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opennotspecifiedAug 2021View details →

FIGURE 2 in Boeremia parva sp. nov., a novel species of the family Didymellaceae isolated from soil

FIGURE 2. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the concatenated sequences (ITS + ACT+CAL+TEF1-α + β-TUB) showing the phylogenetic position of novel strains KNU-NL4 and KNU-OL2 among the closest Boeremia species. Bootstrap values greater than 50% (percentage of 1000 replications) are shown at branching points. Filled circles indicate that the corresponding nodes were also recovered in trees generated using the neighbor-joining and maximum-parsimony algorithms. Open circles indicate that the corresponding nodes were also recovered in the tree generated using the neighbor-joining or maximum-parsimony algorithm. The isolated strains are shown in boldface. The tree was rooted using Phoma herbarum CBS 615.75 as an outgroup. Bar, 0.02 substitutions per nucleotide position.

opennotspecifiedAug 2021View details →

FIGURE 1 in Boeremia parva sp. nov., a novel species of the family Didymellaceae isolated from soil

FIGURE 1. Cultural and morphological characteristics of Boeremia parva KNU-NL4. Cultures were grown at 25 °C for 7 days in darkness. A and B, front and reverse view of colony on potato dextrose agar; C and D, front and reverse view of colony on malt extract agar; E and F, front and reverse view of colony on oatmeal agar; G, conidia; H, conidiomata. Scale bars: G, H = 10 µm

opennotspecifiedDec 2019View details →

Text-fig. 16. Length-width scatter diagram of isolated molars of Sayimys hintoni n. sp. and S. cf. minor from sites H.-SGP 81.14a (lower Manchar Formation, Sind, Pakistan) with the size-cloud outlines of molars of the large sample of S. chinjiensis from H.-GSP.24 shown in Text-fig. 17. in An Exceptional Large Sample Of The Early Miocene Ctenodactyline Rodent Sayimys Giganteus, Specific Variation And Taxonomic Implications

Text-fig. 16. Length-width scatter diagram of isolated molars of Sayimys hintoni n. sp. and S. cf. minor from sites H.-SGP 81.14a (lower Manchar Formation, Sind, Pakistan) with the size-cloud outlines of molars of the large sample of S. chinjiensis from H.-GSP.24 shown in Text-fig. 17.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →

Figure 3 in Distribution modelling of the rare stink bug Ceratozygum horridum (Germar, 1839): isolated in small spots across the Neotropics or a continuous population?

Figure 3. Maps of occurrence probability of stink bug Ceratozygum horridum transferred to different biomes; 1: Continuous values of median occurrence probability resulting from an ensemble of all models performed with different numbers of background points; 2: mask showing areas with dissimilar environments recovered from multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS). (a) Amazon; (b) Dry diagonal; (c) Atlantic Forest.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →

Figure 2 in Distribution modelling of the rare stink bug Ceratozygum horridum (Germar, 1839): isolated in small spots across the Neotropics or a continuous population?

Figure 2. (a) Occurrence data of Ceratozygum horridum; highlighted in light grey the convex hull polygon comprising the 10 records in Amazon forest used to train the models; in dark grey a 100 km buffer; (b) continuous values of median occurrence probability resulting from an ensemble with all cross-validations predictions of each model performed with different numbers of background points.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →

Figure 1 in Distribution modelling of the rare stink bug Ceratozygum horridum (Germar, 1839): isolated in small spots across the Neotropics or a continuous population?

Figure 1. (a) Distribution map of Ceratozygum horridum; B, C Habitus of C. horridum. (b) Dorsal; (c): Lateral. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Selection and characterization of Beauveria bassiana isolates highly thermotolerant and toxic against Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

these raw data are supporting the results of the paper entiled "Selection and characterization of Beauveria bassiana isolates highly thermotolerant and toxic against Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)"

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Characterisation and Bioactivity Analysis of Peridinin-Chlorophyll a-Protein (PCP) Isolated form Symbiodinium tridacnidorum CS-73

Peridinin-Chlorophyll a-Proteins (PCPs) are the major light harvesting proteins in photosynthetic dinoflagellates. PCP shows great variation in protein length, pigment ratio, sequence and spectroscopic properties. PCP conjugates (PerCP) are widely used as fluorescent-probes for cellular and tissue analysis in the biomedical field. PCP consists of a peridinin carotenoid, thereby it can potentially be used as a bioactive compound in pharmaceutical applications. However, biological activities of PCPs are yet to be explored. In this study, we extracted, purified and partially characterised the PCP from Symbiodinium tridacnidorum (CS-73) and explored its antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammation bioactivities. The PCP was purified using an ÄKTA™ PURE system and predicted to be of 17.3 kDa molecular weight (confirmed as a single band on SDS-PAGE) with an isoelectric point (pI) 5.6. LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analysis of purified PCP digested with trypsin indicated it was 164 amino acids long with >90% sequence similarity to PCP of SymA3.s6014_g3 (belonging to clade A of Symbiodinium sp.) confirmed with 59 peptide combinations matched across its protein sequence. The spectroscopic properties of purified PCP showed a slight shift in absorption and emission spectra to previously documented analysis in Symbiodinium species. Purified PCP consisted of a 19 amino acid long signal peptide at its N terminal and 9 helixes in its secondary structure with several protein binding sites and no DNA/RNA binding sites. Further, purified PCP at a concentration of 0.1 - 0.8 mg/mL exhibited moderate to high antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammation bioactivities against tumor macrophage (RAW 264.7), human metastatic breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) and human colorectal (HTC-15) cancer cell lines. Together, all these findings present PCP as a promising candidate for continued investigations for pharmaceutical applications to cure chronic diseases, apart from its existing application as a fluorescent-probe.

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Allopatry, hybridization, and reproductive isolation in Arctostaphylos: phenology and field morphology

Premise of the study: Hybridization plays a key role in introgressive adaptation, speciation, and adaptive radiation as a source of evolutionary innovation. Hybridization is considered common in Arctostaphylos, yet species boundaries are retained in stands containing multiple species. Arctostaphylos contains diploids and tetraploids, and recent phylogenies indicate two clades; we hypothesize combinations of these traits limit or promote hybridization rates. Methods: We statistically analyzed co-occurrence patterns of species by clade membership and ploidy level from 87-0.1 ha plots. We sampled multiple sites to analyze for percent hybridization based on morphology. Finally, phenophases were analyzed by scoring herbarium sheets for a large number of taxa from both clades as well as tetraploids, and second, surveying three field sites over two years for divergence in phenological stages between co-occurring taxa. Key results: Most taxa in Arctostaphylos are allopatric relative to other congenerics. When two taxa co-occur, the patterns are a diploid with a tetraploid, or two diploids from different clades. When three taxa co-occur, the pattern is two diploids from different clades and a tetraploid. Field and herbarium data both indicate flowering phenology is displaced between diploids from the two clades; one of the diploid clades and tetraploids overlap considerably. Conclusions: The two deep clades in Arctostaphylos are genetically distant, with hybrids rare or non-existent when taxa co-occur. Reproductive isolation between clades is enhanced by displaced flowering phenology for co-occurring species. Within clades, taxa appear to have few reproductive barriers other than an allopatric distribution or different ploidy levels.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

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Testing the potential contribution of Wolbachia to speciation when cytoplasmic incompatibility becomes associated with host‐related reproductive isolation

Endosymbiont induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) may play an important role in arthropod speciation. However, whether CI consistently becomes associated or coupled with other host-related forms of reproductive isolation (RI) to impede the transfer of endosymbionts between hybridizing populations and further the divergence process remains an open question. Here, we show varying degrees of pre- and post-mating RI exist among allopatric populations of two interbreeding cherry-infesting tephritid fruit flies (Rhagoletis cingulata and R. indifferens) across North America. These flies display allochronic and sexual isolation among populations, as well as unidirectional reductions in egg hatch in hybrid crosses involving southwestern USA males. All populations are infected by a Wolbachia strain, wCin2, whereas a second strain, wCin3, only coinfects flies from the Southwest USA and Mexico. Strain wCin3 is associated with a unique mtDNA haplotype and unidirectional postmating RI, implicating the strain as the cause of CI. When coupled with non-endosymbiont RI barriers, we estimate the strength of CI associated with wCin3 would not prevent the strain from introgressing from infected Southwestern to uninfected populations elsewhere in the USA if populations were to come into secondary contact and hybridize. In contrast, cytoplasmic-nuclear coupling may be sufficient to impede the transfer of wCin3 if Mexican and USA populations were to come into contact. We discuss our results in the context of the general paucity of examples demonstrating stable Wolbachia hybrid zones and whether the spread of Wolbachia among taxa can be constrained in natural hybrid zones long enough for the endosymbiont to participate in speciation.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

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Premating isolation in neopolyploid red clover (Trifolium pratense)

Premise—Although polyploidy has been studied since the early 1900's, fundamental aspects of polyploid ecology and evolution remain unexplored. In particular, surprisingly little is known about how newly formed polyploids (neopolyploids) become demographically established. Models predict that most polyploids should go extinct within the first few generations due to reproductive disadvantages associated with being the minority in a primarily diploid population (i.e., the minority cytotype principle), yet polyploidy is extremely common. Therefore, a key goal in the study of polyploidy is to determine the mechanisms that promote polyploid establishment in nature. Because premating isolation will be critical for neopolylpoids to avoid minority cytotype exclusion and thus facilitate establishment, we examined floral morphology and three common premating barriers to determine their importance in generating reproductive isolation of neopolyploids from diploids. Methods—We induced neopolyploidy in Trifolium pratense and compared their floral traits to the diploid progenitors. In addition to shifts in floral morphology, three premating barriers were examined: isolation by self-fertilization, flowering time asynchrony, and pollinator mediated isolation. Results—We found significant differences in the morphology of diploid and neopolyploid flowers, but these changes did not facilitate premating barriers that would generate reproductive isolation of neopolyploids from diploids. There was no difference in flowering phenology, pollinator visitation, or selfing between the cytotypes. Conclusions—Our results indicate that barriers other than the ones tested in this study, such as geographic isolation, vegetative reproduction, or pistil-stigma incompatibilities, might be more important in facilitating isolation and establishment of neopolyploid Trifolium pratense.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

FIGURE 4 in Simplicillium pech-merlensis, a new fungal species isolated from the air of the Pech-Merle show cave

FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic placement of Simplicillium pech-merlensis within Simplicillium and Leptobacillium genera assessed through Bayesian inference. Unrooted tree obtained from a dataset including 84 taxa, leading to a concatenated alignment of 4725 bp from six nuclear regions (ITS, LSU, SSU, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF1-α). Bayesian posterior probabilities greater than or equal to 0.50 are located close to the corresponding node. The newly described species is indicated in red.

FIGURE 2 in Simplicillium pech-merlensis, a new fungal species isolated from the air of the Pech-Merle show cave

FIGURE 2. Isolation of Simplicillium pech-merlensis. The species was isolated near the "injured man" panel in the Pech-Merle show cave, via air samplings with impaction on Malt Extract Agar (MEA).

FIGURE 1 in Simplicillium pech-merlensis, a new fungal species isolated from the air of the Pech-Merle show cave

FIGURE 1. Pointed-horses panel in the Pech-Merle show cave The panel represents the paintings of dappled horses and negative hands for which the Pech-Merle cave is known. The representations were mainly drawn with black pigments composed of manganese and barium oxides as well as charcoal (Lorblanchet 2018). The drawing features the use of red pigments composed of red ochre.

FIGURE 3 in Simplicillium pech-merlensis, a new fungal species isolated from the air of the Pech-Merle show cave

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic placement of Simplicillium pech-merlensis within Simplicillium genus and Simplicillium related genera assessed through maximum likelihood. Unrooted tree obtained from a dataset including 84 taxa, leading to a concatenated alignment of 4725 bp from seven nuclear regions (ITS, LSU, SSU, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF1-α). Bootstrap values greater than or equal to 50 % are located close to the corresponding node. The newly described species is indicated in red.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Gene annotations and proteomes for rice-infecting Magnaporthe oryzae isolates

Annotations were performed using FunGAP

FIGURE 3 in A novel Mariannaea species isolated from decayed pine needles in Japan

FIGURE 3. Morphology of Mariannaea imbricata sp. nov. A‒H. Culture characteristics on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and malt extract agar (MEA). The upper and lower rows of plates show colonial growth after 7 (A, B, E, F) and 14 days (C, D, G, H), respectively. From left to right, the upper and basal surfaces of colonies grown on PDA (A‒D) and MEA (E‒H) are placed in sequential order. I. A scanning electron micrograph of the surface of conidia. J‒N. Microstructure after 7 days of incubation on PDA under a differential interference contrast microscope. J, conidia. K, imbricate conidial chains. L, phialides, and M and N, intercalary or terminal chlamydospores. Scale bars indicate 10 µm.

FIGURE 8 in Aerofilum fasciculatum gen. nov., sp. nov. (Oculatellaceae) and Euryhalinema pallustris sp. nov. (Prochlorotrichaceae) isolated from an Indian mangrove forest

FIGURE 8. Comparative analysis of V2 and V3 helix of 16S-23S ITS region of test strain AP3b (Aerofilum fasciculatum) with the genera of Oculatellaceae family. a-g. V2 helix. h-n. V3 helix.

FIGURE 4 in Aerofilum fasciculatum gen. nov., sp. nov. (Oculatellaceae) and Euryhalinema pallustris sp. nov. (Prochlorotrichaceae) isolated from an Indian mangrove forest

FIGURE 4. Transmission electron microscopy of strain AP3 and AP3b. a and b. Cross-section of a part of filament of strain AP3 showing thylakoidal arrangement and granulations. c and d. Cross-sectional view of cell of strain AP3b showing aerotopes distributed throughout the cell. th = thylakoids; pg = polyphosphate granules; cb = carboxysomes; cw = cell wall; ms = mucilaginous sheath; gv = gas vesicles.

FIGURE 1 in Aerofilum fasciculatum gen. nov., sp. nov. (Oculatellaceae) and Euryhalinema pallustris sp. nov. (Prochlorotrichaceae) isolated from an Indian mangrove forest

FIGURE 1. Map showing the location of sample collection sites of the Sundarbans forest located in the state of West Bengal, India. Samples were collected from the Sagar and the Lothian island of Indian Sundarbans. Blue pin = Sagar island; Red pin = Lothian island