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3,136 results for “Terrestrialization”
Data from: Ecotypes or phenotypic plasticity - the aquatic and terrestrial forms of Helosciadium repens (Apiaceae)
<p> </p> <p>• Morphological and ecological differences of two forms of Helosciadium repens are known and described in the literature: aquatic and terrestrial. However, their taxonomic status is currently unknown. The question whether they are genotypically adapted to specific environmental conditions or are those differences a result of phenotypic plasticity is addressed in this study.<br> • SSR and ISSR data were used to uncover genotypic differences. Data from drought stress experiments (system water content and relative water content of leaves) were used to evaluate the response to water as an environmental factor. The stomatal index of both forms grown under different water treatments was analysed.<br> • The principal component analysis of the SSR and ISSR data revealed no clustering that would correspond with ecotypes. The diversity parameters of the SSR data showed no significant differences. Contrary to the expected pattern, the aquatic populations showed a tendency towards heterozygosity while the terrestrial ones showed a bias towards homozygosity. Both forms responded similarly to the changes in water availability, with newly produced leaves after drought stress that were better adapted to repeated drought stress. Stomatal indices were higher in plants from aquatic habitats, but these difference disappeared when the plants were grown in soil.<br> • The observed responses indicate that the differences between forms are due to phenotypic plasticity.</p> <p> </p>
Description of the final instar larva of Cephalaeschna risi Asahina, 1981 with notes on its semi-terrestrial lifestyle (Odonata: Aeshnidae)
<p>Video of hunting behavior of larva of Cephalaeschna risi Asahina, 1981.</p>
Drought risk of global terrestrial gross primary productivity in recent 40 years detected by a remote sensing-driven process model
<p class="Abstract"><span>Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the largest flux in the global terrestrial carbon cycle and affected by multiple factors. In recent decades, drought has significantly impacted global terrestrial GPP and been projected to occur with increasing frequency and intensity. However, the drought risk of global terrestrial GPP has not been well investigated. In this study, global terrestrial GPP over the period from 1981 to 2016 was simulated with the process-based Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS) model. Then, the drought risk of terrestrial GPP was quantified as the product of frequency of drought and reduction of GPP caused by drought, which were determined using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). During the study period, the drought risk of terrestrial GPP exhibited detectable spatial heterogeneity, high in southeastern United States, most of South America, southern Europe, central and eastern Africa, eastern and southeastern Asia, and eastern Australia. In these regions, the maximum reduction of GPP might be above 30% in drought years relative to that in normal years. The drought risk of GPP was low at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, in which terrestrial GPP increased slightly in drought years. The spatial pattern of the drought risk of GPP simulated by the BEPS model was close to that of FLUXCOM GPP, which was scaled from tower observations with a machine learning algorithm forced by remote sensing and meteorological data. This study advances our understanding on the impact of drought on terrestrial GPP over the globe.</span></p>
Patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus pools in terrestrial ecosystems in China
<p>Recent increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and temperature relieve the limitation of these two on terrestrial ecosystem productivity, while nutrient availability constrains the increasing plant photosynthesis more intensively. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are critical for plant physiological activities and consequently regulates ecosystem productivity. Here, for the first time, we mapped N and P densities of leaves, woody stems, roots, litter and soil in forest, shrubland and grassland ecosystems across China, based on an intensive investigation in 4175 sites, covering species composition, biomass, and nutrient concentrations of different tissues of living plants, litter and soil. Forest, shrubland and grassland ecosystems in China stored 7665.62 × 10<sup>6</sup> Mg N, with 7434.53 × 10<sup>6</sup> Mg (96.99%) fixed in soil (to a depth of one metre), and 32.39 × 10<sup>6</sup> Mg (0.42%), 59.57 × 10<sup>6</sup> Mg (0.78%), 124.21 × 10<sup>6</sup> Mg (1.62%) and 14.92 × 10<sup>6</sup> Mg (0.19%) in leaves, stems, roots and litter, respectively. The forest, shrubland and grassland ecosystems in China stored 3852.66 × 10<sup>6</sup> Mg P, with 3821.64 × 10<sup>6</sup> Mg (99.19%) fixed in soil (to a depth of one metre), and 3.36 × 10<sup>6</sup> Mg (0.09%), 14.06 × 10<sup>6</sup> Mg (0.36%), 11.47 × 10<sup>6</sup> Mg (0.30%) and 2.14 × 10<sup>6</sup> Mg (0.06%) in leaves, stems, roots and litter, respectively. Our estimation showed that N pools were low in northern China except Changbai Mountains, Mount Tianshan and Mount Alta, while relatively higher values existed in eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Yunnan. Southern China held quite small P pools, which may limit some plant-related process. P densities in plant organs were higher in the North and East China, while soil P density was higher in the South and West China. These patterns of N and P densities could potentially improve existing earth system models and large-scale researches on ecosystem nutrients.</p>
Data from: Coupling of diversification and pH adaptation during the evolution of terrestrial Thaumarchaeota
The Thaumarchaeota is an abundant and ubiquitous phylum of archaea that plays a major role in the global nitrogen cycle. Previous analyses of the ammonia monooxygenase gene amoA suggest that pH is an important driver of niche specialization in these organisms. Although the ecological distribution and ecophysiology of extant Thaumarchaeota have been studied extensively, the evolutionary rise of these prokaryotes to ecological dominance in many habitats remains poorly understood. To characterize processes leading to their diversification, we investigated coevolutionary relationships between amoA, a conserved marker gene for Thaumarchaeota, and soil characteristics, by using deep sequencing and comprehensive environmental data in Bayesian comparative phylogenetics. These analyses reveal a large and rapid increase in diversification rates during early thaumarchaeotal evolution; this finding was verified by independent analyses of 16S rRNA. Our findings suggest that the entire Thaumarchaeota diversification regime was strikingly coupled to pH adaptation but less clearly correlated with several other tested environmental factors. Interestingly, the early radiation event coincided with a period of pH adaptation that enabled the terrestrial Thaumarchaeota ancestor to initially move from neutral to more acidic and alkaline conditions. In contrast to classic evolutionary models, whereby niches become rapidly filled after adaptive radiation, global diversification rates have remained stably high in Thaumarchaeota during the past 400–700 million years, suggesting an ongoing high rate of niche formation or switching for these microbes. Our study highlights the enduring importance of environmental adaptation during thaumarchaeotal evolution and, to our knowledge, is the first to link evolutionary diversification to environmental adaptation in a prokaryotic phylum.
Data from: Feeding preference as a main determinant of microscale patchiness among terrestrial nematodes
Soil biota are responsible for essential ecosystem services such as carbon storage, nutrient cycling and water retention. However, assessment of the condition of soil biota is hampered by an overwhelming level of diversity. With representatives in all trophic levels of the food web, nematode communities can be used as bio-indicators. Accurate assessment of nematode assemblages requires insight in the distribution of specimens with distinct food preferences. With the availability of taxon-specific quantitative-PCR assays, distribution patterns of multiple nematode groups can be investigated simultaneously. Here, microscale patchiness of 45 nematode taxa was studied on 12 sampling sites (each with four adjacent microplots) located on arable fields or semi-natural grasslands ('system'), and on marine-, river clay or sandy soils ('soil type'). From each microplot five composite samples were collected. Contrary to our expectations, an increase of the number of cores per composite sample did not result in more accurate measurements, and apparently the levels of microscale patchiness of the taxa are low compared to what has been reported for oligophagous plant-parasites. System and soil type did not affect microscale distribution. To investigate the level of patchiness in more detail, detection probability (DP) and variability of abundances were calculated. Common and widespread bacterivorous and fungivorous taxa had DP ≥ 90%, confirming low level of microscale patchiness. With DPs of 40-70%, predators and most omnivores showed degrees of local clustering. An overview of mean variabilities of abundances is presented that offers insight in how feeding preferences impact the microscale distribution both between and within trophic groups.
Data from: Paternal-effects in a terrestrial ectotherm are temperature dependent but no evidence for adaptive effects
1. Global rising of average temperatures and increase in extreme climatic events may largely impact animal survival and reproduction. Yet, how variation in temperature may affect male fertility, in particular ejaculate traits, and whether this can in turn affect offspring fitness, is seldom addressed. Paternal effects may be of key importance as they could impact the rate and direction of evolutionary change in response to climate change. 2. We tested the effects of temperature experienced by males on sperm traits, and asked whether the paternal environmental temperature affected offspring phenotype. We further explored the potential for paternal effects to be adaptive, which would occur when offspring fitness increased under the same environmental conditions experienced by the fathers. We exposed male field crickets to high or low temperatures at two life stages, either throughout development or as adults, and tested sperm traits (number and quality) and offspring fitness (hatching success and survival). We further assessed sperm traits in offspring, after they had also been exposed to the same or different temperature experienced by their father. 3. We found that temperature affected sperm traits depending on the life-stage of individuals. When the exposure was given during adulthood, males exposed to high temperature produced less sperm and of lower quality compared to males exposed to the lower temperature, while if exposure was given during development males exposed to high temperature produced more sperm and of better quality compared to males exposed to low temperatures. Offspring fitness was significantly affected by paternal temperature, evidence for anticipatory paternal effects on sperm traits was not found. 4. Our study indicates that temperature can mediate cross-generational effects, and that paternal effects may be mediated by changes in temperature and therefore much more widespread in nature than previously assumed.
Data from: Colour as a backup for scent in the presence of olfactory noise: testing the efficacy backup hypothesis using bumblebees (Bombus terrestris)
The majority of floral displays simultaneously broadcast signals from multiple sensory modalities, but these multimodal displays come at both a metabolic cost and an increased conspicuousness to floral antagonists. Why then do plants invest in these costly multimodal displays? The efficacy backup hypothesis suggests that individual signal components act as a backup for others in the presence of environmental variability. Here, we test the efficacy backup hypothesis by investigating the ability of bumblebees to differentiate between sets of artificial flowers in the presence of either chemical interference or high wind speeds, both of which have the potential to impede the transmission of olfactory signals. We found that both chemical interference and high wind speeds negatively affected forager learning times, but these effects were mitigated in the presence of a visual signal component. Our results suggest that visual signals can act as a backup for olfactory signals in the presence of chemical interference and high wind speeds, and support the efficacy backup hypothesis as an explanation for the evolution of multimodal floral displays.
Data from: One foot out the door: limb function during swimming in terrestrial versus aquatic turtles
Specialization for a new habitat often entails a cost to performance in the ancestral habitat. Although aquatic lifestyles are ancestral among extant cryptodiran turtles, multiple lineages, including tortoises (Testudinidae) and emydid box turtles (genus Terrapene), independently specialized for terrestrial habitats. To what extent is swimming function retained in such lineages despite terrestrial specialization? Because tortoises diverged from other turtles over 50 Ma, but box turtles did so only 5 Ma, we hypothesized that swimming kinematics for box turtles would more closely resemble those of aquatic relatives than those of tortoises. To test this prediction, we compared high-speed video of swimming Russian tortoises (Testudo horsfieldii), box turtles (Terrapene carolina) and two semi-aquatic emydid species: sliders (Trachemys scripta) and painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). We identified different kinematic patterns between limbs. In the forelimb, box turtle strokes most resemble those of tortoises; for the hindlimb, box turtles are more similar to semi-aquatic species. Such patterns indicate functional convergence of the forelimb of terrestrial species, whereas the box turtle hindlimb exhibits greater retention of ancestral swimming motions.
Data from: Biogeographical network analysis of cretaceous terrestrial tetrapods: a phylogeny-based approach
Network methods are widely used to represent and analyse biogeography. It is difficult, however, to convert occurrence data of fossil vertebrates to a biogeographical network, as most species were known from a single locality. A new method for creating a biogeographical network that can incorporate phylogenetic information is proposed in this study, which increases the number of edges in the network of fossil vertebrates and enables the application of various network methods. Using ancestral state reconstruction via maximum parsimony, the method first estimates the biogeographical regions of all internal nodes of a given phylogeny using biogeographical information on the terminal taxa. Then, each internal node in the phylogenetic tree is converted to an edge in the biogeographical network that connects the region(s), if unambiguously estimated, of its two descendants. The new method was applied to phylogenetic trees generated by a birth-death model. Under all conditions tested, an average of >70% of the internal nodes in phylogenetic trees were converted into edges. Three network indices—link density, average link weight, and endemism index—were evaluated for their usefulness in comparing different biogeographical networks. The endemism index reflects the rate of dispersal; the other indices reflect nonbiogeographical parameters, the number of taxa and regions, which highlights the importance of evaluating network indices before applying them to biogeographical studies. Multiple Cretaceous biogeographical networks were constructed from the phylogenies of five tetrapod taxa: terrestrial crocodyliforms, terrestrial turtles, non-avian dinosaurs, avians, and pterosaurs. The networks of avians and pterosaurs showed similar topologies and a strong correlation, and unexpectedly high endemism indices. These similarities were probably a result of shared taphonomic biases (i.e., the Lagerstätten effect) for volant taxa with fragile skeletons. The crocodyliform network was partitioned into the Gondwanan and Laurasian continents. The dinosaur network was partitioned into three groups of continents: (1) North America, Asia, and Australia; (2) Europe and Africa; (3) India, Madagascar, and South America. When Early and Late Cretaceous dinosaurs were analysed separately, the dinosaur networks were divided into (1) North America, Asia, and Australia; and (2) Europe, Africa, India, and South America for the Early Cretaceous and (1) North America, Asia, and Europe; (2) India, Madagascar, and South America for the Late Cretaceous. This partitioning of dinosaur and crocodyliform networks corroborates the results of previous biogeographical studies and indicates that the method introduced here can retrieve biogeographical signals from a source phylogeny when sufficient data are available for most targeted biogeographical regions.
Data from: Molecular phylogeny and dating reveal a terrestrial origin in the early Carboniferous for ascaridoid nematodes
Ascaridoids are among the commonest groups of zooparasitic nematodes (roundworms) and occur in the alimentary canal of all major vertebrate groups, including man. They have an extremely high diversity and are of major socio-economic importance. However, their evolutionary history remains poorly known. Here we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Ascaridoidea. Our results divided the Ascaridoidea into six monophyletic major clades, i.e. the Heterocheilidae, Acanthocheilidae, Anisakidae, Ascarididae, Toxocaridae and Raphidascarididae, among which the Heterocheilidae, rather than the Acanthocheilidae, represents the sister clade to the remaining ascaridoids. The phylogeny was calibrated using an approach that involves time priors from fossils of the co-evolving hosts, and dates the common ancestor of the Ascaridoidea back to the Early Carboniferous (approximately 360.47–325.27 Ma). The divergence dates and ancestral host types indicated by our study suggest that members of the Ascaridoidea first parasitized terrestrial tetrapods and subsequently extended their host range to elasmobranchs and teleosts. We also propose that the fundamental terrestrial-aquatic switches of these nematodes were affected by changes in sea-level during the Triassic to the Early Cretaceous.
Data from: Litter movement pathways across terrestrial-aquatic ecosystem boundaries affect litter colonization and decomposition in streams
1. Streams and their riparian zones are connected by spatial flows of organic matter, and constitute a model example of a meta-ecosystem. Fluxes of leaf litter from the riparian zone to the stream are a major energy source in stream food webs. Leaf litter can enter the stream vertically, falling from the tree and into the stream, or laterally, washing into the stream after a period of exposure in the terrestrial ecosystem. The latter can contribute up to 23% to the total amount of litterfall entering streams. 2. To determine if decomposition, microbial and invertebrate colonization of lateral litter inputs are similar to those of vertical inputs, we assessed leaf decomposition of alder, poplar and a 1:1 mixture of the two species in three scenarios across a gradient of terrestrial:aquatic exposures. 3. Overall decomposition was explained by a negative exponential model and decreased with the increase in the period of terrestrial exposure in all cases. Invertebrate colonization tended to decrease with the increase in the period of terrestrial exposure, but total invertebrate richness and biomass were more affected by litter type than by the exposure scenario, attaining higher values in the mixture than in the species alone. 4. As the length of exposure in the terrestrial ecosystem increased, in-stream decomposition rates of leaf litter decreased. Comparing leaf species treatments, alder decomposition rates were faster than poplar and the alder-poplar mixture. 5. The richness of the aquatic hyphomycete community colonizing leaf litter after submergence decreased and sporulation rates were strongly inhibited with an increasing terrestrial exposure period. While fungi colonizing leaf litter exposed only in the stream invested in rapid reproduction, fungi colonizing litter with prior terrestrial exposure built up more biomass. 6. We conclude that the path taken by the litter fluxes has important effects on the functioning of the receiving ecosystem. Studies relying only on the fate of freshly abscissed leaf litter (vertical inputs) may not present a complete picture of the decomposition process in streams and may have been overestimating the overall richness and reproductive activity of the aquatic hyphomycetes colonizing leaf litter.
Data from: Spatiotemporal sampling patterns in the 230 million year fossil record of terrestrial crocodylomorphs and their impact on diversity
The 24 extant crocodylian species are the remnants of a once much more diverse and widespread clade. Crocodylomorpha has an approximately 230 million year evolutionary history, punctuated by a series of radiations and extinctions. However, the group's fossil record is biased. Previous studies have reconstructed temporal patterns in subsampled crocodylomorph palaeobiodiversity, but have not explicitly examined variation in spatial sampling, nor the quality of this record. We compiled a dataset of all taxonomically diagnosable non‐marine crocodylomorph species (393). Based on the number of phylogenetic characters that can be scored for all published fossils of each species, we calculated a completeness value for each taxon. Mean average species completeness (56%) is largely consistent within subgroups and for different body size classes, suggesting no significant biases across the crocodylomorph tree. In general, average completeness values are highest in the Mesozoic, with an overall trend of decreasing completeness through time. Many extant taxa are identified in the fossil record from very incomplete remains, but this might be because their provenance closely matches the species' present‐day distribution, rather than through autapomorphies. Our understanding of nearly all crocodylomorph macroevolutionary 'events' is essentially driven by regional patterns, with no global sampling signal. Palaeotropical sampling is especially poor for most of the group's history. Spatiotemporal sampling bias impedes our understanding of several Mesozoic radiations, whereas molecular divergence times for Crocodylia are generally in close agreement with the fossil record. However, the latter might merely be fortuitous, i.e. divergences happened to occur during our ephemeral spatiotemporal sampling windows.
Data from: Genetic benefits of extreme sequential polyandry in a terrestrial-breeding frog
Sequential polyandry may evolve as an insurance mechanism to reduce the risk that females choose mates that are genetically inferior (intrinsic male quality hypothesis) or genetically incompatible (genetic incompatibility hypothesis). The prevalence of such indirect benefits remains controversial, however, because few studies have estimated the contributions of additive and non-additive sources of genetic variation to offspring fitness in species with sequential polyandry. Here, we use artificial fertilisation techniques combined with a cross-classified breeding design (North Carolina Type II) to simultaneously test the 'good genes hypothesis' and the 'genetic incompatibility hypothesis' in the brown toadlet (Pseudophryne bibronii); a terrestrial breeding species with extreme sequential polyandry. Our results revealed no significant additive or non-additive genetic effects on fertilisation success. Moreover, they revealed no significant additive genetic effects, but highly significant non-additive genetic effects (sire by dam interaction effects), on hatching success and larval survival to initial and complete metamorphosis. Taken together, these results indicate that offspring viability is significantly influenced by the combination of parental genotypes, and that negative interactions between parental genetic elements manifest during embryonic and larval development. More broadly, our findings provide novel quantitative genetic evidence that insurance against genetic incompatibility favours the evolution and maintenance of sequential polyandry.
Data from: Defensive posture in a terrestrial salamander deflects predatory strikes irrespective of body size
A wide variety of prey use defensive postures as a means of protection from predators. Many salamanders engage in broadly similar defensive postures, which may function as a warning signal and reduce the probability of attack, or may deflect predator attacks away from vital body parts. The extent to which these strategies (i.e. aposematism and deflection) act exclusively or synergistically, however, remains unknown. We deployed clay salamanders in the field, manipulating size (small, large) and posture (resting, defensive), and documented attack rates across three predator types. Competing risks analysis revealed that attack rates were affected by model size, deployment period, and leaf litter depth at the site of deployment, whereas model posture had no significant effect. Model size and posture did not interact, indicating that defensive posture was ineffective in deterring attack irrespective of prey size. Model prey in the defensive posture received significantly more attacks on the tail irrespective of size, and the defensive posture was more effective at deflecting avian attacks compared to mammal predation. We conclude that defensive posture increases tail conspicuousness without increasing predation risk, and primarily functions to deflect attacks away from vital body parts. The efficacy of defection may be further increased by tail undulation, however our use of static models means that we cannot exclude aposematic or deimatic functions for such movements. Our results provide important support for the deflection hypothesis in explaining antipredator behavior, and thereby set the stage for additional research targeting the functionality of attack deflection in natural predator-prey encounters.
Data from: Parental care and the evolution of terrestriality in frogs
Frogs and toads (Anura) exhibit some of the most diverse parental strategies in vertebrates. Identifying the evolutionary origins of parenting is fundamental to understanding the relationships between sexual selection, social evolution and parental care systems of contemporary Anura. Moreover, parenting has been hypothesized to allow the invasion of terrestrial habitats by the ancestors of terrestrial vertebrates. Using comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of frogs and toads based on data from over 1000 species that represent 46 out of 55 Anura families, we test whether parental care is associated with terrestrial reproduction and several life history traits. Here we show that both the duration of care and offspring protection by males and females have co-evolved with terrestrial reproduction. Sexual size dimorphism is also related to care, since large male size relative to female size is associated with increased paternal care. Furthermore, increased egg size and reduced clutch volume are associated with increased care in bivariate but not in multivariate analyses, suggesting that the relationships between care, egg size and clutch volume are mediated by terrestrial reproduction. Taken together, our results suggest that parenting by males and females has co-evolved, and complex parenting traits have evolved several times independently in Anura in response to breeding in terrestrial environments.
Data from: Resources for phylogenomic analyses of Australian terrestrial vertebrates
High-throughput sequencing methods promise to improve our ability to infer the evolutionary histories of lineages and to delimit species. These are exciting prospects for the study of Australian vertebrates, a group comprised of many globally unique lineages with a long history of isolation. The evolutionary relationships within many of these lineages have been difficult to resolve with small numbers of loci, and we now know that many lineages also exhibit substantial cryptic diversity. Here, we present a set of phylogenetically diverse transcriptome resources to enable exon-based sequence capture studies of Australian vertebrates, including transcriptome sequences for four species of birds, four frogs, seven lizards and seven mammals. We also use exon data from the marsupial transcriptomes we generated to examine an approach for choosing a moderate number (dozens or hundreds) of phylogenetically informative exons based on a single transcriptome sequence, and a relatively distant reference genome.
Data from: Salmonid species diversity predicts salmon consumption by terrestrial wildlife
1. Resource waves - spatial variation in resource phenology that extends feeding opportunities for mobile consumers - can affect the behaviour and productivity of recipient populations. Interspecific diversity among Pacific salmon species (Oncorhynchus spp.) creates staggered spawning events across space and time, thereby prolonging availability to terrestrial wildlife. 2. We aim to understand how such variation might influence consumption by terrestrial predators compared with resource abundance and intra- and inter- specific competition. 3. Using stable isotope analysis, we investigated how the proportion of salmon in the annual diet of male black bears (Ursus americanus; n = 405) varies with species diversity and density of spawning salmon biomass, while also accounting for competition with conspecific black and grizzly bears (U. arctos horribilis), in coastal British Columbia, Canada. 4. We found that the proportion of salmon in the annual diet of black bears increased by ≈40% in the absence of grizzly bears, but detected little effect of relative black bear density and salmon biomass density. Rather, salmon diversity had the largest positive effect on consumption. On average, increasing diversity from one salmon species to ~four (with equal biomass contributions) approximately triples the proportion of salmon in diet. 5. Given the importance of salmon to bear reproduction, this work provides early empirical support for how resource waves may increase the productivity of consumers at population and landscape scales. Accordingly, terrestrial wildlife management might consider maintaining not only salmon abundance but also diversity.
Figure 3 from: Karam-Gemael M, Decker P, Stoev P, Marques MI, Chagas Jr A (2020) Conservation of terrestrial invertebrates: a review of IUCN and regional Red Lists for Myriapoda. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 221-229. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48943
Figure 3 Proportion of extinction risk categories of the Worldwide Myriapoda Red List presented here. Includes data from regional Red Lists from eleven countries and from IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Threatened categories are within dashed red lines.
Figure 1 from: Karam-Gemael M, Decker P, Stoev P, Marques MI, Chagas Jr A (2020) Conservation of terrestrial invertebrates: a review of IUCN and regional Red Lists for Myriapoda. In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 221-229. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48943
Figure 1 IUCN extinction risks categories for global assessments. Threatened categories are within dashed red line. (Modified from IUCN 2019).
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