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Figure 10. Ophiura robusta postlarval development. A, B, 0.45 in Who's who among baby brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): postmetamorphic development of some North Atlantic forms
Figure 10. Ophiura robusta postlarval development. A, B, 0.45 mm dd postlarvae; A, dorsal, note the structure of the plates; B, ventral, note the shape of the first ventral arm plate (VAP1); C, D, 0.55 mm dd postlarva; C, dorsal; D, ventral; E, 0.85 mm dd postlarva dorsal; F, G, 1 mm dd postlarvae; F, dorsal; G, ventral; H, I, 1.3 mm dd postlarvae; H, dorsal; I, ventral; J, K, 1.8 mm postlarvae; J, dorsal, note the heart-shaped first dorsal arm plate (DAP1); K, ventral; L, 2.9 mm dd juvenile dorsal, arm combs have formed and the DAP1 has its final heart-shape. Abbreviations: H, hydropore; k, k-plate; SIR, secondary inter-radial plate; others as in Figs 1–3, 5. Scale bars in millimetres.
Figure 3. Ophioscolex purpureus postlarval development. A–C, 0.6 in Who's who among baby brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): postmetamorphic development of some North Atlantic forms
Figure 3. Ophioscolex purpureus postlarval development. A–C, 0.6 mm dd postlarva; A, dorsal; B, arm dorsal; C, ventral; D, E, 0.9 mm dd postlarva; D, dorsal; E, ventral, note the leaf-shaped adoral shield spine; F, 1.5 mm dd postlarva dorsal; G, same ventral; H, 1.8 mm dd postlarva ventral; I, same dorsal. Abbreviations: CPP, central primary plate; DAP, dorsal arm plate; others as in Figs 1, 2. Scale bars in millimetres.
Figure 11. Amphiura borealis postlarval development. A, B, 0.7 in Who's who among baby brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): postmetamorphic development of some North Atlantic forms
Figure 11. Amphiura borealis postlarval development. A, B, 0.7 mm dd postlarvae; A, dorsal; B, ventral, note the infradental papillae (IP = MP2); C, D, E, 0.8 mm dd postlarvae; C, dorsal; D, ventral; E, jaw, note that the IP form on the dental plate (DP); F, G, 1.1 mm dd postlarvae; F, dorsal; G, ventral; H, I, 2 mm dd postlarva; H, dorsal, note the radial shields (RS); I, ventral, note the IP on the oral plates; J, K, 2.5 mm dd juvenile; J, arm ventral, note the hatchet-shaped spine (arrow); K, ventral. Abbreviations: as in Figs 1–3, 5. Scale bars in millimetres.
Figure 15. Ophiopus arcticus postlarval development. A, B, 0.7 in Who's who among baby brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): postmetamorphic development of some North Atlantic forms
Figure 15. Ophiopus arcticus postlarval development. A, B, 0.7 mm dd postlarva; A, dorsal, note the projecting madreporite; B, ventral, note the wide flat tooth (T); C, D, 0.9 mm dd postlarva; C, dorsal; D, ventral (a stray arm spine lies on a jaw); E, F, 1.3 mm dd postlarva; E, dorsal, note k-plate (k) and first inter-radials (IR1); F, ventral, note the second mouth papillae (MP2) on the dental plate; G, H, 1.4 mm dd postlarvae; G, dorsal, note the secondary inter-radial plates (SIR); H, ventral. Abbreviations: as in Figs 1–3, 5. Scale bars in millimetres.
EXPLICATION DE LA PLANCHE XVI Learchis indica Bgh. Fig. 1. Mandibule droite, dessinée à la chambre claire, vue du côté interne. X 100. a, partie cardinale. b, prolongement masticateur. c, cavité buccale latérale. Fig. 2. Bord antérieur de la mandibule gauche, vue du côté interne. Cam. lue, X 200. a et b, comme ci-dessus. Fig. 3. Partie de la radule avec plaques dentaires. Cam. lue, X 350. Fig. 4. La même, vue d'en haut. Même grossissement. Mijja longicornis Bgh. Fig. 5. Animal vu du côté dorsal. (Dessin original d'après l'animal vivant.) Fig. 6. Extrémité d'une papille dorsale. (Dessin original.) Fig. 7. Papille. Cam. lue, X 55. a, grande papille avec deux follicules hépatiques. Fig. 8. Anus, en forme de coupe; b, ouverture du rein. Fig. 9. Cnidae. Cam. lue, X350. Fig. 10. Système nerveux central, vu d'en haut et de derrière. Cam. lue, X 200. a, ganglions cérébro-pleuraux. b, ganglions pédieux. ce, ganglions rhinophoriaux (olfactifs). d, ganglions buccaux (et gastro-oesophagiens) Fig'. 11. Langue avec la radule, vue de côté. Cam. lue, X 350. Fig. 12. Une partie de la radule. Cam. lue, X 350. Fig. 13. Plaque dentaire, vue d'en haut. Cam. lue, X 350. Ennoia briareus Bgh. Fig. 14. L'animal vu du côté dorsal. (Dessin original d'après l'animal vivant.) Fig. 15. Partie de la radule avec plaques dent aires, vue de côté. Cam. lue, X350. in Eolidiens d'Amboine
EXPLICATION DE LA PLANCHE XVI Learchis indica Bgh. Fig. 1. Mandibule droite, dessinée à la chambre claire, vue du côté interne. X 100. a, partie cardinale. b, prolongement masticateur. c, cavité buccale latérale. Fig. 2. Bord antérieur de la mandibule gauche, vue du côté interne. Cam. lue, X 200. a et b, comme ci-dessus. Fig. 3. Partie de la radule avec plaques dentaires. Cam. lue, X 350. Fig. 4. La même, vue d'en haut. Même grossissement. Mijja longicornis Bgh. Fig. 5. Animal vu du côté dorsal. (Dessin original d'après l'animal vivant.) Fig. 6. Extrémité d'une papille dorsale. (Dessin original.) Fig. 7. Papille. Cam. lue, X 55. a, grande papille avec deux follicules hépatiques. Fig. 8. Anus, en forme de coupe; b, ouverture du rein. Fig. 9. Cnidae. Cam. lue, X350. Fig. 10. Système nerveux central, vu d'en haut et de derrière. Cam. lue, X 200. a, ganglions cérébro-pleuraux. b, ganglions pédieux. ce, ganglions rhinophoriaux (olfactifs). d, ganglions buccaux (et gastro-oesophagiens) Fig'. 11. Langue avec la radule, vue de côté. Cam. lue, X 350. Fig. 12. Une partie de la radule. Cam. lue, X 350. Fig. 13. Plaque dentaire, vue d'en haut. Cam. lue, X 350. Ennoia briareus Bgh. Fig. 14. L'animal vu du côté dorsal. (Dessin original d'après l'animal vivant.) Fig. 15. Partie de la radule avec plaques dent aires, vue de côté. Cam. lue, X350.
Supporting data from: The distribution of leaf form among indigenous woody angiosperms in New Zealand
<p>New Zealand's woody indigenous eudicot flora comprises a variety of leaf shapes and features and occupies environments extending from subtropical to cold temperate climates. We used a dataset of over 300,000 occurrences of 557 indigenous woody eudicot species to investigate patterns and trends in the occurrence of six leaf features (leaf pubescence, leaf margin teeth, leaf size, leaf apex and base shape, and leaf length to width ratio) along critical climate gradients. Major climate variables examined included temperature, precipitation, moisture deficit and solar radiation. Our results reveal strong latitudinal gradients in toothed leaves and leaf area with both declining at higher latitudes. Leaf base and leaf apex angle are also aligned latitudinally, both declining in northern areas. In contrast, the occurrence of pubescent leaves and leaf length to width ratio are independent of other leaf features and latitudinal gradients. Larger leaves are positively associated with warmer climates while serrated margins are more common in warmer and wetter zones. The occurrence of pubescent leaves is greatest in seasonally dry environments with low annual precipitation. Long thin leaves (high length to width ratio) were more common in areas with a high rainfall to potential evapotranspiration ratio. Leaf apex angle is negatively correlated with temperature while leaf base angle distribution in relation to climate was highly variable. Overall, results confirm global patterns for leaf size and climate, highlighting the importance of small leaves limiting heat loss in cool climates. The positive correlation between leaf teeth and warmer climates has not been found elsewhere. High occurrence of pubescent leaves in low rainfall and highly moisture deficient environments in New Zealand suggests that the trait is associated with water retention in dry climates.</p>
Figure 5 from: Crowther A, Fautin D, Wallace C (2011) Stylobates birtlesi sp. n., a new species of carcinoecium-forming sea anemone (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from eastern Australia. ZooKeys 89: 33-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.89.825
Figure 5 - Cnidae of Stylobates birtlesi sp. n. Refer to Table 1 for list of cnida types and distribution.
Figure 3 from: Crowther A, Fautin D, Wallace C (2011) Stylobates birtlesi sp. n., a new species of carcinoecium-forming sea anemone (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from eastern Australia. ZooKeys 89: 33-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.89.825
Figure 3 - Endodermal circumscribed marginal sphincter muscles of Stylobates spp. a, b Palmate marginal sphincter muscle of Stylobates birtlesi sp. n. a paratype MTQ G57581 b paratype KUDIZ 003352 c-e Pinnate marginal sphincter muscles. c Stylobates aeneus (from Dunn et al. 1981) d Stylobates cancrisocia (from Carlgren 1928a) e Stylobates loisetteae (from Fautin 1987).
Figure 1 from: Crowther A, Fautin D, Wallace C (2011) Stylobates birtlesi sp. n., a new species of carcinoecium-forming sea anemone (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from eastern Australia. ZooKeys 89: 33-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.89.825
Figure 1 - Stylobates birtlesi sp. n. holotype MTQ G57579 a, b soon after collection (photo: RA Birtles) c, d preserved specimen with Sympagurus trispinosus showing position of oral disc of anemone e preserved specimen: shortest tentacles beside longest ones (on right side of oral disc in this view); tentacles grade in length between longest and shortest around other side of oral disc (dashed line indicates directive axis) f preserved specimen without hermit crab showing aperture and part of carcinoecium not covered by anemone (arrow). Scale bars 20 mm.
Figure 4 from: Crowther A, Fautin D, Wallace C (2011) Stylobates birtlesi sp. n., a new species of carcinoecium-forming sea anemone (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from eastern Australia. ZooKeys 89: 33-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.89.825
Figure 4 - Mesenterial musculature and fertility of Stylobates birtlesi sp. n. holotype MTQ G57579 a mesenterial arrangement, orders indicated with Roman numerals; column wall at base of image b diffuse retractor muscle; column wall at base of image. Scale bar 1 mm.
Figure 7 from: Shaw M, Jennings M, Quicke D (2011) The identity of Scambus planatus (Hartig, 1838) and Scambus ventricosus (Tschek, 1871) as seasonal forms of Scambus calobatus (Gravenhorst, 1829) in Europe (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae, Ephialtini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 23: 55-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.23.1974
Figure 7 - Ovipositor, dorsal aspect, of Scambus calobatus ("planatus" morph) killed within 2 days of egress from an acorn.
Figures 3-6 from: Shaw M, Jennings M, Quicke D (2011) The identity of Scambus planatus (Hartig, 1838) and Scambus ventricosus (Tschek, 1871) as seasonal forms of Scambus calobatus (Gravenhorst, 1829) in Europe (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae, Ephialtini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 23: 55-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.23.1974
Figures 3-6 - Metasoma (3, 5) and 2nd metasomal tergite (4, 6), dorsal aspect, of Scambus calobatus morphs (female). 3, 4 "ventricosus" (one of the aged female parents after use in the "Kent experiments" (see text)). 5, 6 "planatus" (a specimen starved to death from emergence). In both cases reared from acorns at the Kent sites.
Figures 1- 2 from: Shaw M, Jennings M, Quicke D (2011) The identity of Scambus planatus (Hartig, 1838) and Scambus ventricosus (Tschek, 1871) as seasonal forms of Scambus calobatus (Gravenhorst, 1829) in Europe (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae, Ephialtini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 23: 55-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.23.1974
Figures 1- 2 - Head, dosal aspect, of Scambus calobatus morphs (female). 1, "calobatus". 2, "planatus/ventricosus" (equivalent in this respect). The specimen in Fig. 1 is the offspring of that in Fig. 2, from the "Chinon experiment" (see text); respectively BCLDQ0371 and BCLDQ0370 in Table 1.
Figure 3 from: Dickinson T, Christensen K, Zarrei M, Kuzmina M, Talent N, Lin C (2014) Crataegus ×ninae-celottiae and C. ×cogswellii (Rosaceae, Maleae), two spontaneously formed intersectional nothospecies. PhytoKeys 36: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.36.6784
Figure 3 - A Neighbor-joining tree calculated by BOLD for ITS2 DNA barcode sequences amplified directly from genomic DNA (labels include corresponding collector and GenBank number; see dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-CRATMONO and Table 1 for details). Dashed lines indicate the sectional affinity of the sequences B The corresponding Neighbor-Net network for the cloned ITS2 sequences has three branches representing: (a) ribotypes from individuals of Crataegus monogyna, and from its hybrids with both Crataegus suksdorfii and Crataegus punctata; (b) ribotypes from individuals of Crataegus suksdorfii and Crataegus ×cogswellii; and (c) ribotypes from individuals of Crataegus punctata and Crataegus ×ninae-celottiae (Table 3). The numbers shown are the % bootstrap support for each of the three branches.
Figure 4 from: Dickinson T, Christensen K, Zarrei M, Kuzmina M, Talent N, Lin C (2014) Crataegus ×ninae-celottiae and C. ×cogswellii (Rosaceae, Maleae), two spontaneously formed intersectional nothospecies. PhytoKeys 36: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.36.6784
Figure 4 - Geographic distribution of Crataegus ×ninae-celottiae K.I. Chr. & T.A. Dickinson nothosp. nov. and Crataegus monogyna in Ontario. Filled square, holotype of Crataegus ×ninae-celottiae; Crosses, TRT specimens of Crataegus ×ninae-celottiae; asterisks, Crataegus ×ninae-celottiae specimens cited by Wells and Phipps (1989); stars, specimens of Crataegus monogyna in MT, MTMG, QFA, TRT, and UBC. Crataegus punctata occurs throughout the region depicted (Phipps and Muniyamma 1980; this paper also maps additional records for Crataegus monogyna).
Figure 6 from: Dickinson T, Christensen K, Zarrei M, Kuzmina M, Talent N, Lin C (2014) Crataegus ×ninae-celottiae and C. ×cogswellii (Rosaceae, Maleae), two spontaneously formed intersectional nothospecies. PhytoKeys 36: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.36.6784
Figure 6 - Holotype of Crataegus ×ninae-celottiae K.I. Chr. & T.A. Dickinson nothosp. nov. (♀Crataegus monogyna × ♂Crataegus punctata): TRT00002197, CANADA, Ontario, Peel R M, loc. ON22, Don Gould Park and E side of Erin Mills Parkway, 43°35'N, 79°40'W, abandoned fields with extensive hawthorn colonization, 2 Jun 1989, Dickinson D1492.
Figure 5 from: Dickinson T, Christensen K, Zarrei M, Kuzmina M, Talent N, Lin C (2014) Crataegus ×ninae-celottiae and C. ×cogswellii (Rosaceae, Maleae), two spontaneously formed intersectional nothospecies. PhytoKeys 36: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.36.6784
Figure 5 - Geographic distribution of Crataegus ×cogswellii K.I. Chr. & T.A. Dickinson nothosp. nov. and its parental species in the Pacific Northwest. Filled square, holotype of Crataegus ×cogswellii; crosses, TRT specimens of Crataegus ×cogswellii; circles, diploid Crataegus suksdorfii; stars, Crataegus monogyna (specimens in OSC, TRT, UBC, and WTU).
Figure 7 from: Dickinson T, Christensen K, Zarrei M, Kuzmina M, Talent N, Lin C (2014) Crataegus ×ninae-celottiae and C. ×cogswellii (Rosaceae, Maleae), two spontaneously formed intersectional nothospecies. PhytoKeys 36: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.36.6784
Figure 7 - Holotype of Crataegus ×cogswellii K.I. Chr. & T.A. Dickinson nothosp. nov. (♀Crataegus suksdorfii × ♂Crataegus monogyna): TRT00002574, U.S.A., Oregon, Linn Co., Cogswell-Foster Preserve, 44.333082°N, 123.122547°W, 3 Sep 2009, Dickinson & Dickinson 2009-40.
Figure 2 from: Dickinson T, Christensen K, Zarrei M, Kuzmina M, Talent N, Lin C (2014) Crataegus ×ninae-celottiae and C. ×cogswellii (Rosaceae, Maleae), two spontaneously formed intersectional nothospecies. PhytoKeys 36: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.36.6784
Figure 2 - A Principal components analysis of 39 Fourier amplitudes for 86 subterminal short shoot leaves from 20 Crataegus individuals at the Cogswell-Foster Preserve in Linn Co., Oregon (one Crataegus suksdorfii (s), seven Crataegus monogyna (m), and 12 putative hybrids (h), Crataegus ×cogswellii). Leaf outlines illustrate the shape contrasts responsible for the ordination: in grey, six subterminal leaves from short shoots of a single individual (OR1–8) B Principal components analysis of 39 Fourier amplitudes averaged for leaves sampled regardless of position on short shoots of 64 herbarium specimens from the Cogswell-Foster Preserve and (circled points) other locations in the Pacific Northwest (Table 1). In both A and B the two PCA axes shown are significant according to the broken-stick criterion (Frontier 1976). In B arrowed point 1 represents the single individual of Crataegus suksdorfii for which individual leaves are represented in A, while arrowed point 2 represents the averaged data for the six leaves of Crataegus monogyna shown in grey in A.
Figure 1 from: Dickinson T, Christensen K, Zarrei M, Kuzmina M, Talent N, Lin C (2014) Crataegus ×ninae-celottiae and C. ×cogswellii (Rosaceae, Maleae), two spontaneously formed intersectional nothospecies. PhytoKeys 36: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.36.6784
Figure 1 - Principal components analysis biplot for five morphometric descriptors averaged for each of 41 Crataegus herbarium specimens from the Cogswell-Foster Preserve and other locations in the Pacific Northwest (Crataegus suksdorfii (s), Crataegus monogyna (m), and the putative hybrid, Crataegus ×cogswellii (h)): relX, leaf length above the widest point, scaled by the width; relZ, leaf length below the widest point, scaled by the width; invDI, inverse dissection index = 2(Aπ)1/2/P, where A is the leaf area and P is the leaf perimeter; STAM, number of stamens per flower; STYL, number of styles per flower. Both axes shown account for significant portions of the total variance according to the broken-stick criterion (Frontier 1976).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.