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3,583 results for “elevations”
Leaf net photosynthesis in CO2 x N x water treatment combinations:BioCON : Biodiversity, Elevated CO2, and N Enrichment
BioCON (Biodiversity, CO2, and Nitrogen) is an ecological experiment started in 1997 at the University of Minnesota's Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve. BioCON's goal is to explore the ways in which plant communities will respond to three environmental changes that are known to be occurring on a global scale: increasing nitrogen deposition, increasing atmospheric CO2, and decreasing biodiversity. Why Biodiversity, CO2, and Nitrogen? While there are many uncertainties in global change biology, there are also some well documented facts. Some of these are: 1. The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is rising. Since the industrial revolution, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased from approximately 275 parts per million (ppm) to about 378 ppm today. This has been largely the result of fossil fuel burning. It is expected that CO2 levels will continue to rise, and that by the year 2050 these levels will be approximately 550 ppm. CO2 is the raw material for photosynthesis and is known to affect plant growth and development. 2. The amount of nitrogen moving through terrestrial ecosystems has increased in the recent past. While natural "background" levels of nitrogen fixation have remained constant, human additions to the system through fertilizer production and fossil fuel use have increased dramatically. Nitrogen is a key nutrient for plant growth and plays a critical role in plant community structure and composition in many environments. 3. Biodiversity levels are falling. While the research and data are not as complete as they are for CO2 and nitrogen, data indicate that the number of species globally, is being reduced. Perhaps more important for ecosystem function, diversity levels on local to regional scales have fallen due to land use change, biotic invasion and many other drivers. While much is known about how each of these factors affects ecosystem functioning, many questions remain. There is also little data on how these issues affe
PIE LTER 2005 Digital elevation model for the Plum Island Sound estuary, Massachusetts, filtered_grd, last filtered grid - Raster
On April 18 and 19, 2005 LIDAR (Light Detection and Radar) flights occured in the lower portion of the Plum Island Sound, Massachusetts estuary and were timed to correspond to low tides to minimize higher tide influences on pulsed returns. The LIDAR survey was conducted by the National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM). This data set consists of a one meter Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in ESRI GRID file format based upon last filtered grid (bare-earth) data from the LIDAR flights.
gmkov/microclimate.thermal.tolerance.Heliconius-JEB-2020: Data and scripts for "Microclimate buffering and thermal tolerance across elevations in a tropical butterfly"
<p>Data and scripts associated with the article "Microclimate buffering and thermal tolerance across elevations in a tropical butterfly", Journal of Experimental Biology (2020), by Gabriela Montejo-Kovacevich, Simon H. Martin, Joana I. Meier, Caroline N. Bacquet, Monica Monllor, Chris D. Jiggins & Nicola J. Nadeau</p>
Elevation change time series, Kjer and Hayes glacier drainage basins, NW Greenland
<p>This data set includes ice sheet elevation time series reconstructed at 19 locations in the Kjer and Hayes glacier drainage basins. Time series were derived from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and altimetry data collected from 1993 to 2015 by using the SERAC approach (Schenk and Csatho, 2012).</p> <p>Reference: Schenk, T. & Csatho, B. A New Methodology for Detecting Ice Sheet Surface Elevation Changes From Laser Altimetry Data. <em>Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on</em> <strong>50,</strong> 3302–3316 (2012).</p>
Elevation data to accompany "A curvature-based method for measuring valley width applied to glacial and fluvial landscapes"
<p>This repository contains elevation data, derivatives, and manual measurements used in the manuscript "A curvature-based method for measuring valley width applied to glacial and fluvial landscapes" submitted to the Journal of Geophysical Research.</p> <p>This data is derived from the 1/3 arc-second (~10 m) resolution seamless digital elevation models from the 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) in the coterminous United States [0]. The Canadian Rockies study site uses 90 m resolution data derived from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) dataset [1].</p> <p>Each study site corresponds to a single directory (e.g. 'valley_width/olympics/').</p> <p>Derivatives are stored in GeoTIFF format (with no file extensions) with the following naming conventions (shown for the Olympic Mountains study area). Manual width measurements are stored as Pickle files (e.g. 'olympics_width_fluvial.p') in the measurements/ subdirectory in each case.</p> <p>- olympics_area (Catchment area)<br> - olympics_elevation (Elevation)<br> - olympics_filled (Hydrologically corrected elevation)<br> - olympics_flow_direction (Flow direction)<br> - olympics_mask_fluvial (Binary mask of fluvial catchments)<br> - olympics_mask_glacial (Binary mask of glacial catchments)<br> - olympics_unnormalized_width (Valley width estimated without using scale normalization)<br> - olympics_width (Valley width estimated using scale normalization)</p> <p>Python scripts to reproduce the major figures and analysis and their EPS output are also included.</p> <p>References</p> <p>[0] <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/3dep/about-3dep-products-services">https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/3dep/about-3dep-products-services</a></p> <p>[1] <a href="http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/srtmdata/">http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/srtmdata/</a></p>
Surface elevation change for Khumbu Glacier, 1984–2015
<p>Digital Elevation Model (DEMs) of Difference showing the change in surface elevation of Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, between 1984–2015 and 2000–2015 derived through the differencing of high-resolution DEMs generated from 0.5 m ground resolution aerial photographs (1984 CE) and WorldView-1 and WorldView-2 imagery with a spatial resolution of 0.46 m (2015 CE).</p>
LROC NAC-based high-resolution (2 m per pixel) digital elevation models (DEMs) of twelve regions on the Moon containing ring-moat dome structures (RMDSs)
<p>The DEMs were constructed based on Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) images using shape from shading constrained by lower-resolution stereo data. They have been introduced in the following publication, where more details can be found:</p> <p> </p> <p>F. Zhang, J. W. Head, C. Wöhler, R. Bugiolacchi, L. Wilson, A. T. Basilevsky, A. Grumpe, Y. L. Zou.</p> <p>Ring-Moat Dome Structures (RMDSs) in the Lunar Maria: Statistical, Compositional, and Morphological Characterization and Assessment of Theories of Origin.</p> <p>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 125, e2019JE005967. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE005967</p> <p> </p> <p>The file format of the DEMs is GEOTIFF, the pixel values indicate evelations in meters. The DEMs are numbered as in Table 1 of the paper.</p>
Data from: Forest community assembly is driven by different strata-dependent mechanisms along an elevational gradient
Aim: The mechanisms driving forest community assembly along elevational gradients remain elusive. The distinct strata in heterogeneous forest are subject to differing assembly mechanisms. This study aims to evaluate how different ecological mechanisms driving forest community assembly across strata and spatial scales, and to identify how these assemblages respond to different abiotic or biotic variables along an elevational gradient. Location: Yulong Mountain within Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China. Taxon: Seed plants Methods: We sampled plant species along a 1200 m elevational gradient across forest strata (trees, shrubs and herbs) at different spatial scales (neighbourhood and community). We integrated phylogenetic and functional diversity to disentangle the roles of ecological mechanisms in structuring community assembly. We also determined the relative effects of climatic, soil and biotic variables and their interactions on these community assemblages. Results: The phylogenetic and functional diversity of trees was lower at the extremes of elevational gradient, where they were constrained by water availability or temperature. While communities with higher species diversity exhibited an overdispersed structure at mid-elevations. For shrubs, overdispersion was exhibited at high elevations despite low species richness, which could be consistent with facilitative interactions or competition exclusion. However, most communities of herbs appear to have a markedly random structure, despite some incongruence between phylogenetic divergence and functional convergence, as well as influences from overstory trees and local light conditions. The relative effects of abiotic variables on community structure were larger at the community scale than at the neighbourhood scale. Main conclusions: Our study emphasises the importance of considering phylogenies and traits in understanding the strata- and scale- dependent mechanisms of forest community assembly. Collectively, results indicate that contrasting assembly mechanisms interact across different strata along elevational gradients to shape diverse forest communities.
Depth to Groundwater middle-low elevation River Man watershed, Colombia
<p>Depth to Groundwater data between August 2007 and December 2009. Part of a community science research project developed in Colombia, North Antioquia. </p>
Elevation Models for Reproducible Evaluation of Terrain Representation – Multiscale Models
<p>This is a set of three multiscale elevation models, each consisting of a set of elevation grids, centered on the same geographic location, with increasing cell sizes and spatial extents. The centers are Gore Range, Colorado, USA; Valdez, Alaska, USA; Churfirsten, Switzerland. The elevation data is from a variety of sources. For the United States, the National Elevation Dataset (NED) by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was used, which itself combines data created with a variety of techniques such as LiDAR and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR). Data from www.viewfinderpanoramas.org was used for areas outside the USA and at small scales. The size of each grid is 1500×1500 height samples for the Gore Range and Valdez models and 2500×1500 height values for the Churfirsten model. The elevation models are available in georeferenced GeoTIFF and Esri ASCII file formats.</p> <p>When using these elevation models in an academic publication, please cite the following article, which describes the process and rationale for compiling these models:</p> <p><em>Kennelly, P. J., Patterson, T., Jenny, B., Huffman, D. P., Marston, B. E., Bell, S. and Tait, A. M. (2021). Elevation models for reproducible evaluation of terrain representation. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 48:1, 63–77. DOI: <a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2020.1830856">10.1080/15230406.2020.1830856</a></em></p>
Volleth, 1988) in Comparative chromosomal studies in Rhinolophus formosae and R. luctus from China and Vietnam: elevation of R. l. lanosus to species rank
Volleth, 1988)
the gonosomes after CBG-banding in Comparative chromosomal studies in Rhinolophus formosae and R. luctus from China and Vietnam: elevation of R. l. lanosus to species rank
the gonosomes after CBG-banding
Species richness and abundance of vascular epiphytes along an elevation gradient
<p>Because of the difficulty in sampling and the logistics of identifying canopy-dwelling plants, the number of inventories quantifying tropical epiphytes is limited. This has resulted in a substantial gap in knowledge, even though forest canopies contain significant biodiversity and forest biomass. In the case of Volcán Maderas, multiple ecological and taxonomic research initiatives have been conducted. However, for vascular epiphytes, georeferenced specific spatial descriptions were lacking and a standardized effort for documenting species richness was non-existent. We provide a detailed qualitative and quantitative assessment of the vascular epiphyte flora and its spatial distribution. These data shed light on important plant assemblages across elevational gradients that can be used for monitoring and understanding adaptive strategies to drought conditions.</p>
Water availability drives fine root dynamics in a Eucalyptus woodland under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration
<p>Fine roots are a key component of carbon and nutrient dynamics in forest ecosystems. Rising atmospheric [CO<sub>2</sub>] (eCO<sub>2</sub>) is likely to alter the production and activity of fine roots, with important consequences for forest carbon storage. Yet empirical evidence of the role of eCO<sub>2</sub> in driving root dynamics in low-nutrient forested ecosystems is limited, particularly for grassy woodlands, an ecosystem type of global importance.</p> <p>We sampled fine roots across seasons over a two-year period to examine the effects of eCO<sub>2</sub> on their biomass, production, turnover and functional traits in a native mature grassy <i>Eucalyptus</i> woodland in eastern Australia (EucFACE).</p> <p>Fine root biomass, production and turnover varied greatly through time, increasing as soil water content declined. Despite a lack of persistent effects of eCO<sub>2</sub> on fine root biomass, production or turnover across the two-year sampling period, we found enhanced production pulses under eCO<sub>2</sub> between 10-30 cm soil depth. These eCO<sub>2</sub>-driven production pulses were associated with large changes in abiotic conditions. In addition, eCO<sub>2</sub> led to greater carbon and phosphorus concentrations in fine roots and increased root diameter, but no detectable effects on other morphological traits.</p> <p>Synthesis. We found minor quantitative effects of eCO<sub>2</sub> on fine root biomass dynamics that were largely driven by temporal variations in soil water availability. Our results suggest that in this mature grassy woodland, and perhaps also in other similar forested ecosystem types characterized by low phosphorus content in the soil, eCO<sub>2</sub> effects are small and transient. This suggests limited belowground fine root productivity responses to rising atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and, thus, perhaps also a limited ability of these systems to mitigate climate change through belowground mechanisms.</p>
Data from: Effects of forest-use intensity on vascular epiphyte diversity along an elevational gradient
Aim: Understanding patterns of tropical plant diversity and their vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbance at different spatial scales remains a great challenge in ecology and conservation. Here, we study how the effects of forest-use intensity on vascular epiphyte diversity vary along a tropical elevational gradient. Location: 3500-m elevational gradient along the eastern slopes of Cofre de Perote, Mexico. Methods: We studied the effects of forest-use intensity on alpha, beta, and gamma diversity of vascular epiphyte assemblages in old-growth, degraded, and secondary forests at eight study sites at 500 m intervals along the elevational gradient. At each elevation and in each of the three forest-use intensity levels, we established five 400 m² plots yielding a total of 120 plots. Results: Interactive effects of elevation and forest-use intensity strongly impacted local-scale patterns of vascular epiphyte diversity. We found a bimodal trend, with species diversity peaking at 500 and 1500 m above sea-level, which deviates from the previously reported humped-shaped pattern. In most cases alpha diversity did not differ significantly among forest-use intensity levels. However, gamma diversity was always lower in secondary forests compared to old-growth forests across the entire elevational gradient. Within each elevational belt, beta diversity was dominated by species turnover along the forest-use intensity gradient in the lowlands and declined with increasing elevation, where community composition became increasingly nested. Along the elevational gradient, the spatial turnover of vascular epiphyte community composition was similar among forest-use intensity levels. Main conclusions: Our results reveal a strong interaction between forest-use intensity and elevation, making it difficult to extrapolate findings from one elevational belt to another. Our findings highlight the value of old-growth forest for epiphyte diversity, but also show that degraded and secondary forests –depending on the elevational belt– may maintain a high species diversity, and thus play an important role in conservation planning.
Data from: Ecological convergence of secondary phytochemicals along elevational gradients
<ul> <li>Biologists still strive to identify the ecological and evolutionary drivers of phytochemical variation that mediate biotic interactions. We hypothesized that plant species growing at sites characterized by high herbivore pressure would converge to produce highly toxic blends of secondary metabolites, independent of phylogenetic constraints.</li> <li>To address the role of shared evolutionary history and ecological niches in driving variation in plant phytochemistry, we combined targeted metabolomics with insect herbivore bioassays and with a set of growth-related traits of several <i>Cardamine </i>species growing along the entire elevational gradient of the Alps.</li> <li>We observed that <i>Cardamine </i>phytochemical profiles grouped according to previously-established growth form categorizations within specific abiotic conditions, independently of phylogenetic relationship. We also showed that novel indices summarizing functional phytochemical diversity better explain plant resistance against chewing and sap-feeding herbivores than classic diversity indices.</li> <li>We conclude that multiple functional axes of phytochemical diversity should be integrated with the functional axis of plant growth forms to study phenotypic convergence along large-scale ecological gradients.</li> </ul>
Elevational gradients of reptiles: Western Ghats, India
<p>We studied elevational gradients of reptile richness in the southern Western Ghats of India. We tested different hypotheses explaining elevational diversity and examined the major drivers of species richness patterns. We collected data on reptiles using Visual Encounter Survey (VES) methods in each 100 m elvation zones in the Agasthyamalai Hills which has elevation ranging from 100 m to 1500 m a.s.l.. We used 10×10 m quadrats for estimating tree density data that we used in our final analysis. We also collected climatic data such as mean annual temperature and precipitation representing each sampling location as bioclimatic variables influencing species richness. Here we submit all these datasets concerning reptiles (richness and abundance) and bioclimatic variables (along with the R-script for analysis) that we used for our manuscript titled "Elevational gradients of reptile richness in the southern Western Ghats of India: evaluating spatial and bioclimatic drivers."</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Vorstenbosch T, Essl F, Lenzner B (2020) An uphill battle? The elevational distribution of alien plant species along rivers and roads in the Austrian Alps. NeoBiota 63: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.63.55096
Plot information
Supplementary material 2 from: Vorstenbosch T, Essl F, Lenzner B (2020) An uphill battle? The elevational distribution of alien plant species along rivers and roads in the Austrian Alps. NeoBiota 63: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.63.55096
Appendix 1–8
Data from: Group size elevates inequality in cooperative behaviour
<p>In cooperatively breeding species where rearing effort is shared among multiple group members, increases in group size typically reduce average per capita contributions to offspring care in all group members (load-lightening) but it is not known how changes in group size affect the distribution of workload among group members. The socioeconomic collective action theory suggests that, in larger groups, the incentives for free riding are stronger, leading to greater inequalities in work-division among group members. Here, we use the Gini index to measure inequality at the group level in the contributions of helpers to three different cooperative behaviours (babysitting, pup-provisioning and raised guarding) in groups of varying size in wild Kalahari meerkats (Suricata suricatta). In larger groups, inequality in helpers' contributions to cooperative activities and the frequency of free riding both increased. Elevated levels of inequality were generated partly as a result of increased differences in contributions to cooperative activities between helpers in different sex and age categories in larger groups. Increasing levels of inequality in contributions to cooperative behaviour were associated with reductions in total pup-provisioning conducted by the group and reductions in total pup provisioning were, in turn, associated with reductions in the growth and survival of pups. Our results support the prediction of collective action theory described above and show how the Gini index can be used to investigate the distribution of cooperative behaviour within the group.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.