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Kruia rediscovered: phylogenetic implications, larval morphology, and biology of an enigmatic hydrophilid beetle from western Africa (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
<p>This is the dataset for the paper to be published in Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny, containing original unedited original photos and SEM micrographs, and the moleclar dataset used for the phylogenetic analyses.</p>
Deadly dormmate: a case study on Bungarus candidus living among a student dormitory with implications for human safety
<p>Movement and observation data gained through radio-telemetry of a single Malayan krait (<em>Bungarus candidus</em>) among a suburban landscape (a university dormitory complex) in NE Thailand. Included: movement spatial data .csv file and photographic evidence of foraging observations, a predation events, and conflicts with humans, camera trap footage, and snakebite incident data .csv file.</p> <p> </p> <p>B.candidus_observation_data.csv file column headings:</p> <p>folderID: The Zenodo folder ID containing the photographic evidence of events.</p> <p>obvdate: Date of observation (mm/dd/yyyy)</p> <p>obvtime: Time of observation (24hr)</p> <p>easting_utm: UTM easting (UTM Zone 48N; Datum WGS84)</p> <p>northing_utm: UTM northing (UTM Zone 48N; Datum WGS84)</p> <p>gps_accuracy: Accuracy of GPS location (m)</p> <p>notes: Comments and details on events/observations</p> <p> </p> <p>BUCA28_movement_data.csv file column headings:</p> <p>Datetime: Date and time when the snake was located (mm/dd/yyyy hh:mm)</p> <p>Easting: UTM easting (UTM Zone 48N; Datum WGS84)</p> <p>Northing: UTM northing (UTM Zone 48N; Datum WGS84)</p> <p>Behavior: Either the animal’s behavior observed during the location check (sheltering, foraging, or feeding) or type of other significant locations (capture or release sites)</p> <p>Habitat_Type: Land-use type where the snake was located</p> <p> </p> <p>Snakebite_incident_data_SUT_Dormitories.csv file column headings:</p> <p>Date: Date the snakebite occurred was located (mm/dd/yyyy)</p> <p>Time: Time (ICT) the snakebite occurred (hh:mm)</p> <p>Location: Brief location description where the incident occurred at Suranaree University of Technology</p> <p>Mesohabitat Description: Brief description of the scene where the bite occurred</p> <p> Snake species confirmed?: if responsible species known (Yes) or unknown (No)</p> <p>Snake Species: Identified responsible snake species (if known)</p> <p>If not confirmed, suspected species responsible: Species most likely to be responsible based on known snake species at SUT, the time the bite occurred, and bite symptoms.</p> <p>Bite Location: Where on the body the victim was bitten</p> <p>Envenomation Symptoms: Brief description of bite symptoms (note: none were severe/dangerous cases)</p> <p>Fang Puncture Marks?: Brief description of whether fang puncture marks were visible, and if so, how many punctures</p> <p>Notes and Photos: Brief further notes on how the bite occurred, and in the case of the bite by C. maculiceps, the corresponding Zenodo folder ID containing the photographic evidence (of the snake and dormitory bite location [during daylight]).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
FIG.1 in Socio-economic changes and their implication in the consumption and trade of meat during the La Tène period in Northern France: the cases of the Villeneuve-Saint-Germain and Condé-sur-Suippe (Aisne) oppida
FIG.1. — Distribution of some late Iron Age sites in the study region.
FIG. 4 in Socio-economic changes and their implication in the consumption and trade of meat during the La Tène period in Northern France: the cases of the Villeneuve-Saint-Germain and Condé-sur-Suippe (Aisne) oppida
FIG. 4. — Plan of the living zone on the site of Villeneuve-Saint-Germain. Scale bar: 5 m.
The Characteristics and Its Implications of Hydraulic Fracturing in Hydrate-Bearing Clayey Silt
<p>Datasets of the figures in the manuscript 'The Characteristics and Its Implications of Hydraulic Fracturing in Hydrate-Bearing Clayey Silt' to Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering.</p>
Dataset: COVID-19 implications on maritime trade flows
<p>This dataset can be used to reproduce the results as described in Verschuur et al. (2020), "The implications of large-scale containments policies on global maritime trade during the COVID-19 pandemic", under review. </p> <p> </p> <p>The dataset includes the port-level estimated maritime trade flows (imports and exports) on a daily time scale from January 2019 till August 2020. The data is disaggregated into a 22 sector classification system, which can be aggregated to a 11 sector classification system given the conversion table included. Moreover, the data can be easily aggregated to a country-level using the iso3 code provided. </p>
Weak genetic signal for phenotypic integration implicates developmental processes as major regulators of trait covariation
<p>Phenotypic integration is an important metric that describes the degree of covariation among traits in a population, and is hypothesized to arise due to selection for shared functional processes. Our ability to identify the genetic and/or developmental underpinnings of integration is marred by temporally overlapping cell-, tissue-, and structure-level processes that serve to continually 'overwrite' the structure of covariation among traits through ontogeny. Here we examine whether traits that are integrated at the phenotypic level, also exhibit a shared genetic basis (e.g., pleiotropy). We micro-CT scanned two hard tissue traits, and two soft tissue traits (mandible, pectoral girdle, atrium, and ventricle respectively) from an F<sub>5</sub> hybrid population of Lake Malawi cichlids, and used geometric morphometrics to extract 3D shape information from each trait. Given the large degree of asymmetric variation that may reflect developmental instability, we separated symmetric- from asymmetric-components of shape variation. We then performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis to determine the degree of genetic overlap between shapes. While we found ubiquitous associations among traits at the phenotypic level, except for a handful of notable exceptions, our QTL analysis revealed few overlapping genetic regions. Taken together, this indicates developmental interactions can play a large role in determining the degree of phenotypic integration among traits, and likely obfuscate the genotype to phenotype map, limiting our ability to gain a comprehensive picture of the genetic contributors responsible for phenotypic divergence.</p>
Data set related to the manuscript "Simulations of ionic liquids confined in surface-functionalized nanoporous carbons: Implications for energy storage"
<p>Graphical files in the agr format for all the figures in the manuscript entitled "Simulations of ionic liquids confined in surface-functionalized nanoporous carbons: Implications for energy storage". Examples of input files for the three systems simulated.</p>
Data from: Seedling recruitment correlates with seed input across seed sizes: implications for coexistence
Understanding controls on recruitment is critical to predicting community assembly, diversity and coexistence. Theory posits that at mean fecundity, recruitment of highly fecund small-seeded plants should be primarily microsite limited, which is indicated by a saturating recruitment function. In contrast, species that produce fewer large seeds are more likely to be seed-limited, which is characterized by a linear recruitment function. If these patterns hold in nature, seed predation that disproportionately affects larger-seeded species can limit their establishment. We tested these predictions by comparing recruitment functions among 16 co-occurring perennial forb species that vary by over two orders of magnitude in seed size. We also assessed how post-dispersal seed predation by mice influenced recruitment. We added seeds at densities from zero to three times natural fecundity of each species to undisturbed plots and examined spatial variation in recruitment by conducting experiments across ten grassland sites that varied in productivity and resource availability. Consistent across two replicated years, most species had linear recruitment functions across the range of added seed densities, indicative of seed-limited recruitment. Depending on year, the recruitment functions of only 19-37% of target species saturated near their average fecundity, and this was not associated with seed size. Recruitment was strongly inhibited by rodent seed predation for large-seeded species but not for smaller-seeded species. Proportional recruitment was more sensitive to spatial variation in recruitment conditions across sites for some small-seeded species than for large-seeded species. These results contradict the common belief that highly fecund small-seeded species suffer from microsite-limited recruitment. Rather, they imply that, at least episodically, recruitment can be strongly correlated to plant fecundity. However, proportional recruitment of small-seeded species was inhibited at productive sites to a greater extent than large-seeded species. Results also show that in a system where the dominant granivore prefers larger seeds, low-fecundity large-seeded species can suffer from even greater seed-limited recruitment than would occur in the absence of predators.
FIG. 1 in Catching tuna in the Aegean: biological background of tuna fisheries and the archaeological implications
FIG. 1. — Map of the Aegean Sea with sites mentioned in the text noted on it. Credits: V. Triggas.
Anatomy of the nasal and auditory regions of the fossil lagomorph Palaeolagus haydeni: systematic and evolutionary implications
<p>Palaeolagus, a late Eocene to early Miocene North American lagomorph genus, represented by numerous and well-preserved specimens, has been long considered a basal leporid, although it is currently understood as a stem lagomorph. Based on micro-computed tomography (μCT) data and 3D reconstructions, here we present the first description of intracranial structures of the nasal and auditory regions of a complete skull of Palaeolagus haydeni from the early Oligocene of Nebraska. Although Palaeolagus haydeni shows a puzzling mixture of extant leporid and ochotonid characters, it helps to polarize and re-evaluate already known lagomorph intracranial characters based on outgroup comparison with Rodentia and Scandentia. Common derived features of Palaeolagus haydeni and extant Lagomorpha are the dendritic maxilloturbinal and the excavated nasoturbinal that contacts the lamina semicircularis. Generally, Palaeolagus haydeni and Leporidae have several characters in common, some of which are certainly plesiomorphic (e.g., thin wall of bulla tympani and flat conic cochlea). Palaeolagus haydeni resembles Leporidae in having an interturbinal between the two frontoturbinals, and three ethmoturbinals plus one interturbinal between ethmoturbinal I and II. Now, this should also be regarded as a plesiomorphic grundplan pattern for Leporidae whereas ochotonids are derived from the lagomorph grundplan as concerns the number of frontoturbinals. Concerning the middle ear, Palaeolagus haydeni significantly contributes to the polarization of the anterior anchoring of the malleus in extant lagomorphs. Palaeolagus haydeni resembles the pattern observed in early ontogenetic stages of Ochotonidae, i.e., the attachment of the malleus to the ectotympanic via a short processus anterior. The patterns in adult ochotonids and leporids now can be regarded as two different and apomorphic character states. Autapomorphic characters of Palaeolagus haydeni are the reduced frontoturbinal 2 and the additional anterolaterally oriented process of the lamina semicircularis. Interestingly, among the investigated intracranial structures the loss of the secondary crus commune is the only apomorphic grundplan character of crown Lagomorpha.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Microsorum × tohieaense (Polypodiaceae), a new hybrid fern from French Polynesia, with implications for the taxonomy of Microsorum
A new hybrid microsoroid fern, Microsorum × tohieaense (Microsorum commutatum × Microsorum membranifolium) from Moorea, French Polynesia is described based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Microsorum × tohieaense can be distinguished from other French Polynesian Microsorum by the combination of sori that are distributed more or less in a single line between the costae and margins, apical pinna wider than lateral pinnae, and round rhizome scales with entire margins. Genetic evidence is also presented for the first time supporting the hybrid origin of Microsorum × maximum (Microsorum grossum × Microsorum punctatum), and possibly indicating a hybrid origin for the Hawaiian endemic Microsorum spectrum. The implications of hybridization for the taxonomy of microsoroid ferns are discussed, and a key to the microsoroid ferns of the Society Islands is provided.
Data from: Bioerosion by pit-forming, temperate-reef sea urchins: history, rates and broader implications
Sea urchins are dominant members of rocky temperate reefs around the world. They often occur in cavities within the rock, and fit so tightly, it is natural to assume they sculpted these "pits." However, there are no experimental data demonstrating they bore pits. If they do, what are the rates and consequences of bioerosion to nearshore systems? We sampled purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, from sites with four rock types, three sedimentary (two sandstones and one mudstone) and one metamorphic (granite). A year-long experiment showed urchins excavated depressions on sedimentary rocks in just months. The rate of pit formation varied with rock type and ranged from <5 yr for medium-grain sandstone to >100 yr for granite. In the field, there were differences in pit size and shapes of the urchins (height:diameter ratio). The pits were shallow and urchins flatter at the granite site, and the pits were deeper and urchins taller at the sedimentary sites. Although overall pit sizes were larger on mudstone than on sandstone, urchin size accounted for this difference. A second, short-term experiment, showed the primary mechanism for bioerosion was ingestion of the substratum. This experiment eliminated potential confounding factors of the year-long experiment and yielded higher bioerosion rates. Given the high densities of urchins, large amounts of rock can be converted to sediment over short time periods. Urchins on sandstone can excavate as much as 11.4 kg m-2 yr-1. On a broader geographic scale, sediment production can exceed 100 t ha-1 yr-1, and across their range, their combined bioerosion is comparable to the sediment load of many rivers. The phase shift between urchin barrens and kelp bed habitats in the North Pacific is controlled by the trophic cascade of sea otters. By limiting urchin populations, these apex predators also may indirectly control a substantial component of coastal rates of bioerosion.
Data from: Patterns of intra- and inter-population genetic diversity in Alaskan coho salmon: implications for conservation
Little is known about the genetic diversity of coho salmon in Alaska, although this area represents half of the species' North American range. In this study, nine microsatellite loci were used to genotype 32 putative coho salmon populations from seven regions of Alaska. The primary objectives were to estimate and evaluate the degree and spatial distribution of neutral genetic diversity within and among populations of Alaskan coho salmon. Genetic analysis yielded four results that provide insight into forces influencing genetic diversity in Alaskan coho salmon and have important conservation implications: 1) significant population differentiation was found within each region; 2) the degree of differentiation (FST = 0.099) among populations was as large or larger than that reported for other Pacific salmon species in Alaska; 3) phenetic clustering of populations showed weak geographic concordance; 4) strong genetic isolation by distance was only apparent at the finest geographic scale (within a drainage). These results suggest that coho salmon populations are small relative to populations of other Pacific salmon, and the genetic diversity within and among coho salmon populations is influenced primarily by genetic drift, and not gene flow. Resource management and conservation actions affecting coho salmon in Alaska must recognize that the populations are generally small, isolated, and probably exhibit local adaptation to different spawning and freshwater rearing habitats. These factors justify managing and conserving Alaskan coho salmon at a fine geographic scale.
Data from: Implications of shared predation for space use in two sympatric leporids
Spatial variation in habitat riskiness has a major influence on the predator–prey space race. However, the outcome of this race can be modulated if prey shares enemies with fellow prey (i.e., another prey species). Sharing of natural enemies may result in apparent competition, and its implications for prey space use remain poorly studied. Our objective was to test how prey species spend time among habitats that differ in riskiness, and how shared predation modulates the space use by prey species. We studied a one‐predator, two‐prey system in a coastal dune landscape in the Netherlands with the European hare (Lepus europaeus) and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as sympatric prey species and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as their main predator. The fine‐scale space use by each species was quantified using camera traps. We quantified residence time as an index of space use. Hares and rabbits spent time differently among habitats that differ in riskiness. Space use by predators and habitat riskiness affected space use by hares more strongly than space use by rabbits. Residence time of hare was shorter in habitats in which the predator was efficient in searching or capturing prey species. However, hares spent more time in edge habitat when foxes were present, even though foxes are considered ambush predators. Shared predation affected the predator–prey space race for hares positively, and more strongly than the predator–prey space race for rabbits, which were not affected. Shared predation reversed the predator–prey space race between foxes and hares, whereas shared predation possibly also released a negative association and promoted a positive association between our two sympatric prey species. Habitat riskiness, species presence, and prey species' escape mode and foraging mode (i.e., central‐place vs. noncentral‐place forager) affected the prey space race under shared predation.
Data from: Experimental warming in the field delays phenology and reduces body mass and survival: implications for the persistence of a pollinator under climate change
1. Climate change is rapidly altering thermal environments across the globe. The effects of increased temperatures in already warm environments may be particularly strong because organisms are likely to be near their thermal safety margins, with limited tolerance to additional heat stress. 2. We conduct an in situ field experiment over two years to investigate the direct effects of temperature on an early-season solitary bee in a warm, arid region of the Southwestern USA. Our field experiment manipulates the thermal environment of Osmia ribifloris (Megachilidae) from larval development through adult emergence, simulating both previous cooler (ca. 1950; nest boxes painted white), and future warmer (2040–2099; nest boxes painted black) climate conditions. In each year we measure adult emergence phenology, linear body size, body mass, fat content, and survival. 3. Bees in the warming treatment exhibit delayed emergence and a substantial increase in phenological variance. Increases in temperature also lead to reductions in body mass and fat content. Whereas bees in the cooling and control treatments experience negligible amounts of mortality, bees in the warming treatment experience 30–75% mortality. 4. Our findings indicate that temperature changes that have occurred since ca. 1950 have likely had relatively weak and non-negative effects, but predicted warmer temperatures create a high stress thermal environment for O. ribifloris. Later and more variable emergence dates under warming likely compromise phenological synchrony with floral resources and the ability of individuals to find mates. The consequences of phenological asynchrony, combined with reductions in body mass and fat content, will likely impose fitness reductions in surviving bees. Combined with high rates of mortality, our results suggest that O. ribifloris may face local extirpation in the warmer parts of its range within the century. 5. Temperature increases in already warm ecosystems can have substantial consequences for key components of life history, physiology, and survival. Our study suggests that the response of ectothermic insects to temperature increases in already warm environments may be insufficient to mitigate the negative consequences of future warming.
Data from: Repeatable patterns of small-scale spatial variation in intertidal mussel beds and their implications for responses to climate change
The interaction of ocean conditions and weather with small-scale physical features of a habitat can have profound effects on the experiences of individual organisms. On topographically complex shorelines, and particularly within dense aggregations of organisms such as mussel beds, a mosaic of environmental conditions can develop, and the resulting variation in conditions within the aggregation could drastically alter the performance of neighboring individuals. Using a suite of sensors mounted to individual Mytilus californianus mussels over two summer field deployments, we have characterized the temperature variation and valve gaping behavior differences found at two spatial scales: within a group separated by centimeters, and between groups of mussels located at the upper and lower extents of the natural mussel zone separated by meters. While temperature conditions near the lower edge of the mussel bed were generally more benign, temperature extremes were similar at both heights in the bed, and variation in body temperature among neighbors increased as the daily mean temperature increased. These patterns were similar across years despite a 3.8°C difference in mean air and seawater temperatures between years. Gaping behavior was also highly variable among individuals, though that variability diminished at the high end of the mussel bed where the total time mussels spent submerged was much more constrained. These data indicate that an individual mussel's physiological status and past history can be drastically different than those of its nearby neighbors, complicating our ability to characterize representative conditions within a habitat. These observations also provide for the possibility that the impacts of future climate change will be highly specific to certain individuals based on their relative exposure or protection within the mosaic. To address such possibilities, future work must examine the correlation between genotypic and physiological traits that determine performance and individuals' unique experiences in their disparate micro-environments.
Data from: Abiotic proxies for predictive mapping of near-shore benthic assemblages: implications for marine spatial planning
Marine spatial planning (MSP) should assist managers in guiding human activities towards sustainable practices and in minimizing user-conflicts in our oceans. A necessary first step is to quantify spatial patterns of marine assemblages in order to understand the ecosystem's structure, function, and services. However, the large spatial scale, high economic value, and density of human activities in near-shore habitats often makes quantifying this component of marine ecosystems especially daunting. To address this challenge, we developed an assessment method that employs abiotic proxies to rapidly characterize marine assemblages in near-shore benthic environments with relatively high resolution. We evaluated this assessment method along 300 km of the State of Maine's coastal shelf (< 100m depth)—a zone where high densities of buoyed lobster traps typically preclude extensive surveys by towed sampling gear (i.e., otter trawls). During the summer months of 2010-2013, we implemented a stratified-random survey using a small remotely operated vehicle that allowed us to work around lobster buoys and to quantify all benthic megafauna to species. Stratifying by substrate, depth, and coastal water masses, we found that abiotic variables explained a significant portion of variance (37- 59%) in benthic species composition, diversity, biomass and economic value. Generally, the density, diversity, and biomass of assemblages significantly increased with the substrate complexity (i.e., from sand-mud to ledge). The diversity, biomass and economic value of assemblages also decreased significantly with increasing depth. Lastly demersal fish densities, sessile invertebrate densities, species diversity, and assemblage biomass increased from east to west, while the abundance of mobile invertebrates and economic value decreased, corresponding mainly to the contrasting water-mass characteristics of the Maine Coastal Current system (i.e., summertime current direction, speed, and temperature). Integrating modeled predictions with existing GIS layers for abiotic conditions allowed us to scale up important assemblage attributes to define key foundational ecological principles of MSP and to find priority regions where some bottom-disturbing activities would have minimal impact to benthic assemblages. We conclude that abiotic proxies can be strong forcing functions for the assembly of marine communities and therefore useful tools for spatial extrapolations of marine assemblages in congested (heavily used) near-shore habitats.
Data from: Plant-bacteria-soil response to frequency of simulated nitrogen deposition has implications for global ecosystem change
<ol> <li><span>Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, generally, has been simulated through a single or relatively few N applications per year for its ecological effect study. Despite the importance of timing in ecosystem processes, ecological experiments with more realistic N addition frequencies are rare.</span></li> <li><span>We employed a novel design with typical twice (2X) vs. atypical monthly (12X) N applications per year to explore effects of N addition frequency on above- and below-ground biodiversity and function. </span></li> <li><span>Each year, several response variables from either belowground or aboveground growth, N status and cycling, or plant and bacterial diversity differed as a result of N addition frequency. BNPP showed a large frequency effect in the relatively moist year but not in the dry year. Nitrogen addition decreased root growth in the monthly relative to the biannual applications, which could be highly consequential for predicting changes in global carbon and nitrogen cycling. Simulated N deposition tended to perturb biodiversity, but it is noteworthy that 12X applications that spread N deposition more evenly through a year have much less negative impacts on plant and bacterial diversities than 2X amendments per year. Soil N mineralization rate in year 6 was much lower when N additions were monthly compared with a biannual amendment, especially when simulated N deposition was high. </span></li> <li><span>We have established that amendment frequency matters for understanding ecosystem response to N deposition. Experiments that more closely mimic the anthropogenic process of N deposition are needed to best assess ecosystem and potential global biogeochemical changes.</span></li> </ol>
Figure 1 in The point on Opaliopsis atlantis (Gastropoda: Epitoniidae) distribution: new data from the Mediterranean and implications
Figure 1. Bathymetric map of the northern Messina Strait (modified from Doglioni et al., 2012). The two O. atlantis sampling stations are indicated.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.