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Figure 6 in A novel epidermal gland type in lizards (α-gland): structural organization, histochemistry, protein profile and phylogenetic origins
Figure 6. Transmission electron microscopy of the epithelium from the femoral area of Tropidurus catalanensis. A, general view of the glandular epithelium showing major skin layers and abundance of vesicles inside glandular cells. B–G, magnified view of glandular tissue showing: B, clusters of melanin granules and numerous vesicles; C, aggregations of four different types of vesicles (V1, V2, V3 and V4); D, E, Golgi apparatuses amid secretory vesicles; F, autophagocytic events (arrowheads indicate membrane projections); G, iridophores present in the apical portion of the dermis. Legend: Go, Golgi complex; Ir, iridophore; Me, melanin granule; Nu, nucleus; V1, vesicles type 1; V2, vesicles type 2; V3, vesicles type 3; V4, vesicles type 4.
Figure 3 in A novel epidermal gland type in lizards (α-gland): structural organization, histochemistry, protein profile and phylogenetic origins
Figure 3. Maderson & Chiu's (1970) model of epidermal gland evolution. Steps of the model are briefly described in items A–G.
Figure 2 in A novel epidermal gland type in lizards (α-gland): structural organization, histochemistry, protein profile and phylogenetic origins
Figure 2. Histological structure of unspecialized skin and epidermal glands. Diagrammatic representation of the unspecialized squamate skin and major epidermal gland types, illustrating their respective secretion mechanisms as hypothesized by Maderson (1972).
Figure 5. A in A novel epidermal gland type in lizards (α-gland): structural organization, histochemistry, protein profile and phylogenetic origins
Figure 5. A, unspecialized scales from the pre-cloacal flap of a male Stenocercus caducus (MZUSP-R 82815). B, unspecialized scales from the femoral area of a female Tropidurus chromatops (MZUSP-R 106266). C, scales with α-glands from the femoral area of male T. chromatops (MZUSP-R 106263). Note that β-keratin layers are not present in A and C because they were lost during sample preparation. D, unspecialized scale (stage I) from the humeral region of a female T. chromatops (MZUSP-R 106266). E, detail of a scale with α-gland (stage IV) from the femoral area of a male T. xanthochilus (MZUSP-R 106342). F, detail of a scale with α-gland (stage V) from the pre-cloacal flap of a male T. xanthochilus (MZUSP-R 106342). G, detail of a scale with α-gland (stage VI) from the femoral areal of a male T. xanthochilus (MZUSP-R 106336). H, part of the inner generation of an α-gland from the femoral area of a male Plica plica (MTR 18918) showing the glandular stratum with a large number of secretory vesicles (indicated with an asterisk). I, part of the inner generation of the α-gland from the femoral area of a male T. catalanensis (MZUSP-R 106470) with melanophores transferring melanin granules into glandular cells and numerous melanin granules accumulated in their cytoplasm. J, glandular tissue of the outer generation
Figure 9 in A novel epidermal gland type in lizards (α-gland): structural organization, histochemistry, protein profile and phylogenetic origins
Figure 9. Ancestral state reconstructions of α-gland/flash mark related characters of tropidurid lizards.
Figure 4 in A novel epidermal gland type in lizards (α-gland): structural organization, histochemistry, protein profile and phylogenetic origins
Figure 4. Ventral view of (A) a male Tropidurus chromatops Harvey & Gutberlet, 1998 (MHNC-R 3018) from ~30 km W Florida, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, (B) a male T. melanopleurus Boulenger, 1902 (IBIGEO-R 5331) from Aguas Blancas, Salta, Argentina, (C) a female T. xanthochilus Harvey & Gutberlet, 1998 (MZUSP-R 106321) from Santo Antônio do Leverger, Mato Grosso, Brazil, and (D) a male T. etheridgei Cei, 1982 (AMNH-R 176273) from Filadelfia, Boquerón, Paraguay, illustrating the location and coloration of flash marks observed (or not) on the ventral body of tropidurines. Black squares in (A) indicate body areas from which we collected skin samples for histological examination. In (D) the yellow coloration covering the background of the black flash-marks of T. etheridgei might either represent a transient ontogenetic state or an instance in which a yellow background persists throughout life.
Figure 10 in Geographic variation and systematic review of the lizard genus Vanzosaura (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), with the description of a new species
Figure 10. Distribution of Vanzosaura species along the diagonal of dry biomes of South America: Vanzosaura multiscutata comb. nov. (circles); Vanzosaura savanicola sp. nov. (triangles); and Vanzosaura rubricauda (squares). Type localities are represented by crosses.
Figure 9 in Geographic variation and systematic review of the lizard genus Vanzosaura (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), with the description of a new species
Figure 9. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of the head of the holotype of Vanzosaura savanicola sp. nov. (MZUSP 103202).
Figure 7 in Geographic variation and systematic review of the lizard genus Vanzosaura (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), with the description of a new species
Figure 7. Results of a discriminant analysis on the log-transformed morphometric variables for females (left) and males (right) of Vanzosaura. The centroids of each geographical group are shown (solid black squares). Symbols correspond to the regions: □, western Cerrado + Chaco (WCE + CHA); △, eastern Cerrado (ECE); ○, Caatinga, (CAA).
Figure 2 in Model-based approach to test hard polytomies in the Eulaemus clade of the most diverse South American lizard genus Liolaemus (Liolaemini, Squamata)
Figure 2. Description of hypothesis-testing procedures. Models were constructed in MESQUITE v. 2.74 and simulations of 1000 gene trees were generated for each of the 13 loci for each of the eight models (step 1). We then compared the simulated trees for each locus against the corresponding model in order to obtain an approximation of a probability distribution of expected deep coalescence events (step 2). Finally, we counted the number of deep coalescences of the real gene tree within the model and obtained the probability of observing that value given the model (step 3). If the empirical data fell outside the 95% confidence interval, then the hypothesized number of deep coalescence events for that gene tree (real data) is not expected under the specified model, thus rejecting that hypothesis.
Figure 4 in Model-based approach to test hard polytomies in the Eulaemus clade of the most diverse South American lizard genus Liolaemus (Liolaemini, Squamata)
Figure 4. Simulation results. Total number of loci supporting each model after comparisons of the data against 1000 simulated data sets for each locus for each model, and compared with data. We compared the 1000 simulated trees against the model and obtained an approximation of a probability distribution of the deep coalescences expected, and then compared the number of deep coalescences on the observed tree (real data) against the probability distribution. Here, we the show number of loci that fell within the 95% confidence intervals of those probability distributions.
Figure 3 in Model-based approach to test hard polytomies in the Eulaemus clade of the most diverse South American lizard genus Liolaemus (Liolaemini, Squamata)
Figure 3. Empirical Eulaemus phylogenetic hypotheses. Phylogenetic results using the full matrix of 188 taxa (A, B) and a reduced set of 40 taxa chosen to subsample the largest clades (C to F). A, topology recovered from the concatenated matrix; B, species tree recovered by the minimizing deep coalescence (MDC) approach; C, *BEAST results of partial matrix with representatives of largest clades; values on branches are estimated divergences times (upper) and posterior probability values estimated (lower) or separated by a slash; bold branches represent nodal support> 0.90; D, BEST result; E, MDC result of partial matrix; and F, partial concatenated matrix. In (A), (D), and (F) nodes with support <0.90 were collapsed. The calibration point for estimation of divergence times is shown with a white circle in the node corresponding to the divergence of the Eulaemus and Liolaemus clades.
Figure 3. Consensus Bayesian tree for 28 in Patterns of morphological diversification of mainland Anolis lizards from northwestern South America
Figure 3. Consensus Bayesian tree for 28 species of mainland Colombian Anolis, their main clades, and their geographical distribution. Values at nodes indicate posterior probability (PP); black circles at nodes indicate PP = 1.0. Coloured ovals at tips identify morphotypes (MTs) as follows: blue: MT1, green: MT2; black: MT3, purple: MT4; yellow: MT5; red: MT6; cyan: MT7; grey: MT8, orange: MT9, white: MT10. Filled bars indicate geographical distribution: montane (white), cis-Andean (grey), trans-Andean (black), and wide distribution (red).
Figure 8 in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 8. Comparison of dentary morphology of Gallotiinae and Lacertinae members in medial (A, B, C) and lateral (D, E) aspects: A, Gallotia galloti; B, D, Gallotia stehlini; C, E, Lacerta viridis.
Figure 7. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov. A, B in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 7. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov. A, B, mandible of SMNS 96575 in lateral (A) and medial (B) views. C, dentary of SMNS 95455 in medial view and detail of tooth crowns. D, dentary of specimen SMNS 96581 in lateral view.
Figure 6. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov., SMNS 96579. A, B in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 6. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov., SMNS 96579. A, B, postorbitofrontal in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views. C, D, premaxilla in anterior (C) and posterior (D) views. E, F, quadrate in posterolateral (E) and medial (F) views. G, ectopterygoid. H, I, jugal in lateral (H) and medial (I) views. J, scapula. K, L, braincase in ventral (K) and posterior (L) views.
Figure 9. A in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 9. A, phylogenetic relationships of Pseudeumeces and Janosikia gen. nov. with other lacertid lizards. Single most-parsimonious tree. Bootstrap values shown on branches subtending nodes. B, evolution of size in Gallotiinae. Average skull size (and so average body size) increases progressively on stem of Gallotia, such that Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov. equals basal Gallotia stehlini in size. Skull size decreases several times in Gallotia, including Gallotia atlantica and the Gallotia galloti group. Nodes 1 (Gallotiinae), 2, 3, and 4 (Gallotia) are labelled.
Figure 5. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov. SMNS 96582 in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 5. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov. SMNS 96582, detail of bones plus anatomical features as revealed by CT. Parietal in ventral view plus supratemporal, squamosal, supraocular osteoderms and?supraoccipital (A). Parietal in dorsal view (B). Supratemporal in posterodorsal view (C). and Frontal in dorsal (D) and right ventrolateral (E) views. Prefrontal in lateral (F) and medial (G) views. Nasal in ventral (H) and dorsal (I) views. Palpebral in lateral (J) and medial (K) views. Maxilla and premaxilla in external view (L). Maxilla of SMNS 95457 for comparison in lateral (M) and medial (N) views. Humerus, interclavicle and? scapula (O). Presacral vertebra in anterior view (P). Pterygoid (Q) and caudal vertebra (R).
Figure 4. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov., SMNS 96579, smaller partial skeleton. A in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 4. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov., SMNS 96579, smaller partial skeleton. A, prepared block of sediment containing most of lower jaw together with postorbitofrontal. B, prepared block of sediment containing much of cranial skeleton.
Figure 3. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov., SMNS 96582. A in Fossil lizard from central Europe resolves the origin of large body size and herbivory in giant Canary Island lacertids
Figure 3. Janosikia ulmensis comb. nov., SMNS 96582. A, main prepared block of sediment, containing most cranial elements. B, reconstruction of the skull in dorsal view. C, life reconstruction of J. ulmensis comb. nov. from the early Miocene of Germany.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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