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Figs 41–46. Belyta validicornis Thomson, 1859, male. 41 in New data on the genus Belyta Jurine, 1807 (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae, Belytinae) from Iran

Figs 41–46. Belyta validicornis Thomson, 1859, male. 41 – general habitus; 42 – head in

Figs 15–21. Belyta depressa Thomson, 1859 in New data on the genus Belyta Jurine, 1807 (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae, Belytinae) from Iran

Figs 15–21. Belyta depressa Thomson, 1859: female (15–18) and male (19–21). 15 –

Figs 22–27. Belyta elongata Thomson, 1859, male. 22 in New data on the genus Belyta Jurine, 1807 (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae, Belytinae) from Iran

Figs 22–27. Belyta elongata Thomson, 1859, male. 22 – general habitus; 23 – head in

Figs 35–40. Belyta sanguinolenta Nees, 1834, male. 35 in New data on the genus Belyta Jurine, 1807 (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae, Belytinae) from Iran

Figs 35–40. Belyta sanguinolenta Nees, 1834, male. 35 – general habitus; 36 – head in

Figs 28–34. Belyta rugosicollis Kieffer, 1909, male. 28 in New data on the genus Belyta Jurine, 1807 (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae, Belytinae) from Iran

Figs 28–34. Belyta rugosicollis Kieffer, 1909, male. 28 – general habitus; 29 – head in

Figs 9–14. Belyta bicolor Jurine, 1807, male. 9 in New data on the genus Belyta Jurine, 1807 (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae, Belytinae) from Iran

Figs 9–14. Belyta bicolor Jurine, 1807, male. 9 – general habitus; 10 – head in frontal

Figs 1–8. Belyta abrupta Thomson, 1858 in New data on the genus Belyta Jurine, 1807 (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae, Belytinae) from Iran

Figs 1–8. Belyta abrupta Thomson, 1858: female (1–6) and male (7, 8). 1 – general

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Data from: Multiple origins of mountain biodiversity in New Zealand's largest plant radiation

Aim: How mountains accumulate species diversity remains poorly understood, particularly the relative role of in situ cladogenesis compared with colonization from lower elevations. Here, we estimated the contributions of in situ cladogenesis and colonization in generating biodiversity of a large mountain plant radiation and determined the importance of niche adaptation and divergence in these processes. We expected cladogenesis would accompany novel habitats formed by mountain uplift but colonization would become more important with time as dispersal opportunities accrue. Location: New Zealand, Southern Alps Taxon: Veronica sect. Hebe (Plantaginaceae) Methods: We estimated the most complete time-calibrated phylogeny to date for Veronica sect. Hebe to quantify rates of in situ cladogenesis and colonization of mountain habitat based on historical biogeographical models. We used environmental niche modeling to quantify species' climate niches and estimate niche disparity and divergence over time. Results: In situ cladogenesis generated more species in the mountains than colonization from lowlands. Whereas cladogenesis slowed over time, colonization increased, especially in the alpine zone. Both adaptive ecological speciation along climate niche axes and non-adaptive, vicariant speciation contributed to cladogenesis. However, climate niche disparity through time became saturated, suggesting competition for niche space was important. Colonization brought more divergent species into mountain niches. Main Conclusions: We suggest mountain diversity accumulates through three main stages: high cladogenesis after initial colonization, decreasing cladogenesis with increasing competition, and increasing colonization after niches saturate, likely promoted by niche divergence. Combining lineage and mountain uplift trajectories, these stages provide a conceptual model to understand how diversity accumulates elsewhere. Assuming these deep-time findings apply to anthropogenic conditions, alpine specialists could struggle to outcompete colonizers facilitated by climate change, especially from generalist clades. Considering novel competitive interactions alongside niche traits and biogeographical processes will be crucial for predicting the fate of alpine biodiversity in a changing world.

Towards Plasma Control With A New Self-Pulsing Driving Circuit _ data

Dataset for article Towards Plasma Control With A New Self-Pulsing Driving Circuit Abstract A new simple self-pulsing plasma driving circuit has been developed with a large air core inductor to drive atmospheric pressure ‘transient spark’ discharges. The addition of the inductor changes the transient spark discharge from a series of short (≤1 μs) DC pulses with &sim;1 kHz repetition frequencies to a series of few cycle &sim; 10 to 100 kHz RF pulses with, again, &sim;1 kHz repetition frequencies. The experimental behaviour observed is modelled well by an analytical model of the new circuit. The behaviour of the plasma is influenced by the magnitude of the inductance. Optical emission spectra of the discharges suggest that the addition of an inductor may provide a route to controling the electron energy in transient spark discharges. The data sets include the raw data used to generate the figures for the paper. Data processing is within the included gnuplot scripts.

Tree species Waititu (New Zealand) UAV imagery and reference data (raw)

This dataset includes drone (Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles, UAV) orthomosaics of three plots (each plot covers approx. 100 by 100 m)  acquired in November 2017 in Waititu (Fjordland) New Zealand. The resolution (ground sampling distance) of the orthomosaics amounts to approx. 2-3 cm. The orthomosaics feature RGB information and an estimated canopy height (normalized digital surface model, nDSM). The canopy height was derived by subtracting digital surface models (DSM) with digital terrain models (DTM). The DTMs were estimated from the lowest points. Details are given in the publication below. The orthomosaics are partially labelled (polygon shapefiles) for the two tree species, which are Metrosideros umbellata, an angiosperm of the Myrtaceae and Dacrydium cupressinum, a gymnosperm of the Podocarpaceae. The two species are abbreviated as metumb and daccup, respectively. The covered forests are primary forests with a high species richness and endemism. Each orthomosaic comes with an AOI (area of interest, polygon shapefile) that indicates the areas where the labelling was performed. Within the extent of this AOI the two tree species are assumed to be completely delineated (by visual interpretation guided with insitu data; details see publication below). For visual inspection of the imagery we recommend to generate image pyramids since the image data has a very high spatial resolution. Details on the dataset are mentioned in the corresponding publication: Kattenborn, T., Eichel, J., Wiser, S., Burrows, L., Fassnacht, F. E., & Schmidtlein, S. (2020). Convolutional Neural Networks accurately predict cover fractions of plant species and communities in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle imagery. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 6(4), 472-486. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.146">https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.146</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034425719301166">https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/rse2.146</a>   Acknowledgements: The data acquisition was funded by the Catalyst: Leaders program financed by the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) and administered by the Royal Society of New Zealand and the MBIE Strategic Science Investment Fund to Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Data for: Species richness and assemblages of bats along a forest elevational transect in Papua New Guinea

Over the past decades, elevational gradients have become a powerful tool with which to understand the underlying cause(s) of biodiversity. The Mt. Wilhelm elevational transect is one such example, having been used to study the birds, insects, and plants of Papua New Guinea (PNG). However, a survey of mammals from this forest elevational transect was lacking. We thus aimed to investigate patterns in the community structure and species richness of bats (Chiroptera) along the transect, link the species to available regional data, and explain the observed patterns by including environmental characteristics. Bat assemblages were surveyed between 200 m and a timberline at 3,700 m a.s.l. at eight study sites separated by 500 m in elevation. We conducted mist-netting and acoustic surveys to detect and identify species at each site. Regional data were compiled to compare local with regional diversity. Finally, biotic (i.e., food availability, habitat features) and abiotic (i.e., mean daily temperature) factors were included in our analyses to disentangle the ecological drivers underlying bat diversity. Results revealed that species richness decreases with ascending elevation and was best explained by a corresponding decrease in temperature. We observed both turnover and nestedness of the species composition at regional scale whereas turnover was dominant at local scale. Extensions and shifts of bat elevational ranges were also found in Mt. Wilhelm. Consequently, despite that the study was restricted to one mountain in PNG, it demonstrates how basic inventory surveys can be used to address ecological questions in other similar and undisturbed tropical mountains.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2003View details →

Fig. 6 in Relationships of Henicopidae (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): New molecular data, classification and biogeography

Fig. 6. Distributions of Anopsobiinae and Zygethobiini.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Data from: Two new species of Eleutherodactylus from Western and Central Mexico (Eleutherodactylus jamesdixoni sp. nov., Eleutherodactylus humboldti sp. nov.)

Here, we provide 1) raw and edited recordings of male advertisement calls from two new species of Eleutherodactylus (Syrrhophus) and their sister species, including R scripts used to analyze the data, and 2) photos of preserved specimens from which morphological measurements were collected.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Data from: Ankylosaurian body armor function and evolution with insights from osteohistology and morphometrics of new specimens from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica

The body armor of ankylosaurians is a unique morphological feature among dinosaurs. Despite being studied for decades, paleohistological analyses have only started to uncover the details of its function. Yet, there has been an overall bias toward sampling ankylosaurian remains from the Northern Hemisphere and limited quantitative studies on the morphological and functional evolution. Here, we describe new ankylosaurian materials recovered from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica that, in combination with data compiled from the literature, reveal new insights into the evolution of the ankylosaurian body armor. Based on histological microstructure and phylogenetic results, the new Antarctic material can be assigned to Nodosauridae. This group shares the absence/poor development of the basal cortex and highly ordered sets of orthogonal structural fibers in the superficial cortex. Our morphospace analyses indicate that large morphological diversity is observed among both nodosaurids and ankylosaurids, but they became more functionally specialized in late-diverging nodosaurids. Besides acting as effective protection against predation, osteoderms also exhibit highly ordered structural fibers in nodosaurids, enabling a decrease in cortical bone thickness (as in titanosaurs), which could have been co-opted for secondary functions, such as calcium remobilization for physiological balance. The latter may have played a key role in nodosaurid colonization of high-latitude environments, such as Antarctica and the Arctic Circle.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Data for: Static allometries do not reflect evolutionary allometry in exaggerated weaponry of male New Zealand sheetweb spiders (Cambridgea spp.)

Across the animal kingdom, exaggerated weaponry is frequently used by one sex to contest access for potential mates. Within species, if disproportionate investment in weaponry confers an advantage to larger individuals, this may result in positive static allometry. It is predicted that the same selective pressures may also lead to positive evolutionary allometry, where larger species bear disproportionately large weapons on average, compared with smaller species. However it is unclear whether the slopes of species-specific static allometries are steeper among larger species, or remain consistent. All adult males across the New Zealand sheet-web spider genus Cambridgea bear exaggerated chelicerae which are used to compete for control of females' webs. Here, we characterise the distribution of chelicera lengths within each sex of 12 Cambridgea species to show that chelicerae almost always exhibit positive static allometry in males while female chelicera lengths are consistently isometric. We use comparative phylogenetic methods to demonstrate that the slopes of static allometries steepen in males of larger species but that the ratio of average chelicera length to cephalothorax width is tightly conserved across taxa, leading to an isometric evolutionary allometry. While sexual selection may drive weapon exaggeration within species, resulting in steeper or shallower static allometries, this conservation of relative trait size suggests that chelicera length is subject to other stabilising selective pressures. Changes to species body plans might be constrained, while allowing for disproportionate investment in weapon traits at the extremes of body sizes within species.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Data for New cold-adapted bacteria for efficient hydrolysis of feather waste at low temperature paper

A novel cold-adapted bacteria Arthrobacter oryzae BIM B-1663 isolated from Antarctic green snow showed keratinase activity and efficient poultry feather degradation. A. oryzae strain degraded more than 80% of chicken feathers within 7 days of cultivation at 25°C. The optimal keratinase activity for A. oryzae BIM B-1663 was observed at 50°C, both for α-keratin (44.86 U/mL) and for β-keratin (94 mU/mL). The obtained results from sulfite and thiol groups tests and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that A. oryzae strain has a different keratin degradation mechanism than the reference strain Bacillus licheniformis CCM 2145T. FTIR fingerprinting can be used for monitoring of feather hydrolysis as it showed distinct chemical differences in feather meal hydrolysates, retentate and permeate from A. oryzae and B. licheniformis strains.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Data for: Juvenile leg autotomy predicts adult male morph in a New Zealand harvestman with weapon polymorphism

Intraspecific weapon polymorphisms that arise via conditional thresholds may be affected by juvenile experiences such as predator encounters, yet this idea has rarely been tested. The New Zealand harvestman Forsteropsalis pureora has three male morphs: majors (alphas and betas) are large-bodied with large chelicerae used in male-male contests, while minors (gammas) are small-bodied with small chelicerae and scramble to find mates. Individuals use leg autotomy to escape predators and there is no regeneration of the missing leg. Here, we tested whether juvenile experience affects adult morph using leg autotomy scars as a proxy of predator encounters. Juvenile males that lost at least one leg (with either locomotory or sensory function) had a 45 times higher probability of becoming a minor morph at adulthood than intact juvenile males. Leg loss during development may affect foraging, locomotion, and/or physiology, potentially linking a juvenile's predator encounters to their final adult morph and future reproductive tactic.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Data from: Are all forms of defense lost on islands? Persistence of an indirect defensive trait in six island colonists from New Zealand

The loss of defense hypothesis posits that island colonizers experience a release from predation on the mainland and subsequently lose their defensive adaptations. However, while support for the hypothesis from direct defensive traits is abundant, far less is known about indirect defensive traits. Leaf domatia are cave-like structures produced on the underside of leaves that facilitate an indirect defensive interaction with predaceous and microbivorous mites. I tested the loss of defense hypothesis in six domatia-bearing taxa inhabiting New Zealand and its offshore islands. No support for the loss of defense hypothesis was found. Changes in domatia investment were instead associated with changes in leaf size – a trait that has been repeatedly observed to undergo rapid evolution on islands. Overall results suggest that not all types of defense are lost on islands.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Data for: Four new species of Viola (Violaceae) from southern China

ITS sequences for the article 'Four new species of Viola (Violaceae) from southern China'. Our sequences are for 4 new species, i.e. Viola heyuanensis, V. chaozhouensis, V.qingruii and V. longissima.