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5,828 results for “Traits”
FIGURE 5. Call types A and B in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 5. Call types A and B of Physalaemus maculiventris. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). A single typical call A (A and B). A single call A with a variant envelope and modulations (C and D). A single call B (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s; vertical scale bars have 1 KHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (D); 61.4 (B); 78.9 (F).
FIGURE 20. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 20. Call A of Physalaemus atlanticus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant call with different envelope and general FM (C and E). Last pulses of the call (D and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 750 (F); 1024 (B and E).
FIGURE 27. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 27. Call A of Physalaemus atim. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). A variant call with a different envelope (C and D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. FFT (points): 1024 (B and D).
FIGURE 24 in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between "instantaneous" dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of "instantaneous" dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio "instantaneous" dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands.
FIGURE 30. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 30. Call A of Physalaemus kroyeri. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A–C). Variant calls A with different envelopes (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 78.9 (F); 55.2 (E); 110 (B).
FIGURE 12. Calls A, B in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 12. Calls A, B, and C of Physalaemus nanus. Oscillograms (A, C–E, I, K–L, O, and Q–R) and audiospectrograms (B, F–H, J, M–N, P, and S–T). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes, number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–H). Calls B (I–N). Calls C (O–T). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (A–H), 0.02 s (I–N), and 0.2 s (O–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 181.0 (B and H); 162.0 (F); 110.0 (G); 124.0 (J, M, and P); 106.0 (N); 84.6 (S); 92.1 (T).
FIGURE 31. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C). Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D).
FIGURE 6 in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 6. Multiplicity relationship between "instantaneous" dominant frequency and w of calls B and C of six Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call. Call B of P. maculiventris (A), call B of P. erythros (B), call B of P. ruspestris (C), call B of P. nanus (D), call C of P. nanus (E), and call B of P. spiniger (F). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of "instantaneous" dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio "instantaneous" dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency.
FIGURE 39. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)
FIGURE 39. Call A of Physalaemus maximus. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with different envelope and less frequency-modulated (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 30.7 (B); 38.4 (D).
Dietary traits and habitats of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during the Late Glacial of Northern Europe
<p>Raw microwear and mesowear data for the Late Glacial reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus</em>) from Verberie, Meiendorf and Stellmoor.</p>
Figure 3 in Breeding in the gray-headed tody-flycatcher (Aves: Tyrannidae) with comments on geographical variation in reproductive traits within the genus Todirostrum
Figure 3. Results of the generalised linear model between: (a) precipitation seasonality and clutch size; (b) temperature seasonality and clutch size; and (c) latitude and clutch size for six species of Todirostrum. (d) Correlation between latitude and length of the breeding season for three species of Todirostrum. Clutch sizes were averaged for each species and locality. Data on the length of breeding season are from: Hellebrekers (1942), Skutch (1951), Haverschmidt (1968), Thomas (1979), Marceliano (1982), Ramo and Busto (1984), Cruz and Andrews (1989), Stiles and Skutch (1989), Verea et al. (2009), and this study. Points are semi-transparent due to overplotting.
Summer aridity rather than management shapes fitness-related functional traits of the threatened mountain plant Arnica montana
<p>Semi-natural mountain grasslands are increasingly exposed to environmental stress under climate change. However, which are the environmental factors that limit plants in these grasslands? Also, is the present management effective against these changes? Fitness-related functional traits may offer a way to detect changes in performance and provide new insights into their vulnerability to climate change. We investigated changes in performance and variability of functional traits of the mountain grassland target species <em>Arnica montana</em> along a climate gradient in Central German low mountain ranges. This gradient represents at its lower end climate conditions that are expected at its upper end under future climate change. We measured vegetative, generative and physiological traits to account for multiple ways of plant response to the environment. Using mixed effects and multivariate models, we evaluated changes in trait values among individuals as well as the variability of their populations in order to assess performance under changing summer aridity and different management regimes.</p> <p>Fitness-related performance of most traits showed strongly positive associations with reduced summer aridity at higher elevations, while only specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content showed no association. This suggests a higher performance level at less arid montane sites and that the physiological traits are less sensitive to this climate change factor. The coefficient of variation of almost all traits declined steadily with decreasing site aridity. We suggest that this reduced variability indicates a lower environmental stress level for <em>A. montana</em> towards its environmental optimum at montane elevations, especially because the trait performance increased simultaneously. Surprisingly, management factors and habitat characteristics had only low influence on both trait performance and variability. In summary, summer aridity had a stronger effect to shape the trait performance and variability of <em>A. montana</em> under increased environmental stress than management and other habitat characteristics.</p>
Trait-specific trade-offs prevent niche expansion in two parasites
<p>Data and analyses for a condensed version of the manuscript "Trait-specific trade-offs prevent niche expansion in two parasites" by Lievens et al., on bioRxiv at https://doi.org/10.1101/621581. The only difference with the previous version of this package (doi 10.5281/zenodo.3476544) is that some lines were analyzed separately to improve the readability of the manuscript (i.e. a slightly different analysis file).</p>
A trait dataset for Taiwan's breeding birds
<p>This database compiled information from a variety of sources on 23 traits for all breeding birds, including 157 resident and 14 summer visiting species, in Taiwan and surrounding islands. The 23 traits include those related to the movement patterns, morphology, geographic distribution, activity patterns, feeding behaviors, habitat use, and breeding behaviors and strategies of the species. The trait information was obtained not only from published literatures and datasets, but also from unpublished banding records and specimen measurements. The database also contains derived traits, such as elevation and temperature boundaries of species distribution ranges in Taiwan. In addition, structured information on nest characters, which is seldom complied in trait databases, has be made available, for the first time, for the breeding birds in Taiwan. Therefore, so far the most comprehensive trait information provided by this database will allow trait-based research and applications in diverse topics and thus enhance our understanding of the patterns and dynamics of breeding bird diversity and its functions in Taiwan.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Ollivier M, Kazakou E, Corbin M, Sartori K, Gooden B, Lesieur V, Thomann T, Martin J-F, Tixier MS (2020) Trait differentiation between native and introduced populations of the invasive plant Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae). NeoBiota 55: 85-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.55.49158
Table S1. Location and climatic data for the 14 Sonchus oleraceus populations used for offspring comparisons under standardised conditions
Supplementary material 2 from: Ollivier M, Kazakou E, Corbin M, Sartori K, Gooden B, Lesieur V, Thomann T, Martin J-F, Tixier MS (2020) Trait differentiation between native and introduced populations of the invasive plant Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae). NeoBiota 55: 85-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.55.49158
Table S2. Mean (± standard error) values for 20 traits assessed for native (Europe and North Africa) and invasive (Australia and New Zealand) populations of Sonchus oleraceus under standardised conditions
Supplementary material 3 from: Ollivier M, Kazakou E, Corbin M, Sartori K, Gooden B, Lesieur V, Thomann T, Martin J-F, Tixier MS (2020) Trait differentiation between native and introduced populations of the invasive plant Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae). NeoBiota 55: 85-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.55.49158
Table S3. Results of mixed models assessing the effect of range (native: Europe and North Africa, introduced: Australia and New Zealand), population within range being considered as a random factor, for 20 plants traits measured on Sonchus oleraceus under standardised conditions
F I G U R E 6 in GIFT – A Global Inventory of Floras and Traits for macroecology and biogeography
F I G U R E 6 (a) Total number of trait records per native angiosperm species per region and (b–e) trait coverage per region (number of native angiosperm species with trait information/number of all native angiosperm species) for exemplary traits with characteristic geographic patterns in coverage. Polygons are plotted sequentially in order of decreasing area to show smaller regions on top of larger regions, in the case where they overlap. Regions <25,000 km2 are plotted as points [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 5 in GIFT – A Global Inventory of Floras and Traits for macroecology and biogeography
F I G U R E 5 Taxonomic coverage of distribution data in the Global Inventory of Floras and Traits 1.0 at the family level. Tip color and inner ring color indicate the proportion of species with distribution information relative to all species of a given family, the grey outer ring delimits major clades of vascular plants. The height of bars in the outer ring is proportional to log10 total family species richness. Phylogenetic signal in taxonomic coverage was assessed as Abouheif's Cmean, a measure of phylogenetic autocorrelation based on the sum of the successive squared differences between values of neighbouring tips in the phylogeny (Abouheif, 1999) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 2 in GIFT – A Global Inventory of Floras and Traits for macroecology and biogeography
F I G U R E 2 Simplified structure of the Global Inventory of Floras and Traits database. Metadata on literature references, species lists and geographic regions builds the backbone of the database (top row). A reference can include several species lists (e.g. for different sub-regions) and a geographic region can be covered by several lists and references. Species lists vary in taxonomic and floristic scope (e.g. all native and naturalized angiosperms) and in the information content (floristic status, functional traits). Primary occurrence information, species names and functional trait data from the literature resources build the main block of original data (yellow). Automated workflows link those to taxonomically standardized working names, to a higher taxonomy and phylogeny of vascular plants and produce derived resources for analyses (blue). Grey bars indicate links among tables in a simplified way (most tables shown here represent several tables in the database) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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