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15,542 results for “How long”
Long-term ecological responses of a lowland dipterocarp forest to climate changes and nutrient availability at Bulusan Lake
<p>This data publication encompasses the datasets generated in a study focusing on reconstructing ecological responses to climatic and nutrient availability changes during the late Holocene in northern Philippines. The data comes from samples taken from sediment cores retrieved from Bulusan Lake, located on Luzon Island, Philippines, in March 2013. In these samples, we analyzed fossil pollen and spores (a proxy for plant taxa abundance), charcoal (a proxy for fire activity), stable carbon isotopic composition of terrestrial-lipid biomarkers (a proxy for vegetation cover), stable nitrogen and phosphate isotope composition of bulk sediments, and elemental composition of sediment cores at a high resolution (proxies for nutrient availability and volcanic activity). The dataset also includes links to records generated in a previous study on the same sediments (Prohaska <em>et al.</em> 2023), where we measured the stable hydrogen isotopic composition of terrestrial-lipid biomarkers to reconstruct past hydrological conditions, as well as the magnetic susceptibility record and AMS dates of plant macrofossils to calculate sediment accumulation ages. The data generation spanned the period from April 2013 to September 2020, and the data files are provided in Excel spreadsheet format.</p>
Data and code for "Dietary carotenoid supplementation has long-term and community-wide effects on the amphibian skin microbiome"
<p>Data, R code and R markdown report for the manuscript "Dietary carotenoid supplementation has long-term and community-wide effects on the amphibian skin microbiome" by Risely, A., Phillip G. Byrne, Bethany J. Hoye, and Aimee J. Silla</p> <p><strong>Data</strong></p> <p>frog_final.RDS = Processed phyloseq dataset of frog skin microbiome</p> <p><strong>Code</strong></p> <p>Frog_diet_analysis_V1.Rmd = Rmarkdown code</p> <p>Frog_diet_analysis_V1.html = Rmarkdown report (html version - need to download to view)</p> <p>Frog_diet_analysis_V1.pdf = Rmarkdown report (PDF version)</p>
Long term records of barometric pressure and fluid pressure from boreholes of STIMTEC and STIMTEC-X
<p>Long term records of barometric pressure and fluid pressure from boreholes in Reiche Zeche (Freiberg, Germany) during the projects STIMTEC and STIMTEC-X</p>
Long-term warming of a forest soil reduces microbial biomass and its carbon and nitrogen use efficiencies
<p>Global warming impacts biogeochemical cycles in terrestrial ecosystems, but it is still unclear how the simultaneous cycling of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soils could be affected in the longer-term. Here, we evaluated how 14 years of soil warming (+4°C) affected the soil C and N cycle across different soil depths and seasons in a temperate mountain forest. We used H<sub>2</sub><sup>18</sup>O incorporation into DNA and <sup>15</sup>N isotope pool dilution techniques to determine gross rates of C and N transformation processes. Our data showed different warming effects on soil C and N cycling, and these were consistent across soil depths and seasons. Warming decreased microbial biomass C (−22%), but at the same time increased microbial biomass-specific growth (+25%) and respiration (+39%), the potential activity of β-glucosidase (+31%), and microbial turnover (+14%). Warming reduced gross rates of protein depolymerization (−19%), but stimulated gross N mineralization (+63%) and the potential activities of N-acetylglucosaminidase (+106%) and leucine-aminopeptidase (+46%), and had no impact on gross nitrification (+1%). Microbial C and N use efficiencies were both lower in the warming treatment (−15% and −17%, respectively). Overall, our results suggest that long-term warming drives soil microbes to incorporate less C and N into their biomass (and necromass), and to release more inorganic C and N to the environment, causing lower soil C and N storage in this forest, as indicated by lower soil C and total N contents. The decreases in microbial CUE and NUE were likely triggered by increasing microbial P constraints in warmed soils, limiting anabolic processes and microbial growth and promoting pervasive losses of C and N from the soil.</p>
Data underpinning "Unraveling long-time quantum dynamics using flow equations"
<p>The study of many-body quantum dynamics in strongly-correlated systems is extremely challenging. To date few numerical methods exist which are capable of simulating the non-equilibrium dynamics of two-dimensional quantum systems, in part reflecting complexity theoretic obstructions. In this work, we present a new technique able to overcome this obstacle, by combining continuous unitary flow techniques with the newly developed method of scrambling transforms. We overcome the prejudice that approximately diagonalizing the Hamiltonian cannot lead to reliable predictions for relatively long times. To the contrary, we show that the method works well in both localized and delocalized phases, and makes reliable predictions for a number of quantities including infinite-temperature autocorrelation functions. We complement our findings with rigorous incremental bounds on the truncation error. This approach shows that in practice, the exploration of intermediate-scale time evolution may be more feasible than is commonly assumed, challenging near-term quantum simulators.</p>
Data & R Code for "Enhanced long-term memory and increased mushroom body plasticity in Heliconius butterflies"
<p>This ZIP file contains the data and R code used to analyse it for the paper "Enhanced long-term memory and increased mushroom body plasticity in Heliconius butterflies". Behavioural and neuroanatomical data are in separate folders.</p>
The dynamic matrix predicts population response to long-term experimental forest fragmentation
<div><strong>Context</strong></div> <div> </div> <div>Earth's forests are fragmented. Species' long-term persistence depends on their conservation in fragmented landscapes with remnants embedded in a matrix of human land use. This matrix influences species' persistence in fragments by determining their degree of isolation and the extent to which edge effects alter habitat. Matrix habitat is often dynamic, so its impact on persistence of remnant species changes over time.</div> <div> </div> <div><strong>Objectives</strong></div> <div> </div> <div>Previous research showed that the abundance response of predatory beetle species to matrix habitat predicted their response in fragments with a log-response ratio of about 0.5. When abundance declined in the matrix, there was a smaller but predictable decline in fragments. However, the predictive utility of a fragment:matrix log-response ratio needs testing with functionally different species, more detailed data, and a focus on mechanism.</div> <div> </div> <div><strong>Methods</strong></div> <div> </div> <div>In the Wog Wog habitat fragmentation experiment, we follow a detritivorous amphipod 27 years after forest fragmentation.</div> <div> </div> <div><strong>Results</strong></div> <div> </div> <div>The amphipod's response in habitat fragments was predicted by its response in the matrix with a log-response ratio of about 0.5, similar to predatory beetles. The amphipod's response was explained by its abiotic niche. The amphipod's short-term response did not predict its long-term response.</div> <div> </div> <div><strong>Conclusions</strong></div> <div> </div> <div>The log-response ratio might generalize across the invertebrate food web. For two groups within the Wog Wog experiment, a species' dynamic response in matrix habitat predicted its persistence in fragments. Future work should explore the generality of this finding. With knowledge of projected land use of matrix habitat, a species' matrix response could be used for management planning.</div>
Forward-in-time simulation of chromosomal rearrangements: The invisible backbone that sustains long-term adaptation : simulated data
<p>Data simulated with Aevol (<a href="http://www.aevol.fr">www.aevol.fr</a>), a software available on gitlab ( <a href="https://gitlab.inria.fr/aevol/aevol">https://gitlab.inria.fr/aevol/aevol</a> ), for our paper submitted to Molecular Ecology entitled "Forward-in-time simulation of chromosomal rearrangements: The invisible backbone that sustains long-term adaptation".</p>
GPRChinaSPEI1km: High spatial resolution and century-long SPEI datasets for China from 1901 to 2020 generated by machine learning
<p>The high spatial resolution and century-long Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) dataset with a spatial resolution of 0.0083 degrees (~1 km) was spatially downscaled from the global SPEI data with a 0.5 degrees spatial resolution (https://spei.csic.es/database.html) based on machine learning integrated with high spatial resolution climatic and topographic variables. The 1-km SPEI datasets are across the land areas of China from January 1901 to December 2020, including 1-month, 3-month, 6-month and 12-month SPEIs. The unit of the data is 0.01. The dataset was evaluated using the root zone soil moisture and the historical drought events, and the evaluation indicated that the high spatial resolution SPEI dataset is reliable.</p> <p>Data Information: </p> <p>GPRChinaSPEI1km: High spatial resolution and century-long SPEI datasets over China from 1901 to 2020 generated by machine learning</p> <p>Publication: </p> <p><span>He, Q., Wang, M., Liu, K., & Wang, B. (2025). High-resolution Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) reveals trends in drought and vegetation water availability in China. <em>Geography and Sustainability</em>, <em>6</em>(2), 100228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2024.08.007</span></p> <p></p> <p>----------------------------------------------------data description---------------------------------------------</p> <p>This is a gridded dataset for the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at a spatial resolution of 1 km over the main terrestrial lands of China for each month during 1901-2020, which is generated using the Gaussian process regression (GPR) based on the Global SPEI database (https://spei.csic.es/database.html) integrated with high spatial resolution climatic and topographic variables. Four timescales of SPEI were generated: 1-month (SPEI-1), 3-month (SPEI-3), 6-month (SPEI-6) and 12-month (SPEI-12). The details are as follows:</p> <p>Region: China</p> <p>Temporal Extent: January 1901 to December 2020</p> <p>Spatial resolution: 0.0083° (~1 km)</p> <p>Temporal resolution: month</p> <p>Timescales: 1-month, 3-month, 6-month and 12-month</p> <p>Data format: GeoTIFF</p> <p>Unit: unitless (0.01)</p> <p>Geographic coordinate system: WGS 1984</p> <p>---------------------------------------------------dataset filename---------------------------------------------</p> <p>The file name specifically shows the data information.</p> <p>For example,</p> <p>“SPEI_1_2020_1.tif” means “1-month SPEI of January 2020”.</p> <p>“SPEI_3_2020_1.tif” means “3-month SPEI of January 2020”.</p> <p>All the file names are formatted in “SPEI_timescale_year_month”</p> <p>timescale: 1, 3, 6 and 12 indicate 1-month, 3-month, 6-month and 12-month, respectively</p> <p>year: from 1901 to 2020</p> <p>month: from 1 to 12</p> <p>--------------------------------------------------storage information-------------------------------------------</p> <p>The high-resolution SPEI dataset is stored in TIFF format using WGS 1984 coordinate system. The data type is int16 with a scale factor of 0.01. The nodata value is -32768. The dataset requires multiplication by 0.01 during application to obtain the actual value ranges.</p> <p>The data were compressed into .rar format every 10 years for each timescale SPEI.</p>
Data from: breeding under pressure: corticosterone is associated with reproductive investment under fluctuating predation risk in a long-lived sea duck
<p>Phenotypic plasticity may enable individuals to cope with predictable and unpredictable environments during their life-cycle. In that context, studying glucocorticoids – corticosterone (CORT) in birds – is relevant because of their primary role in allostasis. Higher baseline CORT levels are classically associated with environmental constraints and lower fitness (the CORT-fitness hypothesis). However, in some environments, higher baseline CORT levels can promote reproduction, therefore being associated with higher fitness (the CORT-adaptation hypothesis). These two hypotheses have been tested in multiple systems, but rarely in a context of fluctuating predation threat.</p> <p>We <span>used a </span>long-term individual-based monitoring of baseline CORT levels in female common eiders <em>Somateria mollissima</em> (n<sub>CORT</sub> = 1537; n<sub>individual</sub> = 790; 2009-2022) to disentangle the context-dependent links between environmental conditions, CORT and fitness. Importantly, the study population has been facing a drastic increase in predation pressure over the past decades, linked to the recovery of the white-tailed eagle <em>Haliaeetus albicilla</em>. Additionally, eiders breed on open or forested islands, further affecting adult and nest predation risk. This system allowed us to disentangle the relative contributions of within- and among-individual variation in baseline CORT levels under predation.</p> <p>Supporting the CORT-adaptation hypothesis, baseline CORT levels were positively associated with reproductive investment (clutch size), age and hatching success. By partitioning within- and among-individual effects, we showed that at the individual level, CORT flexibly increased with clutch size and age. Females displaying higher CORT levels were more successful, suggesting a link between CORT and individual quality.</p> <p><span>At both the population and individual levels, baseline CORT levels decreased over the study period. This decrease was correlated with an increase in predation risk. Females had reduced baseline CORT when nesting under high eagle abundance or adult predation risk (within-individual effect). Interestingly, apparent plasticity towards adult predation risk was only observed on open islands, likely reflecting habitat-dependent strategies.</span></p> <p><span>Consistent with the CORT-adaptation hypothesis, we show that changes in predation regime not only correlate with changes in reproductive investment, but also with rapid plastic adjustment of glucocorticoid levels and therefore individual strategies to cope with predation risk. Given the correlative nature of our study, we encourage further experimental studies testing for a causal relationship between predation and corticosterone levels.</span></p>
Data from: Navigating Polycrisis: long-run socio-cultural factors shape response to changing climate
<p>These data are part of a data portal that accompanies the special issue 'Climate change adaptation needs a science of culture,' published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B in 2023. To access the data portal, please visit <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4h4"><strong>10.5061/dryad.bnzs7h4h4</strong></a>. We have systematically collected information about the nature and consequences of societal crisis in over 150 cases covering different regions in the world in the preindustrial period. In this contribution, we discuss some critical insights arising from initial analysis of this material, which has informed the basis of our work.</p>
Mitochondrial responses to long-term and cyclic hypoxia depend on the oxidized fuel in a hypoxia-tolerant marine bivalve Crassostrea gigas
<p>These are the metadata for a publication "Mitochondrial responses to long-term and cyclic hypoxia depend on the oxidized fuel in a hypoxia-tolerant marine bivalve <em>Crassostrea gigas"</em> under consideration for publication in the Scientific reports. Sessile benthic organisms like oysters inhabits intertidal zone transitioning between aquatic and terrestrial condition during tidal movements exposing the organisms to alternating hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) episodes thereby altering the respiratory chain activities and metabolome compositions. Our study investigated the effects of constant long-term H/R stress (90 min at ~0% O<sub>2, </sub>and 10 min reoxygenation) and constant cyclic H/R stress (5 cycles of 15 min at ~0% O<sub>2, </sub>and 10 min reoxygenation) on isolated mitochondria from the gill and the digestive gland of <em>C. gigas</em> respiring on different substrates (pyruvate, palmitate, and succinate). Both gill and the digestive gland mitochondria exposed to constant long-term H/R suppressed OXPHOS respiration especially during Complex I oxidation with no change in ROS efflux but an increase FEL. In the gill mitochondria oxidizing Complex I substrates, exposure to constant cyclic H/R prompted a significant drop after the first H/R cycle. In contrast, succinate-driven respiration only showed significant decline after the fifth H/R cycle. ROS efflux and FEL however saw little to no change after constant cyclic H/R. This observation from our study further suggests succinate as a potential stress fuel under H/R stress and might assist in post-hypoxic recovery of oysters mitigating oxidative stress and supporting rapid ATP re-synthesis during oxygen fluctuations such as commonly observed in intertidal zones. Additionally, our study revealed that constant long-term hypoxia is more damaging than constant cyclic hypoxia. </p>
Dataset for study Long-term changes in urban bird populations: correspondence of the trends between urban and rural areas
<p>Dataset used for a study "Long-term changes in urban bird populations: correspondence of the trends between urban and rural areas"</p> <p>Data structure:</p> <p>Type = type of environment (R - rural, U - urban)<br> POID = unique identifier of each census point across all transects<br> Transect = unique identifier of a transect (each contains 20 census points)<br> Point = unique identifier of a point within one transect<br> Year = year of the count<br> Species = scientific name of bird species<br> Count = number of birds counted</p> <p>Each species has its own datafile.</p>
Links between personality, reproductive success and re-pairing patterns in a long-lived seabird
<p>In long-lived monogamous species, the trigger of costly re-pairing is not always clear. Limited research suggests that within-pair behavioural compatibility may be an important driver of partnership success, as cooperation should be enhanced when pair members' decisions complement one another. Animals' decision-making processes are influenced by personality traits – defined as individual differences in behaviour that are stable in time. Despite the potential for the personality trait 'boldness' to a) directly impact individual willingness to re-pair and b) indirectly impact re-pairing choices via reproductive success, there is currently little work exploring how re-pairing decisions might be impacted by the pair members' personalities. Using a 13-year dataset, we investigated whether within-pair boldness and its relationship with breeding success explained re-pairing patterns of black-legged kittiwakes (<em>Rissa</em> <em>tridactyla</em>), breeding in two Arctic colonies. We found that pairs with dissimilar boldness levels were more likely to experience breeding failure and that failed pairs were more likely to re-pair the following year. Despite this, only one colony displayed evidence of assortative mating by boldness, and there was no indication that re-pairing impacted reproductive success the following season. Neither individual nor pair boldness directly influenced re-pairing probability, however, in both colonies, re-pairing birds chose partners that were slightly more similar to themselves in boldness than their previous mates. These results imply an indirect pathway by which poorer behavioural compatibility within pairs may lead to breeding failure and ultimately re-pairing. Our findings highlight the importance of behavioural compatibility, and possibly personality, in mitigating sexual conflict and its population-specific drivers.</p>
Lake Vansjø-Vanemfjorden long time-series data for nutrients_colour and cyanobacteria
<p>Data from lake Vansjø-Vanemfjorden basin from 1996-2020 for total phosphorus, total nitrogen, water colour and maximum biovolume of cyanobacteria.</p>
Kenai Mountains to Sea: Using Thermal Infrared Imagery to Implement Long-Term Salmon Conservation - thermal imagery data set
<p>Cook Inletkeeper contracted NV5 Geospatial (formerly, Quantum Spatial Incorporated) to collect thermal infrared (TIR) during the summer of 2020 along four streams on the Kenai Peninsula in southern Alaska: Beaver Creek, Crooked Creek, Funny River, and Moose River under a project name “Kenai Rivers”. All streams were contracted to be flown in the summer of 2020 and during the afternoon hours in order to maximize the thermal contrast between the river’s water and the banks. The survey extends for a total length of 59.1 km miles of the Kenai Rivers. The Data were collected to aid the Cook Inletkeeper team to identify the spatial variability in surface temperatures as well as thermal influence of point sources, tributaries, and surface springs. The data will also be used to identify high-value habitats for the salmonids population within the four streams.</p> <p>Note: These data and related items of information have not been formally disseminated by NOAA and do not represent any agency determination, view, or policy.</p> <p>Funding for this project came, in part, from the Alaska Sustainable Salmon Fund (AKSSF Project #53003).</p>
HG002 data for Profiling Chromatin Accessibility in Humans Using Adenine Methylation and Long-Read Sequencing
<p>This dataset includes 6mA frequency data for the HG002 native DNA (untreated) sample sequenced on nanopore r9.4.1.</p>
NA12878 and MCF7 data for Profiling Chromatin Accessibility in Humans Using Adenine Methylation and Long-Read Sequencing
<p>This dataset includes 5mC and 6mA frequency data for NA12878 and MCF7 EcoGII-treated chromatin samples sequenced on nanopore r9.4.1.</p>
Selecting exceptional tropical tree species to increase long-term carbon storage
<ol> <li><span>With rising atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, strategies for greater carbon sequestration and long-term storage are urgently needed. Current reforestation schemes typically use fast-growing tree species with low wood density, limiting the amount of carbon stored. In most tropical forests, there are native species with relatively fast growth rates, high wood density, and low mortality rates that also achieve large adult size — 'exceptional species.'</span></li> <li> <span>We present a simulated assessment of the carbon sequestration potential using these exceptional species selected based on a given set of criteria in </span><span>assisted secondary succession in the Neotropics.</span> </li> <li> <span>In our example, our selected exceptional species could add </span><span>up to 16.2 Mg C/ha of sequestered carbon in secondary wet forests at maturity.</span> </li> <li><span><em>Synthesis and applications</em>. By increasing the representation of exceptional species in reforestation efforts, we could potentially boost long-term carbon storage in reforestation projects focused on carbon sequestration. However, our approach is not a substitute for protecting existing old primary forests and reforested lands plus reducing deforestation and emissions.</span></li> </ol>
Data from: Contrasting impacts of short- and long-term large herbivore exclusion on understory net CO2 exchange in a boreal forest
<p>Across boreal forests, trees are the main living biomass carbon (C) stock, but the understory vegetation can contribute significantly to the C cycling and net forest carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) balance. The patchy understory vegetation which consists of sunlit (i.e., lichen-like) and shaded habitats (i.e., dwarf shrub-like) is often altered by ungulate grazers. Grazers may influence understory CO<sub>2</sub> exchange, and consequently, the forest CO<sub>2</sub> balance. Grazing affects differently the biomass of slow growing lichens compared to the faster growing mosses and dwarf shrubs, and therefore the effects of grazing on CO<sub>2</sub> exchange in the patchy understory vegetation could vary temporally. We studied how excluding grazing for short- and long-term affects the CO<sub>2</sub> exchange and vegetation biomass in the understory of an oligotrophic Scots pine forest. We measured growing season (2019, 2020) CO<sub>2</sub> exchange across sunlit and shaded habitats inside fences that had excluded large grazers for 0–1 and 25–26 years and in the adjacent grazed area. In addition, we measured the height of understory vegetation. We found that short-term grazer exclusion increased ecosystem CO<sub>2</sub> source fluxes only in the shaded habitats. However, long-term exclusion of grazing decreased CO<sub>2</sub> net release regardless of the habitat type. Furthermore, grazer exclusion increased moss depth immediately which coincided with an abrupt intensification of CO<sub>2</sub> net release. Considering the impacts of grazing over both short- and long-term may help to forecast C fluxes more accurately which may be relevant for informed climate solutions regionally and even on a larger scale.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.