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FIGURE 4 in Cactodera chenopodiae (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a new species of cyst nematode parasitizing common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) in Liaoning, China

FIGURE 4. SEM micrographs of Cactodera chenopodiae n. sp. A. Cyst; B. Vulval cone with anus; C. Cuticle surface showing wavy pattern; D. Circumfenestra of cyst; E. Anterior region of J2; F. Lateral field of second-stage juvenile (J2) showing incomplete annulation; G. Egg; H–I. Pattern on surface of egg;

FIGURE 3 in Cactodera chenopodiae (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a new species of cyst nematode parasitizing common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) in Liaoning, China

FIGURE 3. Light micrographs of Cactodera chenopodiae n. sp. (J3) A–C: J3 in root after root staining; D: J3 off root picked after centrifugal-flotation. (Scale bars: A–C = 100 µm, D = 50 µm)

FIGURE 6 in Cactodera chenopodiae (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a new species of cyst nematode parasitizing common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) in Liaoning, China

FIGURE 6. Phylogenetic relationships within populations and species of Heteroderinae Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven,1941. The 50% majority rule consensus trees from Bayesian analysis generated from two runs as inferred from the analysis of the D2–D3 of 28S rRNA gene sequences under the GTR + G model. Two clades (A and B) are identified among Cactodera sequences. Branch support (only above 50%) is shown on branches as Bayesian inference (BI)/maximum likelihood (ML)/maximum parsimony (MP). A dash (-) indicates branch support below 50% or incongruence between BI and ML/MP analyses. Sequences produced in this study are highlighted in gray.

FIGURE 1 in Cactodera chenopodiae (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a new species of cyst nematode parasitizing common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) in Liaoning, China

FIGURE 1. Light micrographs of Cactodera chenopodiae n. sp. (Female and Cyst) A. Stylet of female; B. Neck of female; C– D. Vulva and anus of female; E–F. Posterior ends of female showing vulval slit; G. Immature females on roots; H. Females; I. Mature female (full of eggs); J. Egg; K. Cyst; L. Cysts. (Scale bars: A–B, E, F, J =20 µm, C–D = 50 µm, G, I = 200 µm, H= 500 µm, K = 100 µm, L=1mm.)

FIGURE 2 in Cactodera chenopodiae (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a new species of cyst nematode parasitizing common lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) in Liaoning, China

FIGURE 2. Light micrographs of Cactodera chenopodiae n. sp. (J2) A. Entire body of J2; B: Anterior region of J2; C–D: Tail of J2(U or V); E. Hemizonid of J2; F. Excretory pore of J2; G. Lateral field of J2. (Scale bars: A = 50 µm, B–G = 10 µm)

FIGURE 2 in Parental origin and genome evolution of several Eurasian hexaploid species of Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae)

FIGURE 2. Neighbour net analysis of nrITS sequences. The main clusters are shaded in color; (grey) A-genome diploids and Asian tetraploid C. sosnowskyi; (green) Eurasian diploids (B-genome), American and Asian tetraploids and Taiwan hexaploid C. formosanum; (yellow) two Asian diploids; (red) Asian diploid (C. acuminatum) and most of the Asian and Eurasian polyploids. Bootstrap values>80% are given only for the major groups of the analyzed accessions.

FIGURE 3 in Parental origin and genome evolution of several Eurasian hexaploid species of Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae)

FIGURE 3. Neighbour net analysis of 5S rDNA NTS sequences. The main clusters are shaded in color; (grey) sequences from A-genome diploids and American allotetraploids; (green) sequences from Eurasian diploids (B-genome), American allotetraploids and all analyzed hexaploid; (red) sequences from Eurasian tetraploids (C. betaceum, C. striatiforme) and two Eurasian hexaploids; (orange) sequences of Eurasian tetraploids (C. betaceum, C. striatiforme) and three Eurasian hexaploids. Bootstrap values>80% are given only for the major groups of the analyzed accessions.

FIGURE 1 in Parental origin and genome evolution of several Eurasian hexaploid species of Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae)

FIGURE 1. Neighbour net analysis of cpDNA sequences. The main clusters are shaded in color; (grey) A-genome diploids and American allotetraploids with AABB genome composition; (red) Eurasian tetraploids (C. betaceum and C. striatiforme) and Eurasian hexaploid species (C. pedunculare, C. album and C. giganteum); (green) Eurasian diploids (B-genome) and Taiwan hexaploid C. formosanum. Bootstrap values>80% are given only for the major groups of the analyzed accessions.

FIGURE 6 in Parental origin and genome evolution of several Eurasian hexaploid species of Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae)

FIGURE 6. Evolution of rDNA loci and genome size in allohexaploids C. album, C. giganteum, C. pedunculare, C. formosanum and C. opulifolium. Putative diploid and tetraploid ancestors are indicated by green and grey arrows, respectively. Genome size (1C), subgenome B (green), chromosome carrying 35S (yellow), or 5S (magenta) loci and their putative provenance (♂ for paternal and ♀ for maternal parent), as well as a type of ITS and 5S rDNA non-transcribed spacer (NTS) sequences (♂ for paternal and ♀ for maternal parent) are shown.

FIGURE 4 in Parental origin and genome evolution of several Eurasian hexaploid species of Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae)

FIGURE 4. Somatic metaphases of (a) C. album (BGG 4356), (b) C. pedunculare, (c) C. giganteum (PI 596372), (d) C. formosanum and (e) C. opulifolium after double GISH with gDNA isolated from C. ficifolium (green) and tetraploid C. betaceum (red). The scale bar=5 μm.

FIGURE 5 in Parental origin and genome evolution of several Eurasian hexaploid species of Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae)

FIGURE 5. Distribution of 35S (yellow) and 5S rDNA (magenta) loci in chromosomes of Chenopodium species; (a) C. betaceum; (b) C. striatiforme; (c) C. giganteum (IPK Chen61), (d) C. pedunculare. Somatic metaphases of (e) C. album (UHBG 36), (f) C. pedunculare, (g) C. formosanum, (h–i) C. giganteum (PI 596372) and (j) C. opulifolium after GISH/FISH with gDNA isolated from C. ficifolium (green), 35S rDNA (yellow) and 5S rDNA (magenta). The scale bar=5 μm.

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FIGURE 4 in Chenopodium luteorubrum (Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae sensu APG): a remarkable new species from the Russian Far East

FIGURE 4. Habitat of Chenopodium luteorubrum on the shores of the Sea of Japan, Southern Primorsky Krai (the Russian Far East). Photo by M. Lomonosova.

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FIGURE 3 in Chenopodium luteorubrum (Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae sensu APG): a remarkable new species from the Russian Far East

FIGURE 3. Trichomes (hairs) in inflorescences. Scanning electron micrographs (HITACHI TM-1000, Japan). A. Chenopodium luteorubrum. B. C. betaceum s. l. (C. strictum auct.). C. C. suecicum. D. C. album s. str.

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FIGURE 1 in Chenopodium luteorubrum (Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae sensu APG): a remarkable new species from the Russian Far East

FIGURE 1. Evolutionary scheme of two distinct hexaploid species: Chenopodium album s. str. and C. luteorubrum. Subgenome designation, chromosome number, and 2C DNA values are adopted from Mandák et al. (2018).

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FIGURE 1 in The holotype of Chenopodium baryosmon (Chenopodiaceae) rediscovered: just one of many type specimens from the private herbarium of Schultes, now in the Turczaninow herbarium at KW

FIGURE 1. Holotype of Chenopodium baryosmon (≡ Salsola baryosma, now treated as a synonym of Caroxylon imbricatum), KW001002885; the only actual specimen of the species seen by Schultes (courtesy of the National Herbarium of Ukraine, KW).