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Data from: Linguliform brachiopods across a Cambrian–Ordovician (Furongian–Early Ordovician) biomere boundary: the Sunwaptan/Skullrockian North American stage boundary in the Wilberns and Tanyard Formations of central Texas
The Cambrian-Ordovician Diversity Plateau, between the Cambrian Explosion and the Ordovician Radiation, is punctuated by a series of well-documented Laurentian trilobite extinction events. These events define the bounding surfaces of trilobite "biomeres" that correspond to North American stages, including those of the Sunwaptan and Skullrockian. Trilobites show a consistent pattern of recovery across these boundaries, and commonly each extinction and replacement of taxa is interpreted as a single event as changing environmental conditions spurred shoreward migration of shelf or oceanic faunas that displaced established cratonic faunas. Linguliform brachiopods are also abundant in strata of this interval, and we investigate their stratigraphic distribution across the Sunwaptan–Skullrockian Stage boundary in Texas through high-resolution stratigraphic sampling of subtidal sediments. We document complete genus- and species-level turnover of the linguliform brachiopod fauna coincident with trilobite extinction events, suggesting that these brachiopods were affected by the same factors that affected trilobites. The Skullrockian replacement fauna was cosmopolitan, with ties to Gondwana and Kazakhstan and to the Laurentian shelf environment. The timing of appearances of taxa suggests that the faunal migration onto the Laurentian shelf came from elsewhere during a transgression. The disappearance of the Sunwaptan fauna and the arrival of the Skullrockian fauna are distinct events. We suggest that "biomere" events may be complex, and the cause of the extinction is not necessarily the same event that facilitates the appearance of a replacement fauna. We describe one new species, Schizambon langei.
Data from: Plant life history stage and nurse age change the development of ecological networks in an arid ecosystem
Understanding how ecological networks are organised over the course of an organism's lifetime is crucial for predicting the dynamics of interacting populations and communities across temporal scales. However, most studies so far considered only one life history stage at a time, such as adult, when studying networks of interacting species. Therefore, knowledge about how multiple life history stages affect the development and stability of plant–plant association networks is lacking. We measured the understory adult plant community and the soil seed bank across a plant age gradient of the nurse shrub Retama sphaerocarpa in an arid ecosystem in Spain. Using a multilayer network approach, we built adult understory–nurse and seed bank–nurse networks and analysed how network nestedness, species' role, and species specificity varied between them and with nurse plant age. We found that seed bank and adult understory networks changed depending on nurse plant age in two different ways. With increasing nurse plant age, adult understory networks became significantly more nested than seed bank networks. The nested architecture of seed bank networks was therefore a poor predictor of adult understory network nestedness. The contribution and specificity of species to network nestedness increased with increasing nurse plant age more in the adult understory than in seed bank networks, despite high species turnover. Our data show that life history and ontogeny affect the development of plant–plant association networks. Niche construction and environmental filtering along nurse ontogeny seem pivotal mechanisms structuring adult understory networks while the assembly of seed bank networks seems rather stochastic. We highlight the importance of mature plant communities for maintaining rare species populations and supporting the stability of ecological communities through time.
Data from: Structure and dynamics of hybrid zones at multiple stages of speciation in the common vole (Microtus arvalis)
The genetic structure and dynamics of hybrid zones provides crucial information for the understanding of the processes and mechanisms of evolutionary divergence and speciation. In general, higher levels of evolutionary divergence between taxa are more likely to be associated with reproductive isolation and may result in suppressed or strongly restricted hybridization. In this study, we examined the structure and processes in two secondary contact zones between three deep evolutionary lineages in the common vole (Microtus arvalis). Differences in divergence times between the lineages have the potential to shed light on different stages of reproductive isolation and thus provide information on the ongoing speciation process in M. arvalis. We examined more than 800 individuals for mitochondrial (mtDNA), Y-chromosome and autosomal markers, and used assignment and cline analysis methods to characterize the extent and direction of gene flow in the contact zones. Introgression of both autosomal and mtDNA markers in a relatively broad area of admixture indicates selectively neutral hybridization between the least-divergent lineages (Central and Eastern) without evidence for partial reproductive isolation. In contrast, a very narrow area of hybridization, shifts in marker clines and the quasi-absence of Y-chromosome introgression support a moving hybrid zone and unidirectional selection against male hybrids between the lineages with older divergence (Central and Western). Data from a replicate sampling transect provided further support for non-neutral processes in this hybrid zone and suggests additionally a role for the landscape history in the extent of the movement and shaping of gene flow profiles.
Data from: The effects of quantitative fecundity in the haploid stage on reproductive success and diploid fitness in the aquatic peat moss Sphagnum macrophyllum
A major question in evolutionary biology is how mating patterns affect the fitness of offspring. However, in animals and seed plants it is virtually impossible to investigate the effects of specific gamete genotypes. In bryophytes, haploid gametophytes grow via clonal propagation and produce millions of genetically identical gametes throughout a population. The main goal of this research was to test whether gamete identity has an effect on the fitness of their diploid offspring in a population of the aquatic peat moss Sphagnum macrophyllum. We observed a heavily male-biased sex ratio in gametophyte plants (ramets) and in multilocus microsatellite genotypes (genets). There was a steeper relationship between mating success (number of different haploid mates) and fecundity (number of diploid offspring) for male genets compared with female genets. At the sporophyte level, we observed a weak effect of inbreeding on offspring fitness, but no effect of brood size (number of sporophytes per maternal ramet). Instead, the identities of the haploid male and haploid female parents were significant contributors to variance in fitness of sporophyte offspring in the population. Our results suggest that intrasexual gametophyte/gamete competition may play a role in determining mating success in this population.
Data from: Persistence at the final stage of volcanic island ontogeny: abiotic predictors explain native plant species richness on 111 remote Pacific atolls
Aim: The final island ontogeny of the General Dynamic Model (GDM) (i.e. before island submergence) in tropical oceans corresponds to the coral atoll stage. Here, we examined whether the species richness of native vascular plants (indigenous and endemic species) on atolls is controlled by spatial and/or physical processes. We also predicted that atolls strongly affected by anthropogenic disturbance would have lower native species richness than predicted by spatial and physical processes. Location: Marshall Islands, Kiribati Islands, Nauru, Niue, Johnston, Cook Islands, French Polynesia and Pitcairn Islands (Pacific Ocean). Taxon: Native vascular plants Methods: We used stepwise regression to test the relative influence of five biogeographic variables on native species richness. Relationships were assessed for the full set of 111 Pacific coral atolls, as well as for atoll subsets ranging from 9 to 45 atolls. An index of human impact was then estimated, and residuals in the regression model predicting species richness from biogeographic variables were compared with the level of human impact. Results: A regression model including atoll area, highest atoll elevation, the stepping stone distances from the nearest raised atoll and volcanic island explained native species richness on the 111 Pacific coral atolls. Regression models for different archipelagos and atoll subsets were also significant. Endemic species richness was significantly linked with highest atoll elevation and the stepping stone distances from the nearest raised atoll. Residuals in the biogeographic regression model were barely related to human impact across the 111 atolls but were significantly related to human impact in the Kiribati atolls. Main conclusions: Native species richness on atolls is mainly controlled by physical and spatial characteristics. However, anthropogenic disturbances have altered the predicted pattern of native species richness leading to a lower model fit in some atoll subsets.
Data from: Joint effects of habitat, zooplankton, host stage structure and diversity on amphibian chytrid
Why does the severity of parasite infection differ dramatically across habitats? This question remains challenging to answer because multiple correlated pathways drive disease. Here, we examined habitat–disease links through direct effects on parasites and indirect effects on parasite predators (zooplankton), host diversity and key life stages of hosts. We used a case study of amphibian hosts and the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in a set of permanent and ephemeral alpine ponds. A field experiment showed that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) killed the free-living infectious stage of the parasite. Yet, permanent ponds with more UVR exposure had higher infection prevalence. Two habitat-related indirect effects worked together to counteract parasite losses from UVR: (i) UVR reduced the density of parasite predators and (ii) permanent sites fostered multi-season host larvae that fuelled parasite production. Host diversity was unlinked to hydroperiod or UVR but counteracted parasite gains; sites with higher diversity of host species had lower prevalence of infection. Thus, while habitat structure explained considerable variation in infection prevalence through two indirect pathways, it could not account for everything. This study demonstrates the importance of creating mechanistic, food web-based links between multiple habitat dimensions and disease.
Data from: Divergent natural selection promotes immigrant inviability at early and late stages of evolutionary divergence
Natural selection's role in speciation has been of fundamental importance since Darwin first outlined his theory. Recently, work has focused on understanding how selection drives trait divergence, and subsequently reproductive isolation. 'Immigrant inviability', a barrier that arises from selection against immigrants in their non-native environment, appears to be of particular importance. Although immigrant inviability is likely ubiquitous, we know relatively little about how selection acts on traits to drive immigrant inviability, and how important immigrant inviability is at early-versus-late stages of divergence. We present a study evaluating the role of predation in the evolution of immigrant inviability in recently-diverged population pairs and a well-established species pair of Brachyrhaphis fishes. We evaluate performance in a high-predation environment by assessing survival in the presence of a predator, and swimming endurance in a low-predation environment. We find strong signatures of local adaptation and immigrant inviability of roughly the same magnitude both early and late in divergence. We find remarkably conserved selection for burst-speed swimming (important in predator evasion), and selection for increased size in low-predation environments. Our results highlight the consistency with which selection acts during speciation, and suggest that similar factors might promote initial population differentiation and maintain differentiation at late stages of divergence.
Data from: Phylogeographic structure and outbreeding depression reveal early stages of reproductive isolation in the Neotropical orchid Epidendrum denticulatum
Phylogeographic studies provide an important framework for investigating the mechanisms operating during the earliest stages of speciation, as reproductive barriers can be examined among divergent lineages in a geographic context. We investigated the evolution of early stages of intrinsic postmating isolation among different populations and lineages of Epidendrum denticulatum, a Neotropical orchid distributed across different biomes in South America. We estimated genetic diversity and structure for both nuclear and plastid markers, using a haplotype network, differentiation tests, Bayesian assignment analysis, and divergence time estimates of the main lineages. Reproductive barriers among divergent lineages were examined by analyzing seed viability following reciprocal crossing experiments. Strong plastid phylogeographic structure was found, indicating that E. denticulatum was restricted to multiple refuges during South American forest expansion events. In contrast, significant phylogeographic structure was not found for nuclear markers, suggesting higher gene flow by pollen than by seeds. Large asymmetries in seed set were observed among different plastid genetic groups, suggesting the presence of polymorphic genic incompatibilities associated with cytonuclear interactions. Our results confirm the importance of phylogeographic studies associated with reproductive isolation experiments and suggest an important role for outbreeding depression during the early stages of lineage diversification.
Data from: Testosterone production ability predicts breeding success and tracks breeding stage in male finches
Testosterone (T) is an important mediator of reproductive behaviours and potential target for selection. However, there are few data relating natural variation in T to fitness estimates. Here, we used the GnRH challenge (an injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone which stimulates maximal T release), to examine how individual differences in T relate to reproductive success and how T changes across date and breeding stage. We measured pre- and post-challenge T, in captive male Gouldian finches (Erythrura gouldiae), before and after introducing females, and across breeding stage. Post-challenge T before introducing females positively predicted breeding success. Post-challenge T levels were unrelated to date, but strongly related to stage; T production ability was strongly attenuated in incubating males. Prechallenge T levels related only to date. Our results suggest that T production ability is an important target for selection and that when males invest heavily in parental care they reduce their sensitivity to GnRH.
Data from: Effects of food restriction across stages of juvenile and early adult development on body weight, survival, and adult life history
Organisms have to allocate limited resources among multiple life-history traits, which can result in physiological trade-offs, and variation in environmental conditions experienced during ontogeny can influence reproduction later in life. Food restriction may lead to an adaptive reallocation of the limited resources among traits as a phenotypically plastic adjustment, or it can act as an overall constraint with detrimental effects throughout reproductive life. In this study, we investigated experimentally the effects of food restriction during different stages of the juvenile and early adult development on body weight, survival and reproductive success in females and males of the European earwig Forficula auricularia. Individuals either received limited or unlimited access to food across three different stages of development (fully crossed) allowing us to identify sensitive periods during development and to test both additive and interactive effects of food limitation across stages on development and reproduction. Food restriction during the early and late juvenile stage had additive negative effects on juvenile survival and adult body weight. With regard to reproductive success of females which produce up to two clutches in their lifetime, restriction specifically in the late juvenile stage led to smaller first and second clutch size, lower probability of second clutch production and reduced hatching success in the second clutch. Reproductive success of females was not significantly affected when their male mates experienced food restriction during their development. Our findings in general support the 'silver-spoon' hypothesis in that food restriction during juvenile development poses constraints on development and reproduction throughout life.
Effect of tomato-fruit cultivar and ripening stage on Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) egg and larval survival
<p>In studies of frugivorous tephritids, determining when offspring (i.e. egg and three larval instars) mortality occurs within the fruit can greatly improve the mechanistic understanding of the fly/host interaction. Previous research has demonstrated that the Queensland fruit fly, <i>Bactrocera tryoni</i>, has differential offspring performance in two tomato cultivars Cherry and Roma, but when juvenile mortality was occurring was not determined. We examined <i>B. tryoni </i>egg and larval survival in three different ripening stages (immature-green (IG), colour-break (CB) and fully-ripe (FR)) of Cherry and Roma tomato cultivars through destructive fruit sampling at 72 and 120 hrs for eggs, and 48 (1<sup>st</sup> instar), 96 (2<sup>nd</sup> instar) and 120 hours (3<sup>rd</sup> instar) after fruit inoculation with neonates for larvae. Cultivar and ripening stage had no significant effect on egg survival, nor larval survival at 48 hrs: egg survival was high across all treatments, while 1<sup>st</sup> instar larval was low across all treatments. At 96 and 120 hrs, there were significant cultivar and ripening stage impacts on larval survival. In fully-ripe fruit, no further significant mortality happened after the first instar. However, in colour-break fruit, after the initial 1<sup>st</sup> instar mortality, high mortality also occurred in third instar larvae. In immature-green fruits nearly all mortality occurred during the first and second instars. The difference in timing of larval mortality with ripening stage provides indirect evidence of active fruit defense which is strongest in immature-green fruit, less in colour-break fruit and absent in fully-ripe fruit. Increased knowledge of fruit defenses against fruit flies is a starting point for developing fruit fly resistant crops.</p>
FIGURES 4243 in Haplohyphes (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae), new species and stage descriptions with a key to separate the species of the genus
FIGURES 4243. Haplohyphes baritu Domínguez, SEM photographs: 42, group of eggs; 43, general view of egg; 44, a pair of eggs attached by adhesive filaments; 45, micropylar area. Scale bars= 10 µ.
FIGURES 119 in Haplohyphes (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae), new species and stage descriptions with a key to separate the species of the genus
FIGURES 119. Haplohyphes aquilonius LugoOrtiz and McCafferty: 1a, male fore wing; 1b, male hind wing; 1c, idem, detail; 2a, female fore wing; 2b, female hind wing; 2c, idem, detail; 3, nymphal head, d.v.; 4, male genitalia, v.v. H. dominguezi sp. nov.: 5a, male fore wing; 5b, male hind wing; 5c, idem, detail; 6, male genitalia, v.v. H. huallaga Allen: 7, male hind wing, detail. H. mithras (Traver): 8, male hind wing, detail. H. baritu Domínguez: 9a, female fore wing; 9b, female hind wing; 9c, idem, detail; 10a, male fore wing; 10b, male hind wing; 10c, idem, detail; 11, male genitalia, v.v.; 12, detail of forceps, l.v.; 13, nymphal head, d.v.; 14, gill II, d.v.; 1519, gills IIVI, v.v.
FIGURES 911 in Early stages of the enigmatic Prodidactis mystica (Meyrick) with comments on its new family assignment (Lepidoptera: Prodidactidae)
FIGURES 911. Adult morphology of Prodidactis mystica. 9) Wing venation; 10) Male genitalia; 11) Female genitalia.
FIGURES 910 in Description of the female and larval stage of Odontophotopsis succinea Viereck (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with new synonymy and notes
FIGURES 910. Odontophotopsis succinea male: 9, genitalia with aedeagus removed, internal view; 10, aedeagus; scale =0.3 mm (same for Figs. 910).
FIGURES 1521 in Early stages of the enigmatic Prodidactis mystica (Meyrick) with comments on its new family assignment (Lepidoptera: Prodidactidae)
FIGURES 1521. Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of various stages. 15) Pupal head and legs (mp=maxillary palpus, ant=antenna, pr=proboscis (haustellum)); 16) Ends of metathoracic tarsi and abdomen of pupa (note absence of cremaster); 17) Spinneret and maxillary palpi of larva; 18) Larval mouthparts (lp=labial palpus, md=mandible, sp=spinneret); 19) Configuration of stemmata and antenna of larva (=ant); 20) Cocoon (note opening along bottom right); 21) Dorsal aspect of adult pretarsus (pulvillus is on left, with long setiform outgrowths; arolium is on right).
FIGURES 1214 in Early stages of the enigmatic Prodidactis mystica (Meyrick) with comments on its new family assignment (Lepidoptera: Prodidactidae)
FIGURES 1214. Pupa and larva of Prodidactis mystica. 12) Venter of pupa; 13) Dorsum of pupa (without caudal segments); 14) Chaetotaxy of larva of Prodidactis mystica.
FIGURE 6. Euphoria precaria, larva. a. head, b. epipharynx, c in Description of immature stages of three species of American Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae)
FIGURE 6. Euphoria precaria, larva. a. head, b. epipharynx, c. labiummaxilla, d. right mandible, e. left mandible, f. tarsungulus, g. respiratory plate, h. raster. Scale lines = 0.5 mm, except fig. 6a = 1 mm.
FIGURE 2. Gymnetis holosericea, larva. a. head, b. epipharynx, c in Description of immature stages of three species of American Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae)
FIGURE 2. Gymnetis holosericea, larva. a. head, b. epipharynx, c. labiummaxilla, d. right mandible, e. left mandible, f. tarsungulus, g. respiratory plate, h. raster. Scale lines = 0.5 mm, except fig. 2a = 1 mm.
FIGURE 4. Gymnetis pantherina, larva. a. head, b. epipharynx, c in Description of immature stages of three species of American Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae)
FIGURE 4. Gymnetis pantherina, larva. a. head, b. epipharynx, c. labiummaxilla, d. right mandible, e. left mandible, f. tarsungulus, g. respiratory plate, h. raster. Scale lines = 0.5 mm, except fig. 4a = 1 mm.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.