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2,478 results for “nasal”
Fig. 15 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 15. Nasal articulations with maxillae in juvenile Gorgosaurus libratus (nasals at top; TMP 86.144.1) adult Tyrannosaurus rex (nasals in middle and maxilla below; TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). The interlocking, staircase−style articulation in the adult Tyrannosaurus rex efficiently transmitted compressional forces and increased the shear strength of the articulation. Dashed lines show the extent of the staircased articulation, and the solid line indicates a projection on the nasals and the corresponding depression in the maxilla.
Fig. 13 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 13. Strength indicators computed for theropod crania under mediolateral (A), dorsoventral (B), and torsional (C) loadings. Tyrannosaurid crania are invariably stronger than those of carnosaurs for a given skull length. See Appendix 1 for labels.
Fig. 11 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 11. Top and side views of theropod crania used to reconstruct crosssectional shapes, and oblique views of reconstructed plinge cross−sections for each cranium. Second moments of area of the plinges were calculated as indices of bending and torsional cranium strengths. A–D, carnosaurs; E–G, tyrannosaurids.
Fig. 7 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 7. CT−scanned cross−sections of fused tyrannosaurid nasals, showing greater vaulting and higher cross−sectional areas of bone in larger individuals. A. Gorgosaurus libratus (juvenile: TMP 86.144.1). B. Gorgosaurus libratus (subadult: TMP 86.64.1). C. Daspletosaurus torosus (adult: TMP 98.48.1). Numbers 1–4: cross−sections at topologically similar positions, from posterior to anterior.
Fig. 10 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 10. Heights and widths of tyrannosaurid nasal slices normalized for slice area and bone length. A. Normalized heights ("vaulting index") showing convergence of vaulting pattern at large size. B. Normalized widths ("span index") showing isometric form in most specimens, but exaggerated relative width in Tyrannosaurus rex nasals. Points of maximum vaulting and span are indicated on nasals of T. rex (TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). Symbols as per Fig. 9.
Fig. 3 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 3. Comparisons of mediolateral (A, B) and anteroposterior (C, D) strengths of tyrannosaurid and non−tyrannosaurid theropod maxillary teeth, plotted against skull length. Regressions are by least squares, on log transformed data for the tyrannosaurids. Trend lines are allometric in the tyannosaurids but linear in non−tyrannosaurids. Tooth strengths of Tyrannosaurus rex are much higher than in any other examined taxon. Starting points of the small arrows indicate the position of the juvenile T. rex (TrJ). See Appendix 1 for other specimen labels.
Fig. 14. A in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 14. A. Functional integration of strengths of the tyrannosaurid head skeleton when subjected to feeding forces. Dark arrows represent direct influences of forces on structures, and direct integration of structural strengths. Light arrows represent less direct influences of structures on one another. B. Correlated progression of tyrannosauroid feeding adaptations mapped onto a tyrannosauroid cladogram after Xu et al. (2004) and Holtz (2004). Arrow at left represents phyletic increases that likely occurred at all ingroup nodes except G. libratus + A. sarcophagus.
Fig. 3 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 3. Comparisons of mediolateral (A, B) and anteroposterior (C, D) strengths of tyrannosaurid and non−tyrannosaurid theropod maxillary teeth, plotted against skull length. Regressions are by least squares, on log transformed data for the tyrannosaurids. Trend lines are allometric in the tyannosaurids but linear in non−tyrannosaurids. Tooth strengths of Tyrannosaurus rex are much higher than in any other examined taxon. Starting points of the small arrows indicate the position of the juvenile T. rex (TrJ). See Appendix 1 for other specimen labels.
Fig. 15 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 15. Nasal articulations with maxillae in juvenile Gorgosaurus libratus (nasals at top; TMP 86.144.1) adult Tyrannosaurus rex (nasals in middle and maxilla below; TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). The interlocking, staircase−style articulation in the adult Tyrannosaurus rex efficiently transmitted compressional forces and increased the shear strength of the articulation. Dashed lines show the extent of the staircased articulation, and the solid line indicates a projection on the nasals and the corresponding depression in the maxilla.
Fig. 11 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 11. Top and side views of theropod crania used to reconstruct crosssectional shapes, and oblique views of reconstructed plinge cross−sections for each cranium. Second moments of area of the plinges were calculated as indices of bending and torsional cranium strengths. A–D, carnosaurs; E–G, tyrannosaurids.
Fig. 15 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 15. Nasal articulations with maxillae in juvenile Gorgosaurus libratus (nasals at top; TMP 86.144.1) adult Tyrannosaurus rex (nasals in middle and maxilla below; TMP 98.86.01; cast of BHI 2033). The interlocking, staircase−style articulation in the adult Tyrannosaurus rex efficiently transmitted compressional forces and increased the shear strength of the articulation. Dashed lines show the extent of the staircased articulation, and the solid line indicates a projection on the nasals and the corresponding depression in the maxilla.
Fig. 14. A in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 14. A. Functional integration of strengths of the tyrannosaurid head skeleton when subjected to feeding forces. Dark arrows represent direct influences of forces on structures, and direct integration of structural strengths. Light arrows represent less direct influences of structures on one another. B. Correlated progression of tyrannosauroid feeding adaptations mapped onto a tyrannosauroid cladogram after Xu et al. (2004) and Holtz (2004). Arrow at left represents phyletic increases that likely occurred at all ingroup nodes except G. libratus + A. sarcophagus.
Fig. 13 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 13. Strength indicators computed for theropod crania under mediolateral (A), dorsoventral (B), and torsional (C) loadings. Tyrannosaurid crania are invariably stronger than those of carnosaurs for a given skull length. See Appendix 1 for labels.
Fig. 13 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 13. Strength indicators computed for theropod crania under mediolateral (A), dorsoventral (B), and torsional (C) loadings. Tyrannosaurid crania are invariably stronger than those of carnosaurs for a given skull length. See Appendix 1 for labels.
Fig. 12 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 12. Schematic trapezoidal cross−sections of theropod crania, with geometry and expressions for computing second moments of area. A. Determining moments with respect to the horizontal (Z) axis. The width of a strip of area is a function of its vertical (Y) coordinate. B. Determining moments with respect to the vertical (Y) axis; the cross−section is partitioned into two central rectangular areas, and two lateral triangular regions.
Fig. 14. A in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 14. A. Functional integration of strengths of the tyrannosaurid head skeleton when subjected to feeding forces. Dark arrows represent direct influences of forces on structures, and direct integration of structural strengths. Light arrows represent less direct influences of structures on one another. B. Correlated progression of tyrannosauroid feeding adaptations mapped onto a tyrannosauroid cladogram after Xu et al. (2004) and Holtz (2004). Arrow at left represents phyletic increases that likely occurred at all ingroup nodes except G. libratus + A. sarcophagus.
Fig. 7 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 7. CT−scanned cross−sections of fused tyrannosaurid nasals, showing greater vaulting and higher cross−sectional areas of bone in larger individuals. A. Gorgosaurus libratus (juvenile: TMP 86.144.1). B. Gorgosaurus libratus (subadult: TMP 86.64.1). C. Daspletosaurus torosus (adult: TMP 98.48.1). Numbers 1–4: cross−sections at topologically similar positions, from posterior to anterior.
Fig. 2 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 2. Comparison of vertical bending strengths of adult theropod dentaries, graphed as mid−dentary section modulus versus mandible length (data from Therrien et al. 2005). Lines fitted by least squares regression, by log transformed values for the tyrannosaurid data. Carnosaur dentary strengths scale linearly with dentary length, while tyrannosaurid dentary strengths show an exponential increase. The tyrannosaurid dentaries are stronger than those of carnosaurs for a given mandible length, indicating a relatively stronger bite. See Appendix 1 for specimen labels; Gc, Giganotosaurus carolinii.
Fig. 11 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 11. Top and side views of theropod crania used to reconstruct crosssectional shapes, and oblique views of reconstructed plinge cross−sections for each cranium. Second moments of area of the plinges were calculated as indices of bending and torsional cranium strengths. A–D, carnosaurs; E–G, tyrannosaurids.
Fig. 3 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics
Fig. 3. Comparisons of mediolateral (A, B) and anteroposterior (C, D) strengths of tyrannosaurid and non−tyrannosaurid theropod maxillary teeth, plotted against skull length. Regressions are by least squares, on log transformed data for the tyrannosaurids. Trend lines are allometric in the tyannosaurids but linear in non−tyrannosaurids. Tooth strengths of Tyrannosaurus rex are much higher than in any other examined taxon. Starting points of the small arrows indicate the position of the juvenile T. rex (TrJ). See Appendix 1 for other specimen labels.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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