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opencc-by-nc-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Figure 3 in The point on Opaliopsis atlantis (Gastropoda: Epitoniidae) distribution: new data from the Mediterranean and implications

Figure 3. (A-D) Opaliopsis atlantis, details of apex and aperture. (A-B) CWR145POP'95RAN10; (C-D) BEL145POP'95FRAN1.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Figure 2 in The point on Opaliopsis atlantis (Gastropoda: Epitoniidae) distribution: new data from the Mediterranean and implications

Figure 2. (A-F) Opaliopsis atlantis: (A-C) Shell from Station CWR145POP'95RAN10, height 9.0 mm. (D-F) Shell from Station BEL145POP'95FRAN1, heigh 8.4 mm.

Data from: Phylogeny and evolution of the neotropical radiation of Lachemilla (Rosaceae): uncovering a history of reticulate evolution and implications for infrageneric classification

Reticulate evolution often leads to incongruence between nuclear and plastid phylogenies and comparisons between them have been used as a first approximation to disentangle patterns of hybridization. Because other processes like incomplete lineage sorting and phylogenetic error also produce similar incongruence patterns, additional sources of evidence must be incorporated. Here we focus on reconstructing the phylogeny of genus Lachemilla using nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid trnL-F DNA sequences, and explore widespread patterns of cytonuclear discordance in this group. Lachemilla is a highly morphologically variable group of perennial herbs and shrubs, and a nearly ubiquitous member of the diverse Neotropical high-altitude grasslands. Our analyses identified four major clades within Lachemilla that are in part congruent with previous morphological classifications of the group. Furthermore, using multiple sources of evidence, including a procrustean approach to cophylogeny estimation, coalescent-based simulations, phylogenetic networks, chromosome counts, and genome size estimations, we also revealed a large-scale pattern of incongruence between the plastid and nuclear phylogenies in Lachemilla, which is mainly the result of widespread hybridization and polyploidy. We also estimated that the origin of Lachemilla in South America (~14.5 mya) predates the "rapid-uplift" diversification model that has been suggested for other high species-richness Andean plant clades, but following the formation of the high-elevation Andean grasslands during the last 5 mya, a rapid accumulation of particular nested lineages occurred has contributed to the ubiquitous presence of Lachemilla in these biomes.

opencc-zeroMar 2020View details →

Chemical variations in Quercus pollen as a tool for taxonomic identification: implications for long-term ecological and biogeographical research

Aim Fossil pollen is an important tool for understanding biogeographic patterns in the past, but the taxonomic resolution of the fossil-pollen record may be limited to genus or even family level. Chemical analysis of pollen grains has the potential to increase the taxonomic resolution of pollen, but present-day chemical variability is poorly understood. This study aims to investigate whether a phylogenetic signal is present in the chemical variations of Quercus L. pollen and to assess the prospects of chemical techniques for identification in biogeographic research. Location Portugal Taxon Six taxa (five species, one subspecies) of Quercus L., Q. faginea, Q. robur, Q. robur ssp. estremadurensis, Q. coccifera, Q. rotundifolia and Q. suber belonging to three sections: Cerris, Ilex, and Quercus (<a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761148v2#ref-13">Denk, Grimm, Manos, Deng, & Hipp, 2017</a>) Methods We collected pollen samples from 297 individual Quercus trees across a 4° (∼450 km) latitudinal gradient and determined chemical differences using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We used canonical powered partial least-squares regression (CPPLS) and discriminant analysis to describe within- and between-species chemical variability. Results We find clear differences in the FTIR spectra from Quercus pollen at the section level (Cerris: ∼98%; Ilex: ∼100%; Quercus: ∼97%). Successful discrimination is based on spectral signals related to lipids and sporopollenins. However, discrimination of species within individual Quercus sections is more difficult: overall, species recall is ∼76% and species misidentifications within sections lie between 18% and 31% of the test-set. Main Conclusions Our results demonstrate that subgenus level differentiation of Quercus pollen is possible using FTIR methods, with successful classification at the section level. This indicates that operator-independent FTIR approaches can surpass traditional morphological techniques using the light microscope. Our results have implications both for providing new insights into past colonisation pathways of Quercus, and likewise for forecasting future responses to climate change. However, before FTIR techniques can be applied more broadly across palaeoecology and biogeography, our results also highlight a number of research challenges that still need to be addressed, including developing sporopollenin-specific taxonomic discriminators and determining a more complete understanding of the effects of environmental variation on pollen-chemical signatures in Quercus.

opencc-zeroFeb 2020View details →

African wild dog dispersal and implications for management

Successful conservation of species that roam and disperse over large areas requires detailed understanding of their movement patterns and connectivity between subpopulations. But empirical information on movement, space use, and connectivity is lacking for many species, and data acquisition is often hindered when study animals cross international borders. The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) exemplifies such species that require vast undisturbed areas to support viable, self‐sustaining populations. To study wild dog dispersal and investigate potential barriers to movements and causes of mortality during dispersal, between 2016 and 2019 we followed the fate of 16 dispersing coalitions (i.e., same‐sex group of ≥1 dispersing African wild dogs) in northern Botswana through global positioning system (GPS)‐satellite telemetry. Dispersing wild dogs covered ≤54 km in 24 hours and traveled 150 km to Namibia and 360km to Zimbabwe within 10 days. Wild dogs were little hindered in their movements by natural landscape features, whereas medium to densely human‐populated landscapes represented obstacles to dispersal. Human‐caused mortality was responsible for >90% of the recorded deaths. Our results suggest that a holistic approach to the management and conservation of highly mobile species is necessary to develop effective research and evidence‐based conservation programs across transfrontier protected areas, including the need for coordinated research efforts through collaboration between national and international conservation authorities.

opencc-zeroJan 2020View details →

Experimental investigation of insect deposition in lentic environments and implications for formation of Konservat-Lagerstätten

<a name="_Toc524384814">Terrestrial insects are often remarkably well preserved in lacustrine Konservat-Lagerstätten. However, the assumption that carcasses should sink fast through the water column seems to contradict evidence that this scenario is unlikely due to excessive buoyancy and surface tension. The mechanisms that promote rapid and permanent emplacement onto the sediment surface (RPESS) of such terrestrial animal remains are not fully understood. Here we use taphonomic experiments to show that floating in water, growth of microbial biofilms and reception of rapid sediment load promote RPESS of terrestrial insect remains in lentic water bodies. Our results show that the optimum conditions for RPESS occur when terrestrial insects enter a lentic water body in articulation, experience brief decay in association with growth of microbes, then are buried rapidly by airborne volcanic ash. These results provide a model for preservation of articulated terrestrial insects and emphasize the importance of microbial activity and volcanism for insect preservation in lacustrine Konservat-Lagerstätten.</a>

Data from: Phylogenomic reclassification of the world's most venomous spiders (Mygalomorphae, Atracinae), with implications for venom evolution

Here we show that the most venomous spiders in the world are phylogenetically misplaced. Australian atracine spiders (family Hexathelidae), including the notorious Sydney funnel-web spider Atrax robustus, produce venom peptides that can kill people. Intriguingly, eastern Australian mouse spiders (family Actinopodidae) are also medically dangerous, possessing venom peptides strikingly similar to Atrax hexatoxins. Based on the standing morphology-based classification, mouse spiders are hypothesized distant relatives of atracines, having diverged over 200 million years ago. Using sequence-capture phylogenomics, we instead show convincingly that atracines are sister to actinopodids, and that hexathelids are non-monophyletic. Three new mygalomorph lineages are elevated to the family level, and a revised circumscription of the family Hexathelidae is presented. Re-writing this phylogenetic story has major implications for how we study venom evolution in these spiders, and potentially genuine consequences for antivenom development and bite treatment research. More generally, our research provides a textbook example of the applied importance of modern phylogenomic research.

Data from: Plasticity of plant defense and its evolutionary implications in wild populations of Boechera stricta

Phenotypic plasticity is thought to impact evolutionary trajectories by shifting trait values in a direction that is either favored by natural selection ("adaptive plasticity") or disfavored ("nonadaptive" plasticity). However, it is unclear how commonly each of these types of plasticity occurs in natural populations. To answer this question, we measured glucosinolate defensive chemistry and reproductive fitness in over 1,500 individuals of the wild perennial mustard Boechera stricta, planted in four common gardens across central Idaho, USA. Glucosinolate profiles—including total glucosinolate concentration as well as the relative abundances and overall diversity of different compounds—were strongly plastic both among habitats and within habitats. Patterns of glucosinolate plasticity varied greatly among genotypes. Plasticity among sites was predicted to affect fitness in 27.1% of cases; more often than expected by chance, glucosinolate plasticity increased rather than decreased relative fitness. In contrast, we found no evidence for within-habitat selection on glucosinolate reaction norm slopes (i.e., plasticity along a continuous environmental gradient). Together, our results indicate that glucosinolate plasticity may improve the ability of B. stricta populations to persist after migration to new habitats.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Phylogenetic relationships, breeding implications, and cultivation history of Hawaiian taro (Colocasia esculenta) through genome-wide SNP genotyping

Taro, Colocasia esculenta, is one of the world's oldest root crops and of particular economic and cultural significance in Hawai'i, where historically more than 150 different landraces were grown. We developed a genome-wide set of more than 2400 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from 70 taro accessions of Hawaiian, South Pacific, Palauan, and mainland Asian origins, with several objectives: (a) uncover the phylogenetic relationships between Hawaiian and other Pacific landraces, (b) shed light on the history of taro cultivation in Hawai'i, and (c) develop a tool to discriminate among Hawaiian and other taros. We found that almost all existing Hawaiian landraces fall into five monophyletic groups that are largely consistent with the traditional Hawaiian classification based on morphological characters, e.g., leaf shape and petiole color. Genetic diversity was low within these clades but considerably higher between them. Population structure analyses further indicated that the diversification of taro in Hawai'i most likely occurred by a combination of frequent somatic mutation and occasional hybridization. Unexpectedly, the South Pacific accessions were found nested within the clades mainly composed of Hawaiian accessions, rather than paraphyletic to them. This suggests that the origin of clades identified here preceded the colonization of Hawai'i, and that early Polynesian settlers brought taro landraces from different clades with them. In the absence of a sequenced genome, this marker set provides a valuable resource towards obtaining a genetic linkage map, and to study the genetic basis of phenotypic traits of interest to taro breeding such as disease resistance.

opencc-zeroFeb 2020View details →

A tiny new Middle Triassic stem-lepidosauromorph from Germany: implications for the early evolution of lepidosauromorphs and the Vellberg fauna

The Middle Triassic was a time of major changes in tetrapod faunas worldwide, but the fossil record for this interval is largely obscure for terrestrial faunas. This poses a severe limitation to our understanding on the earliest stages of the diversification of lineages representing some of the most diverse faunas in the world today, such as lepidosauromorphs (e.g., lizards and tuataras). Here, we report a tiny new lepidosauromorph from the Middle Triassic from Vellberg (Germany), which combines a mosaic of features from both early evolving squamates and rhynchocephalians, such as the simultaneous occurrence of a splenial bone and partial development of acrodonty. Phylogenetic analyses applying different optimality criteria, and combined morphological and molecular data, consistently recover the new taxon as a stem-lepidosauromorph, implying stem-lepidosauromorph species coinhabited areas comprising today's central Europe at the same time as the earliest known rhynchocephalians and squamates. It further demonstrates a more complex evolutionary scenario for dental evolution in early lepidosauromorphs, with independent acquisitions of acrodonty early in their evolutionary history. The small size of most terrestrial vertebrates from Vellberg is conspicuous, contrasting to younger Triassic deposits worldwide, but comparable to Early Triassic faunas, suggesting a potential long-lasting Lilliput effect this fauna.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Introgression between divergent corn borer species in a region of sympatry: implications on the evolution and adaptation of pest arthropods

The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, and European corn borer, O. nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), cause damage to cultivated maize in spatially distinct geographies, and have evolved divergent hydrocarbons as the basis of sexual communication. The Yili area of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China represents the only known region where O. furnacalis has invaded a native O. nubilalis range, and these two corn borer species have made secondary contact. Genetic differentiation was estimated between Ostrinia larvae collected from maize plants at 11 locations in Xinjiang Province, and genotyped using high throughput SNP and microsatellite markers. Maternal lineages were assessed by direct sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and II haplotypes, and a high degree of genotypic diversity was demonstrated between lineages based on SNP genotypes. Furthermore, historical introgression was predicted among SNP genotypes only at sympatric locations in the Yili area, whereas in Xinjiang populations wherein only O. furnacalis haplotypes were detected no analogous introgressed genotypes were predicted. Our detection of putative hybrids and historical evidence of introgression defines Yili area as a hybrid zone between the species in normal ecological interactions, and furthermore might indicate that adaptive traits could spread even between seemingly divergent species through horizontal transmission. Results of this study indicate there may be a continuum in the degree of reproductive isolation between Ostrinia species, and that the elegance of distinct and complete speciation based on modifications to the pheromone communication might need to be reconsidered.

Data from: Natal dispersal of tree sloths in a human-dominated landscape: implications for tropical biodiversity conservation

1. Habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from the conversion of tropical forests are among the most important threats to biodiversity globally. Habitat specialists and species with low dispersal capacity are expected to be the most sensitive to such changes. Relatively little is known, however, about how habitat change and life history interact to impact natal dispersal and population viability in tropical species. 2. Here, we characterized natal dispersal patterns, habitat selection, and survival rates in two-toed (Choloepus hoffmanni) and three-toed (Bradypus variegatus) sloths within a human-dominated tropical landscape in Costa Rica consisting of a shade-grown cacao plantation surrounded by riparian forests and cattle pastures. 3. Radio-marked individuals of both species preferentially selected tropical forests during natal dispersal and were commonly observed using riparian forest buffers for dispersal. The more specialized and sedentary three-toed sloth, however, avoided both pastures and shade-grown cacao for dispersal, whereas two-toed sloths only avoided pastures. 4. Juvenile survival was lower for three-toed than two-toed sloths, and was lowest immediately following maternal independence for both species. Despite interspecific differences, juvenile survival was high and sufficient to maintain stable populations of both species. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that tropical forest conversion is more likely to impact the natal dispersal success of specialized and dispersal-limited species. Moreover, riparian forest buffers appear to provide critical corridors for maintaining such species, and biodiversity more broadly, in modified tropical landscapes.07-Feb-2018

opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

Data from: Planning for climate change through additions to a national protected area network: implications for cost and configuration

Expanding the network of protected areas is a core strategy for conserving biodiversity in the face of climate change. Here we explore the impacts on reserve network cost and configuration associated with planning for climate change in the United States using networks that prioritize areas projected to be climatically suitable for 1,460 species both today and into the future, climatic refugia, and areas likely to facilitate climate-driven species movements. For 14% of the species, networks of sites selected solely to protect areas currently climatically suitable failed to provide climatically suitable habitat in the future. Protecting sites climatically suitable for species today and in the future significantly changed the distribution of priority sites across the U.S.—increasing relative protection in the northeast, northwest, and central U.S. Protecting areas projected to retain their climatic suitability for species cost 59% more than solely protecting currently suitable areas. Including all climatic refugia and 20% of areas that facilitate climate-driven movements increased the cost by another 18%. Our results indicate that protecting some types of climatic refugia may be a relatively inexpensive adaptation strategy. Moreover, although addressing climate change in conservation plans will have significant implications for the configuration of networks, the increased cost of doing so may be relatively modest.

Data from: Genetic structure of the Painted Bunting and its implications for conservation of migratory populations

The Painted Bunting Passerina ciris is a Neotropical songbird which breeds primarily in the United States during the summer and migrates to Mexico, Central America, southern Florida, and the Caribbean over the winter. Male Painted Buntings are brightly coloured, which makes them highly sought after as pets, particularly in Mexico, Central America and Europe. We used short sequence repeats (microsatellite DNA) to investigate the population genetic structure of the Painted Bunting and its implications in conservation management of migratory populations. We found a detectable level of population differentiation as revealed by pairwise FST and RST comparisons and Bayesian clustering analyses, with strong support for differentiation between eastern and western Painted Buntings (e.g. Oklahoma and Georgia FST = 0.1; P = 0.005; RST = 0.18; P = 0.04) in accordance with previous mitochondrial DNA analysis. We recovered additional support for two sub‐groups within the western clade. While linking migrant songbirds captured outside of the United States to their breeding populations remains a challenge, we show that natural levels of population genetic differentiation can be detected via microsatellite DNA markers and exploited in migratory connectivity studies. We also demonstrate the potential utility of our low‐cost markers for population identification of birds recovered from the pet trade by screening a small subset of samples (n = 5) collected as part of wildlife tracking. We discuss the implications of our results for future efforts to understand patterns of population decline in Painted Buntings more generally, as well as how we might expand this methodology to combat illegal pet‐trade activity in this and other songbird species.

opencc-zeroMay 2019View details →

Data from: Holocene population decline and conservation implication for the Western Hercules Beetle, Dynastes grantii (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)

The Western Hercules beetle (Dynastes grantii) is endemic to the highland forest habitats of southwestern USA and northern Mexico. The habitats harbor many endemic species, but are being threatened by rapid climate change and urban development. In this study, the genetic structure of D. grantii populations from southwestern USA was investigated. Specifically, genomic data from double-digest RADseq (ddRADseq) libraries were utilized to test whether geographically distant populations from the Mogollon Rim (Arizona [N = 12 individuals] and New Mexico [N = 10 individuals]) are genetically structured. The study also estimated the effective population size of the Mogollon Rim populations based on genetic diversity. The results indicated that the two geographic populations from the Mogollon Rim were not genetically structured. A population size reduction was detected since the end of the last glacial period, which coincided with a reduction of forest habitat in the study area. The results implied that the connectivity and the size of highland forest habitats in the Mogollon Rim could have been the major factors shaping the population genetic structure and demographic history of D. grantii. The Western Hercules beetle could be a useful flagship species for local natural history education and to promote the conservation of highland forest habitats.

opencc-zeroMar 2020View details →

Morphological diversity in the sensory system of phyllostomid bats: implications for acoustic and dietary ecology

1. Sensory systems perform fitness-relevant functions, and specialized sensory structures allow organisms to accomplish challenging tasks. However, broad comparative analyses of sensory morphologies and their performance are lacking for diverse mammalian radiations. 2. Neotropical leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are one of the most ecologically diverse mammal groups; including a wide range of diets and foraging behaviors, and extreme morphological variation in external sensory structures used in echolocation (nose leaf and pinnae). 3. We coupled 3D geometric morphometrics and acoustic field recordings under a phylogenetic framework to investigate the mechanisms underlying the diversification of external sensory morphologies in phyllostomids, and explored the potential implications of sensory morphological diversity to functional outputs and dietary ecology. 4. We found that the nose leaf consists of two evolutionary modules, spear and horseshoe, suggesting that modularity enabled morphological and functional diversification of this structure. 5. We found a significant association between some aspects of nose leaf shape and maximum frequency and bandwidth of echolocation calls, but not between pinnae shape and echolocation call parameters. This may be explained by the use of multiple sensory modes across phyllostomids and plasticity of some echolocation call parameters. 6. Species with different diets significantly differed in nose leaf shape, specifically in spear breadth, presence of a midrib, and cupping and anterior rotation of the horseshoe. This may relate to different levels of prey type specificity within each diet. Pinnae shape significantly differed between species that consume non-mobile, non-evasive prey (broad rounded, cupped pinnae) and mobile, evasive prey (flattened pinnae with a sharp tapering apex). This may reflect the use of different sound cues to detect prey. 7. Our results give insight into the morphological evolution of external sensory structures in bats, and highlight new links between morphological diversity and ecology.

opencc-zeroSep 2015View details →

Supporting data: The biogeographic origin of a radiation of trees in Madagascar: Implications for the assembly of a tropical forest biome

This directory contains xml files (which in turn contain concatenated alignments), newick, and phylip formatted tree files. Code and scripts used for generating figures, phylogenies and biogeographic models is available on request. ~/trees/ contains tree files and maximum clade credibility trees from the three phylogenetic inferences: 1) Canarieae with a fossil tip; 2) Canarieae with fossil nodes; and 3) Canarieae with fossil nodes, but without the Canarieae fossil node calibration. See the paper and supplemental text for more information. ~/trees/RAxML/ contains the RAXML starter trees used   ~/xml_files/ contains the xml files used for Bayesian phylogenetic inference in BEAST for all three phylogenetic inferences (see above). Concatenated alignments of molecular data can be found within the xml files.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Fluvial Response to Differential Activity of the Litang Fault System: Implications for Fault Kinematics and Geodynamics in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Supporting information accompanies the publication "Fluvial Response to Differential Activity of the Litang Fault System: Implications for Fault Kinematics and Geodynamics in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau ".  Table S1 presents information related to all the extracted river channels including the drainage area and outlet elevation. The elevation, horizontal and vertical migration distances of knickpoints, as well as ksn values above and below the knickpoints have also been included. All the river longitudinal profiles extracted in this study, including the knickpoint position on the longitudinal profiles and the high-precision DEM data presented in Figures 9a and 10a, are provided .

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Quantifying the erasure of earthquake surface ruptures from desert landscapes: Implications for seismic hazard assessment

Original Landscapes DEMs of ~120x140m landscapes clipped from: R1-10 = 2019 M7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake, 2019 lidar (Hudnut et al., 2020), and  E1-10 = 2010 M7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake, 2010 lidar (OpenTopography, 2010). Example: "E5.asc"   Degraded Landscapes Linearly diffused using Landlab (Hobley et al., 2017; Barnhart et al., 2020) at timesteps (100, 1000, 5000, 10000 yr) using a k of 1 m^2/kyr. Example: "e5_1000_001_eroded.asc"   Mapped Faults Shapefiles - E1_10_shps & R1_10_shps Faults mapped on each degraded landscape using a systematic mapping process (Scott et al., 2023; Adam, 2023)   Ridgecrest DEM - rc_7_1_0424_utm.tif 0.014 m/pix DEM of a portion of the 2019 M7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake rupture, from 6 April 2024. Created from Structure from Motion using drone images.    Degradation and analysis python code - landscape_evolution_earthquake_ruptures-main.zip A set of scripts to simulate the effect of surface processes on surface ruptures and quantify the information loss associated with landscape evolution over time. Includes options to simulate surface processes with linear and non-linear diffusion, implemented using open-access code landlab.   References Adam, R. (2023). Evaluation of remote mapping of active fault traces. Arizona State University. Barnhart, K.R., Hutton, E.W.H., Tucker, G.E., Gasparini, NM., Istanbulluoglu, E., Hobley, D.E.J., Lyons, N.J., Mouchene, M., Nudurupati, S.S., Adams, J.M., Bandarogoda, C., 2020, Short communication: Landlab v2.0: A software package for Earth surface dynamics: Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions, doi: 10.5194/esurf-2020-12. Hobley, D.E.J., Adams, J.M., Nudurupati, S.S., Hutton, E.W.H. Gasparini, N.M., Istanbulluoglu, E., and Tucker, G.E., 2017, Creative computing with Landlab: an open-source toolkit for building, coupling, and exploring two-dimensional numerical models of Earth-surface dynamics: Earth Surface Dynamics, v. 5, n. 1, p. 21-46, doi: 10.5194/esurf-5-21-2017. Hudnut, K.W., B. Brooks, K. Scharer, J.L. Hernandez, T.E. Dawson, M.E. Oskin, R. Arrowsmith, C.A. Goulet, K. Blake, M.L. Boggs, S. Bork, C.L. Glennie, J.C. Fernandez-Diaz, A. Singhania, D. Hauser, S. Sorhus (2020). 2019 Ridgecrest, CA Post-Earthquake Lidar Collection. National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM). Distributed by OpenTopography. https://doi.org/10.5069/G9W0942Z.. Accessed: 2024-11-25   Opentopography; El Mayor-Cucapah Earthquake (4 April 2010) Rupture LiDAR Scan. Distributed by OpenTopography. https://doi.org/10.5069/G9TD9V7D . Accessed: 2024-11-25 Scott, C., Adam, R., Arrowsmith, R., Madugo, C., Powell, J., Ford, J., Gray, B., Koehler, R., Thompson, S., Sarmiento, A., Dawson, T., Kottke, A., Young, E., Williams, A., Kozaci, O., Oskin, M., Burgette, R., Streig, A., Seitz, G., … Ingersoll, S. (2023). Evaluating how well active fault mapping predicts earthquake surface-rupture locations. Geosphere. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02611.1