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6,335 results for “direct”
Data from: Directional selection can drive the evolution of modularity in complex traits
Modularity is a central concept in modern biology, providing a powerful framework for the study of living organisms on many organizational levels. Two central and related questions can be posed in regard to modularity: How does modularity appear in the first place, and what forces are responsible for keeping and/or changing modular patterns? We approached these questions using a quantitative genetics simulation framework, building on previous results obtained with bivariate systems and extending them to multivariate systems. We developed an individual-based model capable of simulating many traits controlled by many loci with variable pleiotropic relations between them, expressed in populations subject to mutation, recombination, drift, and selection. We used this model to study the problem of the emergence of modularity, and hereby show that drift and stabilizing selection are inefficient at creating modular variational structures. We also demonstrate that directional selection can have marked effects on the modular structure between traits, actively promoting a restructuring of genetic variation in the selected population and potentially facilitating the response to selection. Furthermore, we give examples of complex covariation created by simple regimes of combined directional and stabilizing selection and show that stabilizing selection is important in the maintenance of established covariation patterns. Our results are in full agreement with previous results for two-trait systems and further extend them to include scenarios of greater complexity. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary consequences of modular patterns being molded by directional selection.
Data from: Phylogenomic support for evolutionary relationships of New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terraranae)
Phylogenomic approaches have proven able to resolve difficult branches in the tree of life. New World direct-developing frogs (Terraranae) represent a large evolutionary radiation in which interrelationships at key points in the phylogeny have not been adequately determined, affecting evolutionary, biogeographic, and taxonomic interpretations. We employed anchored hybrid enrichment to generate a data set containing 389 loci and >600,000 nucleotide positions for 30 terraranan and several outgroup frog species encompassing all major lineages in the clade. Concatenated maximum likelihood and coalescent species-tree approaches recover nearly identical topologies with strong support for nearly all relationships in the tree. These results are similar to previous phylogenetic results but provide additional resolution at short internodes. Among taxa whose placement varied in previous analyses, Ceuthomantis is shown to be the sister taxon to all other terraranans, rather than deeply embedded within the radiation, and Strabomantidae is monophyletic rather than paraphyletic with respect to Craugastoridae. We present an updated taxonomy to reflect these results, and describe a new subfamily for the genus Hypodactylus.
Data from: There's no place like home: the contribution of direct and extended phenotypes on the expression of spider aggressiveness
Architectural constructions allow animals to modify their environment in order to improve their reproductive success. Constructions also modulate the expression of individual behavior, ultimately affecting the presence and importance of animal personality within populations. The exact impact of constructions on personality is seldom investigated. We quantified experimentally the impact of web characteristics on individual foraging behavior in the Western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus). We assayed aggressiveness toward a prey cue, and boldness while individuals resided on their own web versus after being translocated onto webs built by con-specifics. We quantified the importance of individual differences in aggressiveness and boldness while accounting for differences in web characteristics. We tested for relationships between web building, aggressiveness, and boldness. Web characteristics affected spider aggressiveness and interacted with individual web-building behavior to explain up to a fifth of the variation in foraging aggression, but did not affect spider boldness. Even after accounting for web characteristics, individuals still exhibited important differences in aggressiveness. We detected no relationship between an individual's aggressiveness behavioral type and the characteristics of the web it built. Surprisingly, web characteristics impacted aggressiveness differently from one individual to the next. Hence the effect of web characteristics on foraging behavior might depend on condition or past experience. Webs contributed mostly to the variation in aggressiveness within-individuals. Variation in web building behavior might affect the amount of consistent differences in foraging, mating, and anti-predator behavior among individuals and needs to be accounted for when quantifying individual variation in behavior in spiders.
Data from: Direct and indirect ecosystem effects of evolutionary adaptation in the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Ecological and evolutionary processes may interact on the same timescale, but we are just beginning to understand how. Several studies have examined the net effects of adaptive evolution on ecosystem properties. However, we do not know if the these effects are confined to direct interactions or if they propagate further through indirect ecological pathways. Even less well understood is how the combination of direct and indirect ecological effects of the phenotype promotes or inhibits evolutionary change. We coupled mesocosm experiments and ecosystem modeling to evaluate the ecological effects of local adaptation in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). The experiments show that guppies adapted to life with and without predators alter the ecosystem directly through differences in diet. The ecosystem model reveals that the small total indirect effect of the phenotype observed in the experiments is likely a combination of several large indirect effects which act in opposing directions. The model further suggests that these indirect effects can reverse the direction of selection that direct effects alone exert back on phenotypic variation. We conclude that phenotypic divergence can have major effects deep in the web of indirect ecological interactions and even small total indirect effects can radically change the dynamics of adaptation.
Data from: Direct and indirect effects of early-life environment on lifetime fitness of bighorn ewes
Cohort effects, when a common environment affects long-term performance, can have a major impact on population dynamics. Very few studies of wild animals have obtained the necessary data to study the mechanisms leading to cohort effects. We exploited 42 years of individual-based data on bighorn sheep to test for causal links between birth density, body mass, age at first reproduction, longevity, and lifetime reproductive success using path analysis. Specifically, we investigated whether the effect of early-life environment on lifetime fitness was the result of indirect effects through body mass or direct effects of early-life environment on fitness. Additionally, we evaluated whether the effects of early-life environment where dependant on the environment experienced during adulthood. Contrary to expectation, the effect on lifetime reproductive success mediated through body mass was weak compared to the effects found via a delay in age at first reproduction, reduced longevity, and the direct effect of birth density. Birth density also had an important indirect effect on lifetime reproductive success through reduced longevity, but only when adult density was high. Our results show that the potential long-term consequences of a harsh early-life environment on fitness are likely to be underestimated if investigations are limited to body mass instead of fitness at several life stages, or if the interactions between past and present environment is ignored.
Data from: Environmental pleiotropy and population demography direct adaptation under antibiotic selection
Evolutionary rescue following environmental change requires mutations permitting population growth in the new environment. If change is severe enough to prevent most of the population reproducing, rescue becomes reliant on mutations already present. If change is sustained, the fitness effects in both environments, and how they are associated---termed `environmental pleiotropy'---may determine which alleles are ultimately favoured. A population's demographic history---its size over time---influences the variation present. Although demographic history is known to affect the probability of evolutionary rescue, how it interacts with environmental pleiotropy during severe and sustained environmental change remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate how these factors interact during antibiotic resistance evolution, a key example of evolutionary rescue fuelled by pre-existing mutations with pleiotropic fitness effects. We combine published data with novel simulations to characterise environmental pleiotropy and its effects on resistance evolution under different demographic histories. Comparisons among resistance alleles typically revealed no correlation for fitness---i.e. neutral pleiotropy---above and below the sensitive strain's minimum inhibitory concentration. Resistance allele frequency following experimental evolution showed opposing correlations with their fitness effects in the presence and absence of antibiotic. Simulations demonstrated that effects of environmental pleiotropy on allele frequencies depended on demographic history. At the population level, the major influence of environmental pleiotropy was on mean fitness, rather than the probability of evolutionary rescue or diversity. Our work suggests that determining both environmental pleiotropy and demographic history is critical for predicting resistance evolution, and we discuss the practicalities of this during in vivo evolution.
Schönberg, J., Böhm-Beck, M., Trdan, Š., Grego, M., Knoblauch, D., Hinzmann, M., Dittmann, S., Knickmeier, K., Robič, U., Thiel, M., Kiessling, T., 2025. Public participation in EU legislation? Recommendations for involving citizen scientists in anthropogenic litter research within the Water Framework Directive.
<p>Research data and figures to the manuscript "Public participation in EU legislation? Recommendations for involving citizen scientists in anthropogenic litter research within the Water Framework Directive" by Schönberg et al. 2025</p>
A dataset to reproduce Slingshot error 'curves appear to be going in opposite directions'
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ADMINISTRATION OF DIRECT TAXES AND ITS THEORETICAL AND LEGAL BASIS
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CURRENT STATUS OF ACCOUNTING OF DIRECT TAXES
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REGISTERING ACCOUNTS DIRECTLY WITH TAX ORGANIZATIONS
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PROBLEMS AND DIRECTIONS OF MODERN COGNITIVE SCIENCE
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DIRECT SPEECH IN FRENCH AND ITS MODES OF USE
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Acoustic Monitoring Dataset for Robotic Laser Directed Energy Deposition (LDED) of Maraging Steel C300
<p>This dataset presents a set of acoustic signals captured during a single-bead wall experiment in robotic Laser Directed Energy Deposition (LDED) using Maraging Steel C300. The acoustic data was recorded using a high-fidelity Prepolarized microphone sensor (Xiris WeldMIC), capturing the intricate sound profiles associated with the LDED process at a sampling rate of 44,100 Hz.</p><p><strong>Laser Directed Energy Deposition:</strong></p><p>This dataset was generated with a robotic LDED process that consists of a six-axis industrial robot (KUKA KR90) coupled with a two-axis positioner, a laser head, and a coaxial powder-feeding nozzle.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Folder Structure:</strong></p><ul><li><strong>/sample-1</strong>: The main folder for the experiment sample.<ul><li><strong>/audio_files</strong>: Contains 4624 <strong>.wav</strong> audio files, each representing a 40 ms chunk of the LDED process sound.</li><li><strong>/annotations_1.csv</strong>: A CSV file providing annotations for the audio files, labeling each as "Defect-free", "Defective", or "Laser-off".</li></ul></li><li>audio_features.h5: extracted acoustic features in time-domain, frequency-domain, and time-frequency representations (MFCC features). Feature extraction was conducted using Python Essentia Library.</li></ul><p> </p><p><strong>File Naming Convention:</strong></p><ul><li>Audio files within the <strong>audio_files</strong> folder are named following the pattern <strong>sample_ExperimentID_SampleID.wav</strong>. Given that there's only one experiment and one sample, the naming will be consistent, for example, <strong>sample_1_1.wav</strong> for the first file.</li></ul><p><strong>Annotation Details:</strong></p><ul><li>The <strong>annotations_1.csv</strong> file contains detailed labels for each audio file, correlating to the conditions observed during the experiment, aiding in quick identification and analysis.</li></ul><p><strong>Experimental Parameters:</strong> The dataset reflects a controlled experiment setup with the following specifications:</p><ul><li>Geometry: Single bead wall structure</li><li>Dimensions: 90 mm * 42.5 mm</li><li>Number of layers: 50</li><li>Laser beam diameter: 2 mm</li><li>Layer thickness: 0.85 mm</li><li>Stand-off distance: 12 mm</li><li>Laser profile: Gaussian</li><li>Laser wavelength: 1064 nm</li></ul><p><strong>Process Parameters:</strong></p><ul><li>Laser power: 2.3 kW</li><li>Speed: 25 mm/s</li><li>Dwell time: 0 s</li><li>Powder flow rate: 12 g/min</li></ul><p>This dataset aims to facilitate the development and testing of acoustic-based defect detection models for real-time quality monitoring in LDED processes. It can also serve as a reference point for further research on sensor fusion, machine learning, and real-time monitoring of manufacturing processes.</p>
DIRECTIVE OR PERSUASIVE ACTS
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Challenges in the Direct Detection of Chirality-induced Spin Selectivity: Investigation of Foldamer-based Donor-acceptor Dyads
<p>Data supporting the original figures 2, 3, 4. and 5 of the related publication.</p>
THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN COLORS IN ARTISTIC DECORATION IN THE DIRECTION OF POTTERY
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Integrative single-cell multi-modal analyses reveal detailed spatial cellular organization directing human heart morphogenesis
<div> <p><span>The heart, which is the first organ to develop, is highly dependent on its form to function. However, how diverse cardiac cell types spatially coordinate to create complex morphological structures critical for heart function remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that integration of single cell RNA-sequencing with high-resolution multiplexed error-robust fluorescent <em>in situ </em>hybridization (MERFISH) not only resolves the identity of cardiac cell types developing the human heart but also provides a spatial mapping of individual cells that enables illumination of their organization into cellular communities forming distinct cardiac structures. We discovered that many of these cardiac cell types further specified into subpopulations exclusive to specific communities, supporting their specialization according to cellular ecosystem and anatomic region. In particular, ventricular cardiomyocyte subpopulations displayed an unexpected complex laminar organization across the ventricular wall and formed, with other cell subpopulations, several cellular communities. Interrogating cell-cell interactions within these communities revealed signaling pathways orchestrating the spatial organization of cardiac cell subpopulations during ventricular wall morphogenesis. <em>In vivo </em>conditional genetic mouse models and in vitro human pluripotent stem cell studies confirmed an intricate multicellular PLXN-SEMA crosstalk among specific ventricular cardiomyocyte, fibroblast and endothelial cell subpopulations that directs the compaction of the ventricular wall layers. Thus, these detailed findings into the cellular social interactions and specialization of cardiac cell types constructing and remodeling the human heart offer new insights into structural heart diseases as well as engineering complex multi-cellular tissues for human heart repair.</span></p> </div>
Using Hirota's direct method to create superpositions of a cnoidal wave with a soliton
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Al-Ṭabarī's Direct Informants
<p><strong>Al-Ṭabarī’s Direct Informants</strong></p> <p>This release pertains to a series of eight blog posts that investigate citation practices involving the phrases ‘he told me’/‘he told us’ (<em>ḥaddathanī</em>/<em>ḥaddathanā</em>) in three of Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-Ṭabarī’s (d. 310/923) major works. These are his universal history, <em>Taʾrīkh al-rusul wa-l-mulūk</em>; his Quran commentary, <em>Jāmiʿ al-bayān ʿan taʾwīl āy al-Qurʾān</em> (referred to as <em>Tafsīr</em>); and his <em>Tahdhīb al-āthār</em>.</p> <p>We hope to publish in a peer-reviewed journal our work here with additional reflections, data and corrections. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.