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Figs 1–9 in New species of ant-mimicking jumping spiders of the genus Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839 (Araneae: Salticidae) from north Queensland, Australia

Figs 1–9. Myrmarachne rubra sp. nov., male (1, 2, 5–7): 1, 2, habitus, dorsal (1) and lateral (2) views; 5, 6, palpal tibia, cymbium and bulb, retrolateral (5), and ventral (6) views; 7, chelicera medio-lateral view; female (3, 4, 8, 9): 3, 4, habitus, dorsal (3) and lateral (4) views; 8, epigyne before maceration; 9, epigyne showing internal ducts. Scale lines: 1 mm for Figures 1–4; 100 μm for Figures 5, 6, 8, 9; 500 μm for Figure 7.

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Fig. 38 in New species of ant-mimicking jumping spiders of the genus Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839 (Araneae: Salticidae) from north Queensland, Australia

Fig. 38. Dendrogram showing the divisive properties of the chelicera-to-carapace length ratio of the four Myrmarachne species from Townsville.

Fig. 3 in Morphological dissection of behavior: thoracic musculature clarifies independent development of jumping mechanisms between sister groups, planthoppers and leafhoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha)

Fig. 3 Flight and jumping muscles of Auchenorrhyncha, lateral (left) and posterior (right) views. A, B, Ricania japonica (Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea: Ricaniidae); C, D, Cicadella viridis (Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea: Cicadellidae); E, F, Aphrophora pectoralis (Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae); G, H, Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata (Cicadidae: Cicadoidea). See Fig. 2 for terminology, colors, and abbreviations. The right side of posterior images shows muscles (colored shadows) and muscle attachment regions (black dots). The border of mesophragma is highlighted by green line

Fig. 5 in Morphological dissection of behavior: thoracic musculature clarifies independent development of jumping mechanisms between sister groups, planthoppers and leafhoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha)

Fig. 5 Metathoracic endoskeletons and attachment regions of IIIpcm5, lateral view. See Fig. 2 for terminology and abbreviations. a Ricania japonica (Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea: Ricaniidae). b Cicadella viridis (Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea: Cicadellidae). IIIpcm5 is indicated by gray shadow. Dotted areas indicate muscle attachment regions

Fig. 4 in Morphological dissection of behavior: thoracic musculature clarifies independent development of jumping mechanisms between sister groups, planthoppers and leafhoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha)

Fig. 4 Enlarged view of left metatrocanteral tendons and attachments point of muscles. a Ricania japonica (Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea: Ricaniidae). b Cicadella viridis (Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea: Cicadellidae). c Aphrophora pectoralis (Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae). d Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata (Cicadoidea: Cicadidae). See Fig. 2 for

Fig. 6 in Morphological dissection of behavior: thoracic musculature clarifies independent development of jumping mechanisms between sister groups, planthoppers and leafhoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha)

Fig. 6 Most parsimonious reconstruction of character states scored in this study (Appendix) onto the phylogeny of Auchenorrhyncha estimated by Misof et al. (2014), Cryan and Urban (2012), and Urban and Cryan (2007). Out-groups are omitted. Character and character state changes reconstructed on the branches are indicated by black (gain) and white bars (reversal). For some characters (e.g., Character 5), an

Figure 9 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 9. Male terminalia and tarsal arolium of immature Liviinae: A, G, L, Klyveria crassiflagellata (Burckhardt); B, H, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); C, Diclidophlebia fremontiae (Klyver); D, Diclidophlebia leptonychiae Burckhardt et al.; E, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); F, Haplaphalara irvingiae (Burckhardt et al.); I, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); J, Psyllopsis fraxini (Linnaeus); K, Livia junci (Schrank); N, Melanastera Brazil. A, B, male proctiger, in lateral view; C–I, apex of proximal portion and distal portion(s) of aedeagus; J–N, tarsal arolium of fifth instar immature. Scales A, B = 0.05 mm; C–I = 0.05 mm; J–N, = 0.05 mm.

Figure 10 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 10. Maximum likelihood (ML-mix) tree resulting from a mixture (heterotachous) model (–m GTR+H4 option in IQ TREE) based on the molecular data of the Liviidae and showing the three subfamilies Euphyllurinae, Neophyllurinae, and Liviinae, and two tribes Liviini and Paurocephalini. The numbers below the branches represent the bootstrap values of ≥50. Nodes with boostrap values of <50 are shown in interrupted lines. Light blue and yellow bars indicate the non-monophyletic genera, Diclidophlebia and Haplaphalara.

Figure 2 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 2. Adult Liviinae: A, Livia junci (Schrank); B, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); C, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); D, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); E, Camarotoscena badia Loginova. A–C, head, in dorsal view; D, E, head, in oblique lateral view, with anterior carina (D, arrow), and smooth anteriorly (E). Scales 0.1 mm.

Figure 6 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 6. Hindlegs of adult Liviidae: A, Anomoterga africana (Loginova); B, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); C, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); D, N, Paurocephala bifasciata Kuwayama; E, Psyllopsis fraxinicola (Foerster); F, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); G, D. excetrodendri (Li and Yang); H, D. xuani (Messi); I, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); J, H. irvingiae (Burckhardt et al.); K, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); L, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); M, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); O, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor). A–D, metacoxa; E–N, metafemur, base left; O, apex of metafemur. Scales A–D = 0.2 mm; E–N = 0.1 mm; O = 0.05 mm.

Figure 8 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 8. Wings and abdomen of Liviinae: A, D, L, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton), male; M, A. lichenoides (Puton), female; B, Diclidophlebia excetrodendri (Li and Yang); C, G, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); E, H, Livia junci (Schrank); F, J, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); I, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); K, Tuthillia myrcianthis Burckhardt et al.; N, D. xuani (Messi); O, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt, male; P, P.dayak, female. A, reduced pterostigma; B, pterostigma basally leathery, apically membranous (separating line see arrow); C, pterostigma entirely membranous; D–G, surface of forewing membrane in cell r 1: H–J, costa of hindwing; K–P, lateral edge of first visible abdominal tergite, base left. Scales A–C = 0.1 mm; D–G = 0.1 mm; H–J = 0.2 mm; K–P = 0.1 mm.

Figure 5 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 5. Mesosternum of adult Liviinae: A, Anomoterga scolopiae (Yang); B, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); C, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Paurocephala robusta Mifsud and Burckhardt; F, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama). Abbreviations: bas, basisternum; kat, katepisternum; pcx, precoxale; pss, pleurosternal suture; scs, sternocostal suture. Scales 0.1 mm.

Figure 7 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 7. Metatibial apex of adult Liviidae: A, Strophingia cinereae Hodkinson; B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Diclidophlebia oceanica (Crawford); F, D. xuani (Messi); G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Liella lanceomedia (Brown and Hodkinson); I, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); J, Melanastera lucens (Burckhardt et al.); K, M. maculipennis (Brown and Hodkinson); L, Paurocephala sauteri Enderlein. Abbreviations: a, anterior view, l, lateral view, m, medial, p, posterior view. Scales 0.05 mm.

Figure 1 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 1. Habitus images illustrating generic diversity within Liviinae: A, Anomoterga africana (Loginova); B, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); C, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); D, Livia junci (Schrank); E, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); F, Diclidophlebia eastopi Vondráček; G, Haplaphalara dahli (Rübsaamen); H, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); I, Liella cf. insolita (Mifsud and Burckhardt); J, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); K, Paurocephala chonchaiensis Boselli; L, Woldaia nebulosa Brown and Hodkinson. Scales 1.0 mm.

Figure 4 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 4. Metapostnotum of adult Liviinae (arrow pointing to tubercle, tooth, ridge or horn): A, Anomoterga hsenpinensis Fang and Yang; B, Livia vernalis Fitch; C, Melanastera smithi (Burckhardt et al.); D, Paurocephala chonchaiensis Boselli. Scales 0.1 mm.

Figure 3 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 3. Head of adult Liviidae: A, Diclidophlebia xuani Messi; B, Syntomoza magna (Kuwayama); C, Anomoterga tahuata Klyver; D, Aphorma lichenoides (Puton); E, Camarotoscena speciosa (Flor); F, Livia junci (Schrank); G, Klyveria setinervis (Burckhardt); H, Paurocephala dayak Mifsud and Burckhardt. A, B, dorsal view; C–H, ventral view. Scales A, B = 0.1 mm; C–H = 0.1 mm.

Figure 11 in Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data

Figure 11. Phylogeny of the Liviidae showing strict consensus tree of the most parsimonious trees based on morphological data (character matrix in Supporting Information, File S2) and obtained with 'Traditional search' in TNT using equal weights. 'Unambiguous changes only' in WINCLADA was used to optimize the character states on the cladogram. Black circles represent synapomorphies, light circles homoplasies; numbers above circles refer to characters numbers, number below to the character states (Table 2). Host plants of Liviini: Malpigiales, Poa, Poales, Ran, Ranunculales; of Paurocephalini: representation of members of Malvales. Distribution: Afrotropics (Afr), Australasia (Aus), Indomalaya (Ind), Nearctic (Nea), Neotropics (Neo), Oceania (Oce), Palaearctic (Pal).

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Fig. 4 a in Evolutionary pattern of the forewing shape in the Neotropical genus of jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Russelliana)

Fig. 4 a Reconstructed ancestral shape of Russelliana forewing. b The forewing of Russelliana viscosae

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Fig. 3 in Evolutionary pattern of the forewing shape in the Neotropical genus of jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Russelliana)

Fig. 3 Scatter plot from the PCA showing scores on the first two PCs for the 43 species of Russelliana. Shape changes are shown by deformation grids associated with extreme values (− 0.20 and + 0.10 on the PC1, and