline habitats represent ideal test cases to study the extent and scale of local adaptation to salinisation. We studied local genetic adaptation of the water flea Daphnia magna, a key component of pond food webs, to salinity in two contrasting landscapes - a dense cluster of sodic bomb crater ponds and a larger-scale cluster of soda pans. We show regional differentiation in salinity tolerance reflecting the higher salinity levels of soda pans versus bomb crater ponds. We found local adaptation to differences in salinity levels at the scale of tens of metres among bomb crater pond populations but not among geographically more distant soda pan populations. The population-level salinity tolerance range was reduced in more saline bomb crater ponds through an upward shift of the minimum salt tolerance observed across clones and a consequent gradual loss of less tolerant clones in a nested pattern. Our results show genetic adaptation to salinity gradients at different spatial scales and fine-tuned local adaptation in neighbouring habitat patches in a natural landscape.

Cross-scale analysis reveals interacting predictors of annual and perennial cover in Northern Great Basin rangelands

Exotic annual grass invasion is a widespread threat to the integrity of sagebrush ecosystems in Western North America. Although many predictors of annual grass prevalence and native perennial vegetation have been identified, there remains substantial uncertainty about how regional-scale and local-scale predictors interact to determine vegetation heterogeneity, and how associations between vegetation and cattle grazing vary with environmental context. Here, we conducted a regionally extensive, one-season field survey across burned and unburned, grazed, public lands in Oregon and Idaho, with plots stratified by aspect and distance to water within pastures to capture variation in environmental context and grazing intensity. We analyzed regional and local-scale patterns of annual grass, perennial grass, and shrub cover, and examined to what extent plot-level variation was contingent on pasture-level predictions of site favorability. Annual grasses were widespread at burned and unburned sites alike, contrary to assumptions of annual grasses depending on fire, and more common at lower elevations and higher temperatures regionally, as well as on warmer slopes locally. Pasture-level grazing pressure interacted with temperature such that annual grass cover was associated positively with grazing pressure at higher temperatures but associated negatively with grazing pressure at lower temperatures. This suggests that pasture-level temperature and grazing relationships with annual grass abundance are complex and context-dependent, though the causality of this relationship deserves further examination. At the plot-level within pastures, annual grass cover did not vary with grazing metrics, but perennial cover did; perennial grasses, for example, had lower cover closer to water sources, but higher cover at higher dung counts within a pasture, suggesting contrasting interpretations of these two grazing proxies. Importantly for predictions of ecosystem response to temperature change, we found that pasture-level and plot-level favorability interacted: perennial grasses had higher plot-level cover on cooler slopes, and this difference across topography was starkest in pastures that were less favorable for perennial grasses regionally. Understanding the mechanisms behind cross-scale interactions and contingent responses of vegetation to grazing in these increasingly invaded ecosystems will be critical to land management in a changing world.

Data from: Chromosome-scale genome assembly of bread wheat's wild relative Triticum timopheevii

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important food crops with an urgent need for increase in its production to feed the growing world. Wheat's wild relative species provide a hugely untapped reservoir of genetic diversity for wheat improvement. Triticum timopheevii (2n = 4x = 28) is a tetraploid wheat wild relative species containing the At and G genomes that has been exploited in many wheat pre-breeding programmes over the last few decades. In this study, we report the generation of a chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of T. timopheevii accession PI 94760 based on PacBio HiFi reads and chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C). The total assembly size was 9.35 Gb with a contig N50 of 42.4 Mb. In total, 166,325 gene models were predicted. Comparative genome analysis confirmed previously known chromosomal translocations and indicated new chromosome rearrangements. Analysis of the genomic distribution of DNA methylation showed that the G genome had on average more methylated bases than the At genome. The G genome was also more closely related to the S genome of Aegilops speltoides than to the B genome of hexaploid or tetraploid wheat. In summary, the T. timopheevii genome assembly provides a valuable resource for genome-informed discovery and cloning of agronomically important genes for future food security.

Data for: Melt electrowriting enabled 3D liquid crystal elastomer structures for cross-scale actuators and temperature field sensors

Liquid crystal elastomers have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable capability to undergo reversible strains and shape transformations under various stimuli. Early studies on LCE primarily focused on limited shape changes of macrostructures or quasi-3D microstructures. However, fabricating complex cross-scale LCE-based 3D structures still remains challenging. Here, we report a compatible method, the Melt-Electrohydrodynamic (Melt-EHD) 3D printing, to create LCE-based microfiber actuators and various 3D actuators across micrometer to centimeter scales, showcasing their actuation to thermal airflow stimulus. By controlling printing parameters, microfiber actuators with different diameters (5 μm~70 μm), and tunable properties including actuation strain (10%~55%), actuation stress (0~0.6 MPa), and large work density (~160J/kg) have been demonstrated. Under dynamic thermal airflow stimulus at 15 Hz, the microfiber actuators lift weights over 3500 times heavier than themselves. These 3D structures were obtained by depositing LCE microfibers along pre-programmed paths, including various gradient-responsive elementary structural units, 1 mm-sized microgripper, and various large area 3D lattice structures. In addition, by integrating a Deep Learning model, we have demonstrated, for the first time, large area (≥ centimeter scale), real-time (24 Hz sampling frequency), high-precision (~95%) LCE grid based spatial temperature field sensors with a spatial resolution of only 4 mm.

Soil properties shape the heterogeneity of denitrification and N2O emissions across large-scale flooded paddy soils

The dataset's contents include the relative abundance of different denitrifier types at the genus level across eight different flooded paddy soils. This dataset categorizes denitrifier types in its first column labeled 'Type.' The second column, 'Genus,' associates each type with various species at the genus level. Subsequent columns present the relative abundance of these species in diverse sampling locations. Researchers can leverage this dataset to derive more patterns regarding the differences within specific dominant denitrifier species. No ethical considerations are pertinent to the utilization of this dataset.

Data from: multidimensional beta-diversity across local and regional scales in a Chinese subtropical forest: the role of forest structure

Beta-diversity, or the spatio-temporal variation in community composition, can be partitioned into turnover and nestedness components in a multidimensional framework. Forest structure, including comprehensive characteristics of vertical and horizontal complexity, strongly affects species composition and its spatial variation. However, the effects of forest structure on beta-diversity patterns in multidimensional and multiple-scale contexts are poorly understood. Here, we assessed beta-diversity at local (a 20-ha forest dynamics plot) and regional (a plot network composed of 19 1-ha plots) scales in a Chinese subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. We then evaluated the relative importance of forest structure, topography, and spatial structure on beta-diversity and its turnover and nestedness components in taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic dimensions at local and regional scales. We derived forest structural parameters from both unmanned aerial vehicle light detection and ranging (UAV LiDAR) data and plot inventory data. Turnover component dominated total beta-diversity for all dimensions at the two scales. With the exception of some components (taxonomic and functional turnover at the local scale; functional nestedness at the regional scale), environmental factors (i.e., topography and forest structure) contributed more than pure spatial variation. Explanations of forest structure for beta-diversity and its component patterns at the local scale were higher than those at the regional scale. The joint effects of spatial structure and forest structure influenced component patterns in all dimensions (except for functional turnover) to some extent at the local scale, while pure forest structure influenced taxonomic and phylogenetic nestedness patterns to some extent at the regional scale. Our results highlight the importance and scale dependence of forest structure in shaping multidimensional beta-diversity and its component patterns. Clearly, further studies need to link forest structure directly to ecological processes (e.g., asymmetric light competition and disturbance dynamics) and explore its roles in biodiversity maintenance.

Large-Scale Benchmarking of Metaphor-Based Optimization Heuristics -- Reproducibility Files

This repository contains the files needed to reproduce the data, analysis and visualizations from the paper 'Large-Scale Benchmarking of Metaphor-Based Optimization Heuristics'. <h3>Data collection</h3> For the data collection, we make use of the IOHexperimenter library to access the BBOB functions. In addion, we rely on the set of libraries discussed in the paper. For the full set of libraries used during the benchmarking experiment, please refer to reqs_benchmark.txt (in the Benchmarking folder). The scripts used throughout the data collection are located in the 'benchmarking' directory. We have 1 file for each set of algorithms (expect mealpy and NIAPY, which are combined in the 'bestiary' file). Running these scripts generates a large amount of IOHprofiler-compatible files, which are availalbe in the 'Raw.zip' (Note: some of the libraries have their raw data split between multiple folders, if you want to run the full analysis, please merge these folders into one before processing). When running these scripts, please make sure to set the relevant FOLDER-variables at the top of the script! <h3>Data processing</h3> The raw data can be processed both for anytime performance (AOCC) and fixed-budget performance using the respective 'processing_METHOD.py' scripts. This generates several large csv-files, which are available in 'processed_data.zip' <h3>Data analyis and visualization</h3> The full set of analysis and corresponding visualizations can be reproduced using the 'Vizualization.ipynb' notebook. This notebook can use the processed performance data from the previous step, or the next level of processing with resulted in the remaining csv-files in this repository (this step is explained in the notebook itself).

Data from: Large-scale bioacoustic monitoring to elucidate the distribution of a non-native katydid

For animals that produce species-specific audible sounds, environmental recordings combined with automated acoustic monitoring software (passive acoustic monitoring, PAM) may be an effective monitoring tool because it allows audio data from many, widely distributed autonomous recording units (ARUs) to be processed in a relatively short period of time. Males of many insect species produce loud, species-specific mating songs, yet acoustic insects have received less attention from PAM relative to vertebrates. We evaluated the use of PAM to monitor, Roeseliana roeselii (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae), an acoustic insect that has expanded its range to Alberta, Canada far outside its naturalized North American range. We analyzed environmental recordings from ARUs: 1) at two control sites known to be occupied by R. roeselii, and 2) across Alberta established by the Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI) to search for new populations. PAM successfully detected R. roeselii at the two control sites, but not at any of the 74 ABMI sites that we analyzed. Despite the failure to detect new locations of R. roeselii, our analysis of ABMI environmental recordings detected several other species of acoustic insects, including Orchelimum gladiator, Gryllus sp. and Allonemobius spp. Our results add to the growing body of work showing the feasibility of using PAM for acoustic insects. We make suggestions for how to maximize the effectiveness of this monitoring tool for the conservation and management of singing insects in North America.