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Mapping the páramo land cover in the Northern Andes: Figure S4 Expert land-cover classification of the Andean páramo and distribution according to three groups: natural vegetation, natural abiotic and anthropogenic, and 12 classes
<p>The Andean páramo is a biodiverse and vulnerable tropical high-mountain region, whose spatio-ecological patterns remain understudied. The lack of general characterization of its overall extent, land-cover classes, and treeline spatial features hinders our capacity to understand its responses to human impacts and predict future land-system changes. To address this knowledge gap, we classified the land-cover of the páramo in the northern Andes. Moreover, we estimated 1) the páramo's total extent and distribution among countries, 2) the relative extent of 12 of its main land-cover classes, categorized into <i>natural vegetation, natural abiotic</i> and <i>anthropogenic </i>groups, and 3) the preliminary position and anthropogenic influence of its bordering treeline. Relying on Landsat 8 imagery, we performed hybrid manual-automated classifications using the Maximum Likelihood and Random Forest algorithms. The two resulting <i>final classifications</i> were manually checked for errors compared to Google Earth and VegPáramo data, and used to produce the <i>expert classification</i>. Finally, we delimited the treeline based on regional forest connectivity, and applied it to the expert classification to evaluate páramo elevations, surface areas and land-cover classes above the treeline. The páramo extent was estimated at 24,301 km<sup>2</sup>, distributed between Ecuador (47%), Colombia (43%), Venezuela (8%) and Peru (2%). Natural vegetation, especially shrublands, rosette plant communities and grasslands were dominant (altogether, 65%), whereas classes reflecting intense land-use covered 12% overall. The average treeline reached 3546 m and was bordered uphill at 16% with anthropogenic land-cover classes. The páramo's extent is smaller than previously suggested. It remains a (semi-) natural region, yet crop and pasture expansion towards high elevations is a critical concern for long-term sustainability. Future research can build on our findings to predict land-system changes and assess priority areas for conservation. We recommend for future research to focus on remnant forest patches and treeline connectivity in priority.</p>
The evolution of hummock-depression micro-topography in an alpine marshy wetland in Sanjiangyuan as inferred from vegetation and soil characteristics
The hummock-depression micro-topography characteristics of the alpine marshy wetland in Sanjiangyuan are indicative of wetland degradation and the process by which healthy wetlands are transformed into flat grasslands. The aim of the present study was to examine changes in plant community structure and soil characteristics in a hummock-depression micro-topography along a degradation gradient. We observed that: (1) the height and cover of dominant hydrophytes decreased gradually with an increase in degradation severity, leading to replacement by xerophytes; (2) with the transition from healthy to degraded wetlands, hummocks became sparser, shorter, and broader and became merged with nearby depressions; water reserves in the depressions shifted from perennial to seasonal, until they dried out completely; (3) soil moisture content, porosity, hardness, and organic matter gradually decreased by 30.61%, 19.06%, 37.04%, and 73.27%, respectively, in hummocks and by 33.25%, 8.19%, 47.72%, and 76.79%, respectively, in depressions. Soil bulk density, soil electrical conductivity, and soil dry weight increased by 31%, 83.33%, and 105.44%, respectively, in hummocks, but by only 11.93%, 7.14%, and 97.72%, respectively, in depressions. The results show that hummock soils in healthy wetlands have strong water absorption properties, through which plant roots can penetrate easily. Wetland degradation reduces the water absorption capacity of hummock soil and soil saturation capacity of depressions, thus enhancing soil erosion potential and susceptibility to external factors. Soil moisture is a key environmental factor influencing wetland degradation, and grazing accelerates the process. Based on the changes observed in hummock morphology, vegetation, and soil properties along a degradation gradient, a conceptual model is proposed to illustrate the process of gradual degradation of marshy wetlands from healthy to transitional wetlands and finally to a degenerated state. Thus, our research provides insights into the degradation process of the alpine marshy wetland ecosystem in Sanjiangyuan.
Northern Hemisphere vegetation change drives a Holocene thermal maximum
<p>In this data directory are netCDF data needed to evaluate the CESM1.2 results from the referenced publication. There are four categories for separate groupings of data. They are as follows:</p> <p>CAM</p> <p>The “CAM” category contains surface temperature (“TREFHT”) and dust aerosol optical depth (“AODDUST1” and “AODDUST2”) data for all 13 simulations presented in this publication. A separate netCDF file exists for each individual simulation, entitled “[SIMULATION_NAME]_CAM_timeseries.nc”, and each file contains monthly output for the 50 years of model data used in the publication.</p> <p>SST</p> <p>The “SST” category contains sea surface temperature (“TEMP”) data for five of the simulations presented in this publication. A separate netCDF file exists for each individual simulation, entitled “[SIMULATION_NAME]_SST_timeseries.nc”, and each file contains monthly output for the 50 years of model data used in the publication. The simulations for which SST data are present are:</p> <p><em>PI<sub>CONTROL</sub><br> 6ka<sub>PI_VEG</sub><br> 6ka<sub>GS</sub><br> 6ka<sub>GS+ARC</sub><br> 6ka</em></p> <p>FSURDAT</p> <p>The “FSURDAT” category contains plant functional type percentage (“PCT_PFT”) and monthly leaf area index (“MONTHLY_LAI”) boundary condition data that was used to initialize each simulation presented in this publication. A separate netCDF file exists for each individual simulation, entitled “[SIMULATION_NAME]_FSURDAT.nc”.</p> <p>RADIATION</p> <p>The “RADIATION” category contains radiation, cloud, surface temperature, and land fraction data from five of the simulations presented in this publication. This data can be used to recreate the APRP results among other radiative calculations. A separate netCDF file exists for each individual simulation, entitled “[SIMULATION_NAME]_RADIATION_climatology.nc”, and each file contains a monthly climatology (January to December) averaged from the 50 years of model data used in the publication.</p>
Data for: Arthropod communities on young vegetated roofs are more similar to each other than to communities at ground level
<p>This dataset comprises of arthropods collected with a D-vac vacuum sampling device from vegetated roofs and ground level habitats with low-growing open vegetation. Sampling was conducted during three consecutive years (2013, 2014 and 2015) at seven sampling sites distributed in the capital area of Finland. Each site included one vegetated roof and two closest ground level open habitats for the roof. Samples were collected twice in a growing season, in June and in August/September. Arthropods were identified using DNA metabarcoding technique. The mitochondrial <i>cytochrome c oxidase subunit I</i> gene (COI) was used as a marker in molecular identification in metabarcoding of arthropod samples and amplified with two non-overlapping complementary primer pairs (Leray and ANML). The dual tag indexed library were sequenced at the Helsinki Functional Genomics Unit (FuGU) in one Illumina MiSeq v3 300bp run.</p>
Influence of water level management on vegetation and bird use of restored wetlands in the Montezuma Wetlands Complex
<p>Active water management of wetlands promotes seed and tuber production to feed migrating waterfowl, but few assessments exist to determine how management actions influence wetland structure, vegetation, and bird response throughout the year. We identified effects of full water drawdown, partial water drawdown and passive wetlands (no active dewatering during the growing season) on plant communities and bird abundance in wetlands of the Montezuma Wetlands Complex, New York, May–October 2016–2018 and February–April 2017–2019. We detected few differences in the plant community during June, but during September we detected greater vegetative forage quality index for waterfowl, annual plant cover and seed density in full and partial drawdowns than passive wetlands. Bird abundance was greater in June–July in passive wetlands and greater in September–October in full drawdowns. During spring migration, duck densities were greater in full and partial drawdowns. Our results indicate that wetland managers should use a mix of full drawdowns and passive wetlands to provide habitat for the greatest diversity and number of birds throughout the year.</p>
Adjacent crop type impacts potential pollinator communities and their pollination services in remnants of natural vegetation.
<p><em><span>Aim:</span></em><span> Pollination plays a crucial role in the conservation of many plant species persisting in fragmented, human-dominated landscapes. Pollinators are known to be instrumental in maintaining genetic diversity and metapopulation dynamics for many plant species and are important for providing ecological services that are essential in agricultural landscapes where populations of native plants are highly isolated. Numerous studies have explored the value of remnant native vegetation for supporting pollination services to crop species; yet the effect of mass-flowering crops on the pollinator communities and the pollination services they provide to native plant communities persisting in fragmented landscapes are less well-understood. Here, we</span><span> assess the influence of the presence and phenology of a mass-flowering crop to pollinator community structure, abundance and pollen load composition in remnant vegetation in complex agricultural landscapes. </span></p> <p><em><span>Location:</span></em><span> South-west Western Australia, Australia.</span></p> <p><em><span>Methods:</span></em><span> </span>We recorded the composition and abundance of insect flower visitors and their pollen loads in isolated remnants of York gum-Jam woodlands adjacent to canola (insect-attracting) or wheat (non-insect-attracting) fields over two years. </p> <p><em>Results:</em> All bees were much more sensitive to adjacent crop type (neighbouring canola or wheat) than non-bee pollinators. Honeybees were the most abundant pollinators in canola fields during peak flowering. Honeybee abundance increased in canola-adjacent reserves post-canola bloom, potentially indicating a movement into reserves as crop flowering waned. Native bees were the most diverse in remnant vegetation. Pollen loads of native bees were more mixed (increased pollen richness and evenness) when sampled next to canola fields compared to wheat fields. </p> <p><em>Main conclusion:</em> The availability of potential insect pollinators to remnant wildflower communities in agricultural landscapes is context dependent. Whether sampled communities were adjacent to wheat or canola in a landscape significantly impacted the abundance of potential pollinators in certain landscape elements, but not others, and the composition of pollen loads carried by these insects. Results offer novel insights about the influence of landscape context on <span>pollinator communities and the potential pollination services available for the conservation of native plant species in highly fragmented agricultural landscapes.</span></p>
Data on global trends and drivers of submerged aquatic vegetation quantities in lakes
<p>This dataset describes trends and drivers of submerged aquatic vegetation quantities in lakes. The database was compiled through a literature synthesis and is the object of a published article. The sav_trend_dbstructure.png describes the database structure.</p> <p>The publication below detail the methodology used to assemble the dataset.</p> <p>Botrel, M. & R. Maranger. 2023. Global historical trends and drivers of submerged aquatic vegetation quantities in lakes. Global Change Biology. 29, 2493– 2509. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16619">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16619</a></p> <p> </p>
Reduction in biomass of freshwater arctic vegetation by foraging and nesting hyperabundant herbivores shows recovery
Arctic-nesting geese are specialist herbivores of grasses and sedges (collectively, graminoids). Under moderate grazing pressure, these migratory herbivores can create and maintain arctic grazing lawns with high nutritional content and low aboveground biomass. Nutrient and energy subsidies from southern agricultural landscapes during winter have improved survival among populations of Ross's (Anser rossii) and lesser snow geese (Anser caerulescens caerulescens), leading to marked population growth. Resulting goose hyperabundance has raised conservation concern for resilience of arctic ecosystems to withstand cumulative and intense pressures of herbivory and nest construction. We used both design-based (experimental herbivore exclosures) and model-based methods to investigate changes to plant community structure in direct response to foraging and nesting by these species within the Queen Maud Gulf (Ahiak) Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Nunavut, Canada. Annual nest construction and foraging by up to ~1.3 million geese at a large colony at Karrak Lake markedly reduced aboveground biomass of forage (graminoids) and non-forage (foliose and fruticose lichens) vegetation, with spatial variation in reduction associated with intensity of use by geese. Within vast brood-rearing regions, foraging reduced above- and belowground plant biomass of lowland plant communities by 61% and 29%, respectively, between 1994 (when herbivore exclosures were established) and 2017. In addition to landscape diversity associated with abiotic properties created by geomorphic processes, long-term herbivory by geese further increased spatial heterogeneity in vegetation at the landscape scale. Although foraging geese nearly completely depleted aboveground plant biomass in some parts of their brood-rearing areas, belowground biomass was largely conserved, and thus, plant communities had strong potential for aboveground regeneration. We propose that effects of high-density nesting and foraging by Ross's and lesser snow geese in the central Canadian Arctic, while extensive, are ephemeral and prone to reversion following cessation of grazing and nesting pressure, such as that afforded by shifts in herbivore distribution or local population decline.
Large and small herbivores have strong effects on tundra vegetation in Scandinavia and Alaska
<p>Large and small mammalian herbivores are present in most vegetated areas in the Arctic, and often have large impacts on plant community composition and ecosystem functioning. The relative importance of different herbivores and especially how their specific impact on the vegetation varies across the Arctic is however poorly understood.</p> <p>Here, we investigate how large and small herbivores influence vegetation density and plant community composition in four arctic vegetation types in Scandinavia and Alaska. We used a unique set of exclosures, excluding only large (reindeer and muskoxen) or all mammalian herbivores (also voles and lemmings) for at least 20 years.</p> <p>We found that mammalian herbivores in general decreased Leaf Area Index, NDVI and abundance of vascular plants in all four locations, even though the strength of the effect and which herbivore type caused these effects differed across locations. In three locations, herbivore presence caused contrasting plant communities, but not in the location with lowest productivity. Large herbivores had a negative effect on plant height, whereas small mammalian herbivores increased species diversity by decreasing dominance of the initially dominating plant species. Above- or belowground disturbances caused by herbivores were found to play an important role in shaping the vegetation in all locations.</p> <p>Synthesis: Based on these results, we conclude that both small and large mammalian herbivores influence vegetation in Scandinavia and Alaska in a similar way, some of which can mitigate effects of climate change. We also see important differences across locations, but these depend rather on local herbivore- and plant community composition than large biogeographical differences among continents.</p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Standovár T, Horváth S, Aszalós R (2017) Temporal changes in vegetation of a virgin beech woodland remnant: stand-scale stability with intensive fine-scale dynamics governed by stand dynamic events. Nature Conservation 17: 35-56. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.17.12251
Map showing canopy trees in the study area. :
Supplementary material 1 from: Standovár T, Horváth S, Aszalós R (2017) Temporal changes in vegetation of a virgin beech woodland remnant: stand-scale stability with intensive fine-scale dynamics governed by stand dynamic events. Nature Conservation 17: 35-56. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.17.12251
Map showing the position of sampling plots in 1996 and 2013 :
Supplementary material 3 from: Niemi M, Pöyry J, Heiskanen I, Uotinen V, Nieminen M, Erkomaa K, Wallenius K (2014) Variability of soil enzyme activities and vegetation succession following boreal forest surface soil transfer to an artificial hill. Nature Conservation 8: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.8.6369
Figure S2: Explanation note: The studied sites in August 2003: a) Top b) Grove c) Middle d) North.
Supplementary material 4 from: Niemi M, Pöyry J, Heiskanen I, Uotinen V, Nieminen M, Erkomaa K, Wallenius K (2014) Variability of soil enzyme activities and vegetation succession following boreal forest surface soil transfer to an artificial hill. Nature Conservation 8: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.8.6369
Figure S3: Explanation note: The studied s ites in August 2005: a) Top b) Grove c) Middle d) North.
Supplementary material 1 from: Niemi M, Pöyry J, Heiskanen I, Uotinen V, Nieminen M, Erkomaa K, Wallenius K (2014) Variability of soil enzyme activities and vegetation succession following boreal forest surface soil transfer to an artificial hill. Nature Conservation 8: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.8.6369
Table S1: Explanation note: Vegetation data used in the ordination analyses.
Figures 7-8 from: de Pinho FF, Ferreira GB, Paglia AP (2017) Influence of vegetation physiognomy, elevation and fire frequency on medium and large mammals in two protected areas of the Espinhaço Range. Zoologia 34: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e11921
Figures 7-8 - (7) Species richness and confidence interval (95%) in low (<1000 m) and high elevation (>1200 m) in Rio Preto State Park. (8) Use intensity by medium and large mammals and confidence interval (95%) in low (<1000 m) and high elevation (>1200 m) in Rio Preto State Park.
Figures 3-4 from: de Pinho FF, Ferreira GB, Paglia AP (2017) Influence of vegetation physiognomy, elevation and fire frequency on medium and large mammals in two protected areas of the Espinhaço Range. Zoologia 34: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e11921
Figures 3-4 - Observed species richness and confidence interval (95%) by physiognomy in (3) Rio Preto State Park and (4) Sempre Vivas National Park.
Figure 1 from: de Pinho FF, Ferreira GB, Paglia AP (2017) Influence of vegetation physiognomy, elevation and fire frequency on medium and large mammals in two protected areas of the Espinhaço Range. Zoologia 34: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e11921
Figure 1 - Camera trap sites (black circles) surveyed at Rio Preto State Park and Sempre Vivas National Park. Areas of integral protection in gray and areas of sustainable use in hollow poligones.
Figure 2 from: de Pinho FF, Ferreira GB, Paglia AP (2017) Influence of vegetation physiognomy, elevation and fire frequency on medium and large mammals in two protected areas of the Espinhaço Range. Zoologia 34: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e11921
Figure 2 - Species accumulation curve (richness x effort) and confidence interval (95%) in Rio Preto State Park (RPSP) and Sempre Vivas National Park (SVNP).
Figures 5-6 from: de Pinho FF, Ferreira GB, Paglia AP (2017) Influence of vegetation physiognomy, elevation and fire frequency on medium and large mammals in two protected areas of the Espinhaço Range. Zoologia 34: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.34.e11921
Figures 5-6 - Medium and large mammals use intensity and confidence interval (95%) by physiognomy in (5) Rio Preto State Park and (6) Sempre Vivas National Park.
Fig. 4 in Effects of ski piste preparation on alpine vegetation
Fig. 4. Differences in ecological groups between ski piste plots and corresponding control plots. (a) Mean differences in the proportion of plot covered by ecological groups for the four ski piste treatments (ns, ungraded pistes with natural snow; as, ungraded pistes with artificial snow; nsg, graded pistes with natural snow; asg, graded pistes with artificial snow). (b – e) The relationship between the differences in (b) percentage cover of snowbed species, (c) percentage cover of wind-edge species, (d) proportion of early flowering species and (e) proportion of late-flowering species and the time since conversion to artificial snow.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.