Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

Data from: Katian (Late Ordovician) trilobites of the North Qilian Mountains and their palaeogeographical implications for the Proto-Tethys Archipelagic Ocean (PTAO)

Trilobites from the middle Koumenzi Formation (Katian, Upper Ordovician) of the North Qilian Mountains, Menyuan, northeastern Qinghai Province are systematically documented for the first time. The fauna consists of five families, seven genera and seven species, amongst which one is new (Remopleurides zhangi sp. nov.), showing a close relationship to those of the Kazakh terranes (such as Chu-Ili terrane, Chingiz-Tarbagatai area and KNNTS (Karatau-Naryn and North-Tien Shan Microcontinents)), North China and Laurentia palaeoplates during the Katian (Late Ordovician). The cluster and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling analyses of the Middle–Late Ordovician (late Darriwilian–Katian) trilobite faunas with 299 genera or subgenera from 46 horizons of 37 areas, provide valuable information for the palaeogeographical reconstruction of the Proto-Tethys Archipelagic Ocean (PTAO) of this interval. The Qilian terrane and adjacent areas are essential components of the PTAO, some of which include the Qilian terrane (QT), the North Qilian Mountains area (NQ), the Altun faulted terrane (AFT), the Hexi Corridor area (HX) and the East Qinling terrane (EQT). Their relative positions within the PTAO are inferred by the palaeobiogeography of trilobite faunas. Based on further discussions on the spatiotemporal distribution of those faunas, the Pliomerina and/or Sinocybele Province of the Middle–Late Ordovician (late Darriwilian–Katian) age is defined as a trilobite faunal province of the PTAO. Moreover, a distinct faunal subprovince, essentially comprised of the South China Palaeoplate and its neighbours (e.g. Tarim, Annamia, Sibuma, East Qinling, Turkestan-Alai and probably Talesh), might be surrounded by the equatorial cold-water tongue.

Contrasting Activation Characteristics of Biomass Burning and Fossil Fuel Combustion Aerosols in Fogs and Clouds: Implications for Regional Air Quality and Climate

The key 'jul' in data use 2021-01-01 as the referece day, for example,  2021-01-02 12:00:00 corresponding to jul of 2.5.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2011View details →

Fig. 2 in Bird Diversity Differs Between Industrial Tree Plantations On Borneo: Implications For Conservation Planning

Fig. 2. Species accumulation curves for (A) Sabah Softwoods and (B) Sarawak Planted Forest Project.

Dataset for the paper entitled "Implications of Uncertainty in Technology Cost Projections for Least-Cost Decarbonized Electricity Systems"

This dataset contains model codes, post-process scripts, and model output data used to support findings in the paper entitled "Implications of Uncertainty in Technology Cost Projections for Least-Cost Decarbonized Electricity Systems". Please contact Lei Duan (leiduan@carnegiescience.edu) for any questions.

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

Dynamic energy landscapes of predators and the implications for modifying prey risk

Landscapes of fear describe a spatial representation of an animal's perceived risk of predation and the associated foraging costs, while energy landscapes describe the spatial representation of their energetic cost of moving and foraging. Fear landscapes are often dynamic and change based on predator presence and behavior, and variation in abiotic conditions that modify risk. Energy landscapes are also dynamic and can change across diel, seasonal, and climatic timescales based on variability in temperature, snowfall, wind/current speeds etc. Recently, it was suggested that fear and energy landscapes should be integrated. In this paradigm, the interaction between the landscapes relates to prey being forced into areas of the energy landscape they would avoid if risk were not a factor. However, dynamic energy landscapes experienced by predators must also be considered since they can affect their ability to forage, irrespective of variation in prey behavior. We propose an additional component to the fear and dynamic energy landscape paradigm that integrates landscapes of both prey and predators, where predator foraging behavior is modulated by changes in their energyscape. Specifically, we integrate the predators' energy landscape into foraging theory that predicts prey patch-leaving decisions under the threat of predation. We predict that as a predator's energetic cost of foraging increases in a habitat, then the prey's foraging costs of predation and patch quitting harvest rate will decrease. Prey may also decrease their vigilance in response to increased energetic foraging cost for predators, which will lower prey-giving-up densities. We then provide examples in terrestrial, aerial and marine ecosystems where we might expect to see these effects. These include birds, sharks which use updrafts that vary based on wind and current speeds, tidal state, or temperature and terrestrial predators (e.g. wolves) whose landscapes vary seasonally with snow depth or ice cover which may influence their foraging success and even diet selection. A predator perspective is critical to considering the combination of these landscapes and their ecological consequences. Dynamic predator energy landscapes could add a spatiotemporal component to risk effects which may cascade through food webs.

Data presented in Crustal structure and anisotropy measured by CHINArray and implications for complicated deformation mechanisms beneath the eastern Tibetan margin

The dataset includes the raw waveforms and receiver functions presented in the paper  Crustal structure and anisotropy measured by CHINArray and implications for complicated deformation mechanisms beneath the eastern Tibetan margin, submitted to JGR Solid Earth.Contact: Zengsijia@cug.edu.cn

Appendix A - The Implications of Handwritten Text Recognition for Accessing the Past at Scale

List of works identified through a Grounded Theory Method (GTM) of the current and near future implications of Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) on the historical method and wider information environment. The findings of this data collection are provided in 'The Implications of Handwritten Text Recognition for Accessing the Past at Scale'

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Subnanosecond-electromagnetic-pulse-generated-by-a-long-spark-discharge:-Lightning-implication-data

Data descriptionThe data is used in the paper "Subnanosecond electromagnetic pulse generated by a long spark discharge: Lightning implication" (M. Gushchin et. al.) submitted in December 2023 in Geophysical Research Letters. Two types of files are presented. First are photos stored in "png" format. Second are waveforms stored in text files. First column is time and second is value. The delimiter is ";".Data is used in second figureFigure_2a.png -- Photo of the the appearance and growth of leaders with their streamer zones from the upper (HV) electrodeFigure_2b.png – First flash on the lower (grounded) electrode.Figure_2c.png -- Common streamer zone formation after the upward leader starts.Figure_2d.png -- Current increase in downward and upward leader channels, reduction in the size of the common streamer zone.Figure_2e.png -- Discharge main stage.Figure_2f_curve_1.dat -- Voltage waveform from the capacitive probe corresponds to "Figure_2a.png" photo. Time unit is mks, value unit is a.u.Figure_2f_curve_2.dat -- Voltage waveform from the capacitive probe corresponds to "Figure_2b.png" photo. Time unit is mks, value unit is a.u.Figure_2f_curve_3.dat -- Voltage waveform from the capacitive probe corresponds to "Figure_2c.png" photo. Time unit is mks, value unit is a.u.Figure_2f_curve_4.dat -- Voltage waveform from the capacitive probe corresponds to "Figure_2e.png" photo. Time unit is mks, value unit is a.u.Figure_2f_curve_5.dat -- Voltage waveform from the capacitive probe corresponds to "Figure_2f.png" photo. Time unit is mks, value unit is a.u.Data is used in third figureFigure_3b_curve1.dat -- The power waveform from RF analyzer f0 = 6 GHz, df = 40 MHz. Time unit is mks, value unit is dB.Figure_3b_curve2.dat -- The power waveform from RF analyzer f0 = 5.5 GHz, df = 40 MHz. Time unit is mks, value unit is dB.Figure_3b_curve3.dat -- The power waveform from RF analyzer f0 = 4.5 GHz, df = 40 MHz. Time unit is mks, value unit is dB.Figure_3b_curve4.dat -- The power waveform from RF analyzer f0 = 3.5 GHz, df = 40 MHz. Time unit is mks, value unit is dB.Figure_3b_curve5.dat -- The power waveform from RF analyzer f0 = 2 GHz, df = 40 MHz. Time unit is mks, value unit is dB.Figure_3b_curve6.dat -- The power waveform from RF analyzer f0 = 1 GHz, df = 40 MHz. Time unit is mks, value unit is dB.Figure_3a_curve1.dat -- The voltage pulse waveforms from a capacitive probe corresponds to "Figure_3b_curve1.dat" waveform. Time unit is mks, value unit is a.u.Figure_3a_curve2.dat -- The voltage pulse waveforms from a capacitive probe corresponds to "Figure_3b_curve2.dat" waveform. Time unit is mks, value unit is a.u.Figure_3a_curve3.dat -- The voltage pulse waveforms from a capacitive probe corresponds to "Figure_3b_curve3.dat" waveform. Time unit is mks, value unit is a.u.Figure_3a_curve4.dat -- The voltage pulse waveforms from a capacitive probe corresponds to "Figure_3b_curve4.dat" waveform. Time unit is mks, value unit is a.u.Figure_3a_curve5.dat -- The voltage pulse waveforms from a capacitive probe corresponds to "Figure_3b_curve5.dat" waveform. Time unit is mks, value unit is a.u.Figure_3a_curve6.dat -- The voltage pulse waveforms from a capacitive probe corresponds to "Figure_3b_curve6.dat" waveform. Time unit is mks, value unit is a.u.Figure_3c.dat -- Waveform obtained using TEMH. Time unit is mks, value unit is V/m.Figure_3d.dat – Detailed waveform obtained using TEMH. Time unit is ns, value unit is V/m. Data is used in fourth figureFigure_4b_curve_1.dat – TPMP waveform obtained during calibration. Time unit is ns, value unit is A/m.Figure_4b_curve_2.dat – IPPL waveform obtained during calibration. Time unit is ns, value unit is E/m.Figure_4c_curve_1.dat – TEMH waveform obtained in shot #104 at 12-oct-22. Time unit is ns, value unit is E/m.Figure_4c_curve_2.dat – IPPL waveform obtained in shot #104 at 12-oct-22. Time unit is ns, value unit is E/m.Figure_4d_curve_1.dat – TEMH waveform obtained in shot #19 at 13-oct-22. Time unit is ns, value unit is E/m.Figure_4d_curve_2.dat – IPPL waveform obtained in shot #19 at 13-oct-22. Time unit is ns, value unit is E/m.Figure_4e_curve_1.dat – TPMP waveform obtained in shot #19 at 25-sept-23. Time unit is ns, value unit is A/m.Figure_4e_curve_2.dat – IPPL waveform obtained in shot #19 at 25-sept-23. Time unit is ns, value unit is E/m.Figure_4f_curve_1.dat – TPMP waveform obtained in shot #2 at 27-sept-23. Time unit is ns, value unit is A/m.Figure_4f_curve_2.dat – IPPL waveform obtained in shot #2 at 27-sept-23. Time unit is ns, value unit is E/m.Data is used in fifth figure.Figure_5a.png – The photo of negative dischargeFigure_5b.dat -- Waveform from a capacitive probe. Time units is mks, value units is a.u.Figure_5c.dat -- The power waveform from RF analyzer f0 = 0.98 GHz, df = 40 MHz obtained simultaneously with Figure_5b.dat. Time unit is mks, value unit is dB. Figure_5d.dat -- UWB EMP waveform obtained using TEMH obtained simultaneously with Figure_5c.dat. Time unit is ns, value unit is V/m.

Frictional properties of feldspar-chlorite altered gouges and implications for fault reactivation in hydrothermal systems

As particularly common minerals in granites, the presence of feldspar and altered feldspar-chlorite gouges at hydrothermal conditions have important implications in fault strength and reactivation. We present laboratory observations of frictional strength and stability of feldspar (K-feldspar and albite) and altered feldspar-chlorite gouges under conditions representative of deep geothermal reservoirs to evaluate the impact on fault stability. Velocity-stepping experiments are performed at a confining stress of 95 MPa, pore pressures of 35–90 MPa and temperatures of 120–400°C representative of in situ conditions for such reservoirs. Our experiment results show that the feldspar gouge is frictionally strong (μ~0.71) at all experimental temperatures (~120–400℃) but transitions from velocity-strengthening to velocity-weakening at T>120°C. Increasing the pore pressure increases the friction coefficient (~0.70-0.87) and the gouge remains velocity weakening, but this weakening decreases as pore pressures increase. The presence of alteration-sourced chlorite leads to a transition from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening in the mixed gouge at experimental temperatures and pore pressures. As a ubiquitous mineral in reservoir rocks, feldspar is shown to potentially contribute to unstable sliding over ranges in temperature and pressure typical in deep hydrothermal reservoirs. These findings emphasize that feldspar minerals may increase the potential for injection-induced seismicity on pre-existing faults if devoid of chlorite alteration.

Livestock guardian dogs establish a landscape of fear for wild predators: implications for the role of guardian dogs in reducing human-wildlife conflict and supporting biodiversity conservation

<ol> <li>Livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) are increasingly used to protect livestock from predators, but their effects on the distribution and behaviour of wild predators are mostly unknown. A key question is whether LGDs exclude predators from grazing land, or if predators continue to use areas with LGDs but modify their behaviour in ways that reduce impacts on livestock.</li> <li>We studied effects of LGDs (Maremma sheepdogs) on distribution and behaviour of red foxes Vulpes vulpes in north-eastern Victoria, Australia. We mapped the activity of LGDs across the study areas using GPS tracking and measured fox activity using remote cameras. We also measured risk-sensitive foraging in foxes to test if they reduced feeding time at sites regularly used by LGDs.</li> <li>Foxes occurred throughout areas occupied by LGDs, but their probability of detection was negatively related to probability of LGD presence. Foxes extracted fewer food items from experimental food stations in proportion to the intensity of local activity of LGDs. This indicates that though foxes overlapped with LGDs, they responded to risk of encountering LGDs by allocating less time to foraging. </li> <li>While LGDs do not necessarily exclude wild predators from areas used for livestock production, they can have strong effects on predator behaviour. Reduction in time allocated to foraging in areas regularly used by LGDs could lead to suppression of hunting behaviour and therefore a reduction in attacks on livestock. The flexible response of predators to LGDs should facilitate coexistence of wild predators with livestock farming, by allowing predators to continue to use areas occupied by livestock while still preventing attacks on those livestock. Our results therefore strengthen the case for use of LGDs in the conservation of predators threatened by conflict with farming. Suppression of hunting behaviour should also mean that prey species experience reduced rates of predation on farmland with LGDs. This effect could be valuable for conservation of threatened species of prey.</li> </ol>

Molecular phylogeny and morphological perianth evolution in Corymbia (Myrtaceae), and the implications for generic delimitation: data and tree files

Premise: Eucalypts (Myrtaceae tribe Eucalypteae) are currently placed in seven genera. Traditionally, Eucalyptus was defined by its operculum but when phylogenies placed Angophora, with free sepals and petals, as sister to the operculate bloodwood eucalypts, the latter were segregated into a new genus, Corymbia. Yet generic delimitation in the tribe Eucalypteae remains uncertain. Here we address these problems using phylogenetic analysis with the largest molecular dataset to date. Methods: We captured 101 low-copy nuclear exons from 392 samples representing 266 species. Our phylogenetic analysis used maximum likelihood (IQtree) and multi-species coalescent (Astral). At two nodes critical to generic delimitation, we tested alternative relationships among Arillastrum, Angophora, Eucalyptus and Corymbia using Shimodaira's AU test. Phylogenetic mapping was used to explore the evolution of perianth traits. Results: Monophyly of Corymbia relative to Angophora was decisively rejected. All alternative relationships among the seven currently recognised Eucalypteae genera imply homoplasy in evolutionary origins of the operculum. Inferred evolutionary transitions in perianth traits are congruent with divergences between major clades except that expression of separate sepals and petals in Angophora, which is nested within the operculate genus Corymbia, appears to be a reversal to the plesiomorphic perianth structure. Conclusions: Here we formally raise Corymbia subg. Blakella to genus rank and make the relevant new combinations. We also define and name three sections within Blakella (B. sect. Blakella, B. sect. Naviculares and B. sect. Maculatae), and two series within Blakella sect. Maculatae (B. ser. Maculatae and B. ser. Torellianae). Corymbia is reduced to the red bloodwoods.

Data to support: Anthropogenic influence on tropospheric reactive bromine since the pre-industrial: Implications for ice-core bromine trends

Tropospheric reactive bromine (Bry) influences the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere by acting as a sink for ozone and nitrogen oxides. Aerosol acidity plays a crucial role in Bry abundances through acid-catalyzed debromination from sea-salt-aerosol, the largest global source. Bromine concentrations in a Russian Arctic ice-core, Akademii Nauk, show a 3.5-fold increase from pre-industrial (PI) to the 1970s (peak acidity, PA), and decreased by half to 1999 (present day, PD). Ice-core acidity mirrors this trend, showing robust correlation with bromine, especially after 1940 (r=0.9). Model simulations considering anthropogenic emission changes alone show that atmospheric acidity is the main driver of Bry changes, consistent with the observed relationship between acidity and bromine. The influence of atmospheric acidity and Bry should be considered in interpretation of ice-core bromine trends.

Temporal mismatches in flight activity patterns between Pipistrellus kuhlii and Prays oleae in Mediterranean olive farms: Implications for biocontrol services potential

<ol> <li>Biocontrol services are widely recognized as providing key incentives for bat conservation. However, we have virtually no information on whether and how disruptions in bat-mediated biocontrol services are driven by mismatches between the temporal activity patterns of insectivorous bats and insect pests.</li> <li>2. We investigated the temporal relationship between the nightly activity patterns of the common pipistrelle bat (Pipistrellus kuhlii) and the olive fruit moth (Prays oleae). Temporal mismatches between species pairs were estimated as the time difference (expressed as a percentage of the night) at which P. kuhlii and P. oleae reached 50% of their abundance.</li> <li>The study was carried out during spring, summer, and fall between 2017 and 2019 in 60 olive farms representing increasing levels of structural simplification (as a surrogate of agricultural intensification). Olive farms were classified as exhibiting high (i.e., HIGH olive farms; n = 27), intermediate (MID; n = 18), and low (LOW; n = 15) structural complexity. </li> <li>Temporal mismatches between the activity levels of P. kuhlii and P. oleae varied between seasons and types of olive farms, being comparatively lower in summer than in spring and fall. Furthermore, summer was the only season in which temporal mismatches between species pairs differed between types of olive farms, with higher temporal mismatches found in LOW than in HIGH and MID olive farms.</li> <li>Overall, our work demonstrates the existence of temporal mismatches between the nightly activity patterns of P. kuhlii and P. oleae. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the structural simplification of olive farms increases temporal mismatches between species pairs, particularly in summer when bat-mediated biocontrol services are most needed.</li> <li> Synthesis and applications. Future research should consider mismatches between the temporal activity patterns of insectivorous bats and insect pests. Otherwise, the actual impact of agricultural intensification on bat-mediated biocontrol services as well as the economic impact of their loss on the agriculture industry might be underestimated. To enhance biocontrol services, we propose increasing the availability of suitable roosting and foraging sites as well as conserving areas of remnant native woodland and scattered hollow-bearing trees.</li> </ol>

Dynamics of leaching of POPs and additives from plastic in a Procellariiform gastric model: Diet and polymer dependent effects and implications for long-term exposure

Procellariiform seabirds are known to have high rates of plastic ingestion. We investigated the bioaccessibility of plastic-associated chemicals [plastic additives and sorbed persistent organic pollutants (POPs)] leached from plastic over time using an in vitro Procellariiform gastric model. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), commonly ingested by Procellariiform seabirds, were manufactured with one additive [decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE-209) or bisphenol S (BPS)]. HDPE and PVC added with PBDE-209 were additionally incubated in salt water with 2,4,4'-trichloro-1,1'-biphenyl (PCB-28) and 2,2',3,4,4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-138) to simulate sorption of POPs on plastic in the marine environment. Our results indicate that the type of plastic (nature of polymer and additive), presence of food (i.e., lipids and proteins) and gastric secretions (i.e., pepsin) influence the leaching of chemicals in a seabird. In addition, 100% of the sorbed POPs were leached from the plastic within 100 hours, while only 2-5% of the additives were leached from the matrix within 100 hours, suggesting that the remaining 95% of the additives could continue to be leached. Overall, our study illustrates how plastic type, diet and plastic retention time can influence a Procellariform's exposure risk to plastic-associated chemicals.

Data from: Stress-induced loss of social resilience in honeybee colonies and its implications on fitness

Stressors may lead to a shift in the timing of life-history events of species causing a mismatch with optimal environmental conditions, potentially reducing fitness. In honeybees, the timing of brood rearing and nest emergence in late winter/early spring is critical, as colonies need to grow fast after winter to prepare for reproduction. However, the effects of stress on these life-history events in late winter/early spring and the possible consequences are not well understood. Therefore, we tested whether (1) honeybee colonies shift timing of brood rearing and nest emergence as a response to stressors, and (2) if there is a consequent loss of social resilience, reflected in colony fitness (survival, growth and reproduction). We monitored stressed (high load of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor or nutrition-restricted) colonies and presumably non-stressed colonies from the beginning of 2020 till the spring of 2021. We found that honeybee colonies do not shift the timing of brood rearing and nest emergence in spring as a coping mechanism to stressors. However, we show that there is a loss of social resilience in stressed colonies, leading to reduced growth and reproduction. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the effects of stressors on social resilience in eusocial organisms.

Morphometric analysis of the Late Cretaceous Placenticeras of Alabama, USA: Sexual dimorphism, allometry, and implications for taxonomy

A traditional typological approach to taxonomy often does not adequately account for intraspecific variation and can result in taxonomic oversplitting. For many groups, including ammonoids of the Placenticeras genus, intraspecific variation documented in recent studies (e.g., ontogenetic changes, sexual dimorphism, polymorphism) challenges the historic proliferation of species names. Here, we used a population approach to taxonomy and quantitatively evaluated morphometric variation in a sample of Late Cretaceous (Santonian -Campanian) Placenticeras from Alabama and adjacent counties. We used linear mixed models (LMMs) to characterize how morphological variables scale with conch size across the sample, exploiting mixed longitudinal data to evaluate individual variation in growth and inform interpretations of multivariate analyses. Extended LMMs incorporating geological formation evaluated morphological changes through time. Principal component analysis and clustering analysis were then used to evaluate the number of distinct clusters that emerged in multivariate morphospace independent of previous taxon name assignments. Discontinuous scaling relationships and distinct clusters in multivariate space suggest sexual dimorphism characterized by differences in adult size, and secondarily, shape. Previous Stantonoceras and Placenticeras assignments broadly overlap in our morphospace, failing to justify this historic distinction (as sexual dimorphs, or as genera or subgenera). Placenticeras conch morphology and ornament placement changed through time, suggesting a potential utility for coarse (stage-level) biostratigraphy. However, temporal changes were not associated with distinct clusters in morphospace and our data fail to support the plethora of reported species names. As few as one or two (successive) species may be present in our sample (representing 130 years of collection effort). In addition to highlighting the need for a significant taxonomic revision of the Placenticeras genus, this study demonstrates the utility of LMMs for distinguishing between different sources of morphological variation, improving interpretations of morphospace under a population approach to taxonomy, and maximizing the amount of ontogenetic information that can be obtained non-destructively.

Data from: Heterogeneity promotes resilience in restored prairie: implications for the 'environmental heterogeneity hypothesis'

Enhancing resilience in formerly degraded ecosystems is an important goal of restoration ecology. However, evidence for the recovery of resilience and its underlying mechanisms requires long-term experiments and comparison to reference ecosystems. We used data from an experimental prairie restoration that featured long-term soil heterogeneity manipulations and data from comparable remnant (reference) prairie to (1) quantify the recovery of ecosystem functioning (i.e., productivity) relative to remnant prairie, (2) compare resilience of restored and remnant prairies to a natural drought, and (3) test whether soil heterogeneity enhances resilience of restored prairie. We compared sensitivity and legacy effects between prairie types (remnant and restored) and among four prairie sites that included two remnant prairie sites and prairie restored under homogeneous and heterogeneous soil conditions. We measured sensitivity and resilience as the proportional change in aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) during and following drought (sensitivity and legacy effects, respectively) relative to average ANPP based on four pre-drought years (2014-2017). In non-drought years, total ANPP was similar between remnant and restored prairie, but remnant prairie had higher grass productivity and lower forb productivity compared to restored prairie. These ANPP patterns generally persisted during drought. Sensitivity of total ANPP to drought was similar between restored and remnant prairie, but grasses in restored prairie were more sensitive to drought. Post-drought legacy effects were more positive in restored prairie, and we attributed this to the more positive and less variable legacy response of forb ANPP in restored prairie, especially in the heterogeneous soil treatment. Our results suggest that productivity recovers in restored prairie and exhibits similar sensitivity to drought as remnant prairie. Furthermore, imparting heterogeneity promotes forb productivity and enhances prairie resilience to drought.

Individual and temporal variation in movement patterns of wild alpine reindeer and implications for disease management

Animal behaviour is important for prevalence and outbreaks of infectious diseases, for instance by affecting individual interactions. Increasing the knowledge of individual movement patterns can provide better insight into disease prevalence and spread, helping to target efforts to minimise disease outbreaks. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal prion disease affecting cervids. CWD is transmitted by animal-to-animal contact and through the environment, thus individual variation in space use and social associations may influence disease transmission patterns and infection risk. CWD was detected in Norwegian alpine reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in 2016, and eradication of the infected population was implemented. A 3:1 infection rate between males and females suggests sex-specific behavioural drivers. We utilised an extensive individual-based dataset of 149 GPS-marked wild reindeer to investigate individual variation in movement patterns in terms of inter- and intra-annual home range size and site fidelity, and variation in home range overlap and distances between individuals. We aimed to identify patterns which could indicate higher potential disease risk. Females had larger annual and seasonal home ranges than males, except during calving and rut. Greater home range overlaps and shorter between-individual distances were found between same-sex individuals than different-sex individuals, except during the rut. Accordingly, the rut season stands out with greater male home ranges, greater home range overlap and shorter distances between males and between males and females, which could indicate that this season is critical for disease transmission. Measures to prevent disease spread should lower contact rates, e.g., by reducing the abundance of adult males before they mix with other groups during the rut. This can be achieved for instance by allowing earlier hunt on adult males when they are distributed in small male groups, to reduce the transmission risk and keep disturbance of other individuals low.

Data from: Late Ordovician and Early Silurian virgianid and stricklandioid brachiopods from North Greenland: Implications for a warm-water faunal province

An unusually rich and diverse suite of virgianid brachiopods, hitherto poorly known, are systematically described here for the first time from the Ordovician–Silurian boundary interval (late Katian–Aeronian) of North Greenland. The Late Ordovician virgianids comprise typical taxa of the warm-water Tcherskidium fauna (e.g. Tcherskidium tenuicostatum, Proconchidium schleyi, Holorhynchus giganteus, and Deloprosopus dawesi sp. nov.). Among the early Silurian taxa, Virgiana hursti sp. nov. occurs as abundant shell beds, similar to other congeneric species in Laurentia, but has somewhat larger internal skeletal structures, albeit not as extravagantly developed as in the late Katian virgianids; Boraeloides balderi gen. et sp. nov. shows extreme thickening of shell wall and internal structures, approaching the extravagant calcification of Katian virgianids. The highly distinct mid-Aeronian stricklandioid brachiopod genus, Kulumbella, characterized by a shell with criss-cross (divaricate) ribbing, also occurs in North Greenland, represented by K. heimdalli sp. nov., which has the largest and most strongly biconvex shells for the genus. Palaeogeographically, the Late Ordovician virgianid fauna of Laurentia was highly distinct, confined to the low–mid tropical latitudes north of the palaeoequator. In comparison, the early Silurian (Rhuddanian) Virgiana and some related taxa in Laurentia spanned the tropics of both hemispheres, forming extensive shell beds in carbonate basins, although Borealis and Borealoides gen. nov. remained confined largely to the northern hemisphere, suggesting a certain level of provincialism extending into the earliest Silurian. The unusual abundance and richness of the virgianid faunas in North Greenland is likely explained by a palaeoecological preference for warm-water carbonate settings.