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Figure 2 in Dromaeosaurid crania demonstrate the progressive loss of facial pneumaticity in coelurosaurian dinosaurs

Figure 2. Craniofacial pneumaticity of Velociraptor. Skull AMNH FARB 6515 in (A, C) lateral and (B, D) medial views, with the rostrum in (E) lateral and (F) medial views. Abbreviations: aofen, antorbital fenestra; aof, antorbital fossa; mf, maxillary fenestra; mx, maxilla; pmf, promaxillary fenestra; mi, maxilla interior;?pipf, premaxillary pneumatic foramina; pmx, premaxilla; pf, pneumatic foramina of the frontal; front, frontal; nf, neurovascular foramina; rugose, rugose bone surface; smooth, smooth bone surface. In (C) and (D), light blue are neurovascular foramina, light green is the maxillary fenestra, light red is the promaxillary fenestra, tan is an additional maxillary fenestra.

Figure 6 in Dromaeosaurid crania demonstrate the progressive loss of facial pneumaticity in coelurosaurian dinosaurs

Figure 6. Lacrimal and jugal pneumaticity in theropods. Lacrimals of (A, B) Velociraptor, (C) Tsaagan, (D) Tyrannosaurus (cast of AMNH 5027), (E) Tyrannosaurus (FMNH PR2081) and (F) Gorgosaurus (cast). Jugals of (G) Velociraptor, (H), Tsaagan and (I) Tyrannosaurus (AMNH 5027, cast). Abbreviations: lpfen, lacrimal pneumatic fenestra; jf, jugal foramen; nf, neurovascular foramina; pf, pneumatic foramen.

Figure 8 in Dromaeosaurid crania demonstrate the progressive loss of facial pneumaticity in coelurosaurian dinosaurs

Figure 8. Ancestral state reconstruction of the presence of the maxillary fenestra in coelurosaurs. Likelihood estimates for nodes represented by pie charts (blue = present, yellow = absent).

Figure 1 in Dromaeosaurid crania demonstrate the progressive loss of facial pneumaticity in coelurosaurian dinosaurs

Figure 1. Craniofacial pneumaticity of Deinonychus. Maxilla YPM VP 5232 in (A, C) lateral and (B, D) medial views. Abbreviations: aofen, antorbital fenestra; aof, antorbital fossa; nepf, nasal exterior pneumatic foramina; mf, maxillary fenestra; na, nasal; pmf, promaxillary fenestra; mi, maxilla interior; ammf, anteromedial maxillary fenestra; mipf, interior maxillary pneumatic foramina; pmr, promaxillary recess; suas, suprantral strut; nipf, interior nasal pneumatic foramina; pras, preantral strut; mes, medial shelf; man, maxillary antrum; air, airway space; ear, epiantral recess; pmmf, posteromedial maxillary fenestra; rugose, rugose bone surface; smooth, smooth bone surface. In (C) and (D), light red are nasal pneumatic foramina, dark green is the maxillary fenestra, orange is the promaxillary fenestra, tan are maxillary pneumatic foramina, light green is the promaxillary recess, light blue is the anteromedial maxillary fenestra, pink is the epiantral recess, and red is the posteromedial maxillary recess. Courtesy of the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (peabody.yale.edu).

opennotspecifiedJun 2014View details →

Figure 16 in The anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, and stratigraphic position of the Tithonian-Berriasian Spanish sauropod dinosaur Aragosaurus ischiaticus

Figure 16. Right pedal elements of Aragosaurus ischiaticus: A, ungual phalanx II (ZH-19) in dorsal view; B, ungual phalanx II (ZH-19) and proximal phalanx (ZH-10) in medial views; C, ungual phalanx II in lateral view.

opennotspecifiedJun 2014View details →

Figure 6 in The anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, and stratigraphic position of the Tithonian-Berriasian Spanish sauropod dinosaur Aragosaurus ischiaticus

Figure 6. Haemal arches of Aragosaurus ischiaticus: A, B, anterior chevron (ZH-4) in posterior (A) and anterior (B) views; C, D, anterior chevron (ZH-5) in anterior (C) and posterior (D) views; E, anterior chevron (ZH-7) in lateral view; F, G, middle chevron (ZH-9) in anterior (F) and lateral (G) views; H, posterior chevron (ZH-14) in lateral view.

Figure 47. Hypselospinus fittoni. A in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 47. Hypselospinus fittoni. A preliminary reconstruction of the skeleton based upon the type and referred material described in this article. NB: forelimb relative to hindlimb length, and proportions, are currently unknown. Scale bar = 1 m.

Figure 12 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 12. Hypselospinus cf. fittoni (Iguanodon hollingtoniensis holotype). NHMUK R1148. A, B, dorsal centra as preserved in lateral view. A1, centrum A illustrated and pseudo-articulated with a neural arch; A2, centrum and neural arch in ventral view; B1, similar pseudo-articulation and B2, ventral view of the same. Hatching indicates broken surfaces. Abbreviations: dia, diapophyseal facet; k, keel; par, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bars = 10 cm.

Figure 11 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 11. Hypselospinus cf. fittoni (holotype: Iguanodon hollingtoniensis). NHMUK R1148. A−D, left metatarsal (mt) III in dorsal, ventral, proximal, and distal views, respectively; E−H, left mt II (R1629) in dorsal, ventral, proximal, and distal views, respectively; I−N, proximal pedal phalanx (?I−IV) in lateral, medial, dorsal, ventral, distal, and proximal views, respectively. Abbreviations: lig, scarred surfaces for ligament attachment; sc, scarred surface; tab, flap-like tab on the dorsolateral margin of mt II; tab.sc, corresponding scarred and indented surface on the medial edge of the shaft of mt III for the attachment of the tab on mt II. Shading: even tone, proximal metatarsal surface; hatching, broken surfaces. Scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 9 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 9. Iguanodon (= Hypselospinus) fittoni. Holotype NHMUK R1635. Ischium (right) proximal end, eroded. Abbreviations: ac, acetabular margin; obt, obturator process (eroded base). Scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 36 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 36. Hypselospinus cf. fittoni. NHMUK R1831. Dentary right with teeth preserved in situ. A, medial; B, lateral; C, dorsal views. Abbreviations: am, alveolar margin; br, badly broken portion of the dentary; cp, coronoid process; ds, dentary symphysis; m, matrix; mgr, Meckelian groove; pr, anterior lateral process of the dentary; sf, sutural facet; sl, 'slot-and-lip' portion of the dentary symphysis; tf, tooth fragments in alveolar bone; vc, vascular channel. Scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 39 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 39. Hypselospinus cf. fittoni. NHMUK R1831 (R1832, R1833), R33. Digits II−IV of the manus reconstructed. A, metacarpals II−IV (right) reconstructed in articulation (dorsal view). B, NHMUK R33. Metacarpal III (uncrushed, right) showing natural width for comparison with: C, NHMUK R1831, which is transversely compressed. D, digit II (left, inverted), ungual phalanx somewhat distorted; E, digit III (left, inverted), distal end (only) of metacarpal III appears to be relatively uncrushed, penultimate phalanx missing and ungual phalanx distorted; F, digit IV (apparently complete). G, digit V (possible morphology) penultimate phalanx missing. H, H1, NHMUK R33: ungual phalanx of digit III of manus in dorsal and ventral views, respectively, showing the expected asymmetrical shape, as in Norman (1986: figs 50, 51). Abbreviations: art, articular facet for penultimate phalanx; c.gr, ungual claw groove. Scale bar = 10 cm.

opennotspecifiedApr 2016View details →

Figure 1 in The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania

Figure 1. Important Late Jurassic dinosaur localities, showing the context of the Tendaguru Formation: 1, Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania (Oxfordian–Tithonian); 2, Kadzi Formation, Zimbabwe (Late Jurassic); 3, Toqui Formation, Chile (Tithonian); 4, Ca~ nadon Calcareo Formation, Argentina (Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian); 5, Morrison Formation, USA (Kimmeridgian–Tithonian); 6, various units, Portugal (mainly Kimmeridgian); 7, various units, central Europe (Kimmeridgian–Tithonian); 8, Sishugou Formation, China (Oxfordian); 9, Upper Shaximiao Formation, China (Late Jurassic); 10, Tiaojishan Formation and equivalents, China (Callovian–Oxfordian). Modified from Rauhut (2011), based on a palaeogeographic map from Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc. (http://cpgeosystems.com/paleomaps.html).

opennotspecifiedNov 2011View details →

Figure 3 in A new basal ornithopod dinosaur (Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada), and implications for late Maastrichtian ornithischian diversity in North America

Figure 3. The geographic location of the RSM P 1225.1 quarry. A, the location of the Province of Saskatchewan in Canada, highlighting the area of south-western Saskatchewan illustrated in (B). B, regional map of southwestern Saskatchewan with star indicating the location of the quarry on the north side of the Frenchman River Valley near Cambery Coulee.

Figure 38 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 38. NHMUK RU A100 (BMNH A100). Unnamed heterodontosaur remains based on a partial skull that was originally referred to the genus Lycorhinus by Thulborn (1970b) – composite image manipulated to create the effect of a partial anterior skull viewed from left side. A, left premaxilla in medial view (reversed). B, left maxilla in lateral view. C, maxillary dentition in medial view (reversed). D, left dentary in medial view (reversed). Illustrations derived from Charig & Crompton (1974: figs 4–7).

Figure 21 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 21. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. SAM-PK-K337 (holotype). A, the right maxillary dentition (M.2–M.12) in lateral view (see Fig. 22 for details of M.1–M.4); B, occlusal plan view of crowns M.8–M.11 to demonstrate the minor imbrication between adjacent crowns.

Figure 14 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 14. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. Attempted reconstruction of the skull in occipital view. The post-temporal fenestra (pof) appears to be reduced to a narrow channel that enters the body of the neurocranium between the parietal, supraoccipital and (perhaps the squamosal more posteriorly). The smaller, but discrete vascular opening on the paroccipital wing is assumed to have served for passage of parts of the cranial vascular system (Romer, 1956). The indented regions (?pn) on the lower lateral corner of the paroccipital wing, and the other on the rear surface of the quadrate shaft, medial to the quadrate (paraquadratic) foramen, hint at the presence of cranial pneumatism (Witmer, 1997). For full list of abbreviations see end of paper.

Figure 37. A in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 37. A, Geranosaurus atavus Broom, 1911. SAM- PK-1871 (holotype). Upper image: dorsal view of the fragmentary (and subsequently damaged) remains of the anterior part of the dentaries and predentary; lower image, the extremely fragmentary right maxilla (with traces of the premaxilla), showing the broken crowns and roots of cheek teeth of a heterodontosaurid from Eastern Cape Province. Matrix on dentary block signified using irregular tone. B, Lycorhinus angustidens Haughton, 1924. SAM-PK-3606 (holotype). Partial left dentary, based on the original illustration by Haughton (re-drawn by Hopson, 1975: fig. 1a). The specimen can no longer be found (apart from the dentary crown) and is now represented only by a moulded impression of the original. C, L. angustidens Haughton, 1924. Lateral view of the left dentary dentition (from Hopson, 1975: fig. 1B) retrieved from an impression of the dentition left on the sandstone matrix preserved with the original specimen.

Figure 2 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 2. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. SAM-PK-K337 (holotype). A, left lateral view drawn from slightly ventrolateral perspective. B, annotated outline drawing of the same (even grey tone represents matrix and/or plaster infill). See also Appendix 3. Abbreviations: af, internal mandibular adductor fossa; An, angular; Ar, articular; aof, antorbital fossa; Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; bsf, basisphenoid flange; bst, basisphenoid tuber; Co, coronoid; D, dentary; fm, foramen magnum (internal wall of right side) imf, internal mandibular fenestra; lbpt, left basipterygoid process; Ls, laterosphenoid; Mx, maxilla; N, nasal; nf, narial fossa; Os, orbitosphenoid; ovc, occipital vascular canal; Pa, parietal; Part, prearticular; Pd, predentary; pocc, paroccipital; Pro/Op, proötic-opisthotic; Prs –?presphenoid; Psp, parasphenoid; Pt, pterygoid (right); ptf, pterygoid flange; ptmr, pterygoid medial ridge; Q, quadrate; qf, quadrate (paraquadratic) foramen; Qj, quadratojugal; qpt, quadrate wing of the pterygoid; rbpta, right basipterygoid articular facet; S, supraoccipital; Sp, splenial; Sq, squamosal (broken fragment); V, trigeminal fossa (cranial nerve 5).

Figure 1 in The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships

Figure 1. Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton & Charig, 1962. SAM-PK-K337 (holotype). A, right lateral view drawn from the perspective in which the skull roof is aligned to the horizontal plane. B, annotated outline drawing of the same (even grey tone represents adhering matrix and/or plaster infill). See also Appendix 3. Abbreviations: An, angular; aof, antorbital fossa; apf, anterior premaxillary foramen; Ar, articular; D, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; itf, infratemporal fenestra; J, jugal; jb, jugal boss; jp, ventrolateral jugal process; Mx, maxilla; mxr, lateral maxillary ridge; N, nasal; nf, narial fossa; nsul, internasal sulcus; paf, posterior antorbital fenestra; Pd, predentary; Pf, prefrontal; Pmx, premaxilla; Po, postorbital; por, postorbital ridge; Ppb, palpebral; Q, quadrate; qf, quadrate (paraquadratic) foramen; Qj, quadratojugal; Sa, surangular; sc, sagittal crest of the parietal; Sq, squamosal; sqr, squamosal ridge.