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Data for "Trait-based response of deadwood and tree-related microhabitats to decline in temperate lowland and montane forests"

Sampling design and case studies The study was conducted in two French regions, the Loire valley and the French Pyrenees, and one German region, the Bavarian mountains. In the Loire valley, we studied two lowland sites in oak-dominated (both Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L.) forests, one in the Orleans State Forest (107-174 m a.s.l.) and one in the Vierzon State Forest (120-190 m a.s.l.). The main secondary species in these forests were hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). In 2020, we selected nine plots to represent a decline gradient in each of these forests. While the Orleans Forest was healthy overall, the Vierzon Forest had undergone several decline events due to successive droughts aggravated by edaphic factors. In the Pyrenees, we studied two sites in montane forests dominated by silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), whose decline is mainly the result of successive droughts occurring since the 1980’s, and with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) as secondary species. In 2017, we selected 43 plots: (i) 21 plots in the Aure Valley (854-1570 m a.s.l.) and (ii) 22 plots on the Sault Plateau (705-1557 m a.s.l.). The severe summer drought of 2003 had significant effects on tree mortality in oak and fir forests (Cours and others, 2022). Finally, we studied 19 plots of montane forest in the Bavarian Forest National Park, dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) with European beech and silver fir as the main secondary species (Bässler and others, 2009). The dieback results from several cycles of windstorms followed by bark beetle (Ips typographus (L.)) outbreaks (Müller and others, 2010), the dominant drivers of forest dynamics in Norway spruce forests in temperate Europe (Zemlerová and others, 2023). This dieback phenomenon was more severe than either of the aforementioned drought-induced declines, and resulted in greater tree mortality (Cours and others, 2021). In the fir and oak forests in France, our plots were set up in managed forests, and the surrounding forest was also predominantly managed. On the other hand, in the German spruce forest, our plots were set up both within the core area of the Bavarian Forest National Park, and in the surrounding zone (BIOKLIM project), with little or no human intervention (Müller and others, 2010). Field measurements Plots were set up with a Bitterlich relascope with an opening angle corresponding to counting factor n° 1 (ratio 1/50), and mean plot area was about 0.3 ha. For each tree within the plot, we recorded its status (i.e. dead, living, snag, log), tree-species and diameter at breast height (DBH; minimum DBH recorded = 17.5 cm for living trees and logs, 7.5 cm for snags, 67.5 cm for very large trees). We took the proportion of dead trees in basal area (i.e. the ratio of the cumulative basal area of standing and lying dead trees to the basal area of all the trees in the plot), hereinafter referred to as “mortality rate”, as a proxy for the level of local stand decline. Note that this “mortality rate” does not reflect true overall mortality rate in managed oak forests, as foresters removed most valuable declining trees. We visually inventoried TreMs on living trees, logs and snags, and included the 47 types described by Larrieu et al. (2018). For each deadwood item (length > 1 m) in the plot, we measured its decay stage (from 1 = hard dead wood fully covered with bark to 4 = soft wood without bark), length, diameter at mid-length for logs and snags < 4 m long, and DBH for dead trees and snags > 4 m. Deadwood was classified in the following categories: ground-lying (logs and uprooted dead trees) vs standing (snags and standing dead trees); small and mid-size (less than 40 cm in diameter) vs large and very large (more than 40 cm in diameter); and fresh (decay class 1 and 2) vs decayed (decay stage 3 and 4). We calculated the total number of items per hectare by allocating a coefficient Nd related to diameter (d) to each item observed in the relascope sampling: (Nd = π 108 [ArcTan(1/50)/(π d)]2). We estimated TreM diversity and the number of deadwood types per plot. We compiled a list of eco-morphological traits for woody elements (i.e., life status (living, dead) and vertical position (downed, standing), decay stage and diameter) and for TreMs detected in the field (TreM nature, association with deadwood (saproxylic, epixylic, mould), type of bearing substrate (i.e., living tree, dead tree or snag, and log), position in the tree (i.e. base, trunk, crown), degree of wetness, life span or ontogenesis).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

The response behaviour of bats to motion-controlled LED lighting of bicycle trails

Increasing illumination of bicycle trails at night can have an impact on nocturnal animals such as bats. We asked whether motion-triggered LED lights may reduce the negative impact on bats. On a newly LED-lit bicycle trail, we measured the flight and hunting activity of bats in response to LED lighting that was switched on for 40 s when cyclists passed by. In addition, we investigated flight movements of bats close to lampposts with thermal imaging. The study area was located in the city of Münster, Germany, along a 1.5 km test stretch of a newly LED-lit bicycle trail. We selected 5 lampposts with a distance of 210 m to 300 m to each other along the trail that bordered different habitat types (open field, forest, forest/residential area, residential area, park). We equipped each of the 5 lampposts with an echolocation call detector and a light and temperature sensor. Acoustic bat activity was recorded automatically from about 15 minutes before sunset and after sunrise in parallel to light and temperature measurements at all sites simultaneously. Sites were sampled across three nights each during the reproduction season (June/July) and the migration season (August/September) 2022. To track individual bat movements, we used a thermal imaging camera-tracking system with two thermal imaging cameras. From the video recordings, we identified x-, y- and z-coordinates (3D-position) of individual bats. Nine 3D-tracks were recorded and the 18th of October 2022, while three tracks were recorded on the 19th of October 2022. All 3D-tracks were recorded while LED lights were off.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Data from: Increased male-induced harm in response to female-limited selection: interactive effects between intra- and interlocus sexual conflict?

Interlocus sexual conflict (IRSC) occurs because of shared interactions that have opposite effects on male and female fitness. Typically, it is assumed that loci involved in IRSC have sex-limited expression and are thus not directly affected by selective pressures acting on the other sex. However, if loci involved in IRSC have pleiotropic effects in the other sex, intersexual selection can shape the evolutionary dynamics of conflict escalation and resolution, as well as the evolution of reproductive traits linked to IRSC loci, and vice versa. Here we used an artificial selection approach in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) to test if female-limited selection on reproductive investment affects the amount of harm caused by males during mating. We found that males originating from lines selected for high female reproductive investment caused more oxidative damage in the female reproductive tract than males originating from lines selected for low female reproductive investment. This male-induced damage was specific to the oviduct and not found in other female tissues, suggesting that it was ejaculate-mediated. Our results suggest that intersexual selection shapes the evolution of IRSC and that male-induced harm may contribute to the maintenance of variation in female reproductive investment.

Data and codes from: Taxon-specific responses to landscape-scale and long-term implementation of environmentally friendly rice farming

<ol> <li> Rice feeds about half of the world's population. The intensification of rice farming has threatened biodiversity and ecosystem services, such as pest control. A growing body of evidence suggests that environmentally friendly rice farming (EFF) can be effective in biodiversity conservation. However, its dependence on spatial and temporal scales of EFF implementation and surrounding seminatural habitats has remained largely unknown. </li> <li> We evaluated the effects of three types of EFF (organic farming, winter flooding and Integrated Pest Management [IPM]) against conventional farming on plants, spiders, and waterbirds in Japan. Through systematic surveys of 254 rice fields across rice production areas, we monitored EFF implementation at field and landscape scales, considering the time since transition to EFF and the surrounding seminatural areas. </li> <li> EFF implementation at the field scale, such as organic farming, was found to have positive effects on plant richness and spider abundance, whereas the percent area of EFF fields within a 200-m radius positively affected Ardeidae abundance. However, as the percent area of surrounding semi-natural habitats increased, the difference in the plant richness between organic and other fields decreased. </li> <li>Prolonged implementation periods of IPM or winter flooding, together with a reduction of more than 50% in synthetic fertilisers and pesticides from conventional agriculture, led to an increase in the spider abundance. Conversely, no clear positive effect of longer implementation periods of organic farming resulted in similar spider abundance in the three EFF types after 20 years.</li> <li> Synthesis and applications. This suggests that the benefits of environmentally friendly rice farming depend on their spatial and temporal scales and the surrounding seminatural areas. We propose that such a context dependency should be considered in future policy. Our findings also provide a starting point for future research to test the mixed biodiversity benefits of EFF across cropland types and around the world. </li> </ol>

Genetic control of the dynamic transcriptional response to immune stimuli and glucocorticoids at single cell resolution

Supplementary Tables for article "Genetic control of the dynamic transcriptional response to immune stimuli and glucocorticoids at single cell resolution"

Effectiveness of classroom response system on the achievement of the students in mathematics

These are the assessment and re-administered assessment results of the CRS and TCI groups. Mean Percentage Scores (MPS) per indices were determined to see the level of achievement of the two groups in the given assessment and re-administered assessment.

Seasonal changes of vomeronasal responses to chemosensory cues associated with circulating estrogen in the female muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus)

In numerous animals, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a crucial chemosensory organ that receives chemical signals, which is involved in species-specific behaviors, including social and sexual behaviors. Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) has a sensitive VNO system that detects specific chemicals such as pheromones and hormones and induces seasonal breeding behaviors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the distributions and expression patterns of vomeronasal receptor type-1 (V1R), vomeronasal receptor type-2 (V2R), estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ) in the female muskrats' VNO during the different periods. V1R, V2R, ERα and ERβ were found in sensory epithelial cells, non-sensory epithelial cells and lamina propria cells of the female muskrats' VNO. V2R and ERα mRNA levels in the VNO of the breeding period declined sharply, in comparison to those of the non-breeding period, while V1R and ERβ mRNA levels were detected reversely. Additionally, a transcriptomic study in the VNO identified that differentially expressed genes might be related to estrogen signals and metabolic pathways. These findings suggested that the seasonal structural and functional changes of VNO in the female muskrats within different reproductive statuses, and estrogen regulated its function through binding to ERα and ERβ in the female muskrats' VNO.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Contrasting Responses of Surface Heat Fluxes to Tropical Deforestation

2D_*_piControl.nc and *.nc are the analyzed CMIP6 piControl experiments. 2D_*_deforest-globe.nc are the analyzed LUMIP deforestation experiments. 2D_GSWP3_*.nc are the analyzed CLM simulation output forced with modified GSWP3 forcings. Offline.m and LUMIP.m are to obtain the changes in surface heat fluxes under deforestation and plot figures.

Dog guardians and genetic testing: Survey textbox responses & human-animal bond influences

Project was exported from Atlas.ti version 23, data analysis was completed using version 9. This subset data was derived from Wisdom PanelTM consumers in which participants provided qualitative responses and answered HAB related questions (see <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233360">https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233360</a>). Qualitative data were obtained via open-ended textboxes. In light of a number of participants providing meaningful data, a post-hoc analysis was added to report central themes present and provide further characterization of potential human-dog relationship influences. Please contact the author directly with any questions about the data.

Data from: Long-term grazing intensity by reindeer alters the response of the soil micro-food web to simulated climate change in subarctic tundra

Top-down control by nematodes over soil microorganisms – considered stronger over bacteria than fungi - may dampen microbial responses to global changes in tundra. To test whether large grazers alter the responses of belowground trophic networks to global changes, we employed factorial warming and nitrogen fertilization treatments in adjacent sites with different reindeer grazing intensities for the past 50 years. Lightly grazed tundra is dominated by dwarf shrubs and a more fungal-based microbial community, while in heavily grazed tundra, high reindeer densities during autumn migration have induced shift into graminoids and more bacterial-based microbial community. We analysed the soil micro-food web, i.e., the nematode density, trophic structure, and species composition as well as fungal, bacterial and total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) after four growing seasons of warming and fertilization both before and during reindeer migration. We predicted that bacterivore densities are higher and fungivore densities lower under heavy than light grazing (i.e., nematode populations before migration reflect grazing effects via the base of food web), whereas reindeer migration induces negative impact on nematode densities under heavy grazing (i.e., disturbance by trampling is the driving factor). We further predicted that nematodes negate treatment effects on microbial biomass to a stronger extent in the bacterial-based heavily grazed than the fungal-based lightly grazed tundra. Fungivore densities were higher under light than heavy grazing, but nematodes did not respond to trampling. Warming increased fungivores and the fungal PLFAs irrespective of grazing and timing, but under heavy grazing, increased bacterivores while the bacterial PLFAs remained steady. Fertilization increased carnivores and influenced nematode species composition, diversity and maturity interactively with warming. Our data suggest that large grazers affect tundra soil nematodes via bottom-up effects through microbial community composition and biomass, which in turn may alter the strength of their top-down control soil bacteria under climate warming.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

DATASET: Temperature Differentially Influences the Capacity of Trichoderma Species to Induce Plant Defense Responses in Tomato Against Insect Pests

Species of the ecological opportunistic, avirulent fungus, Trichoderma are widely used in agriculture for their ability to protect crops from the attack of pathogenic fungi and for plant growth promotion activity. Recently, it has been shown that they may also have complementary properties that enhance plant defense barriers against insects. However, the use of these fungi is somewhat undermined by their variable level of biocontrol activity, which is influenced by environmental conditions. Understanding the source of this variability is essential for its profitable and wide use in plant protection. Here, we focus on the impact of temperature on Trichoderma afroharzianum T22, Trichoderma atroviride P1, and the defense response induced in tomato by insects. The in vitro development of these two strains was differentially influenced by temperature, and the observed pattern was consistent with temperature-dependent levels of resistance induced by them in tomato plants against the aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and the noctuid moth, Spodoptera littoralis. Tomato plants treated with T. afroharzianum T22 exhibited enhanced resistance toward both insect pests at 25°C, while T. atroviride P1 proved to be more effective at 20°C. The comparison of plant transcriptomic profiles generated by the two Trichoderma species allowed the identification of specific defense genes involved in the observed response, and a selected group was used to assess, by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), the differential gene expression in Trichoderma-treated tomato plants subjected to the two temperature regimens that significantly affected fungal biological performance. These results will help pave the way toward a rational selection of the most suitable Trichoderma isolates for field applications, in order to best face the challenges imposed by local environmental conditions and by extreme climatic shifts due to global warming.

Plant trait responses to variation in N and P availability

<ol> <li>Global change drivers such as eutrophication and plant invasions will create novel environments for many plant species. Through adaptive trait plasticity plants may maintain their performance under these novel conditions and may outcompete those showing low adaptive trait plasticity. In a greenhouse study, we determined if plasticity in traits is adaptive or maladaptive in endangered, non-endangered and invasive plant species in response to variation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability (N:P ratios 1.7, 15 and 135) and whether plastic trait responses are adaptive and/or costly for fitness (i.e. biomass). </li> <li>Species choice comprised 17 species from three functional groups (legumes, non-legume forbs and grasses), either classified as endangered, non-endangered or invasive. After two months plants were harvested and nine traits related to carbon assimilation and nutrient uptake were measured (leaf area, SLA, LDMC, SPAD, RMR, root length, SRL, root surface area and PME activity).</li> <li> We found more traits responding plastically to variation in P than in N. Plasticity only created costs when P was varied. Plasticity in traits was mostly adaptively neutral towards fitness, with plasticity in three traits being similarly adaptive across all species groups: SPAD (as a measure of chlorophyll content, adaptive to N and P limitation), leaf area and root surface area (adaptive to P limitation). We found little differences in trait plasticity between endangered, non-endangered and invasive species. </li> <li> Synthesis. Along a gradient from N limitation, balanced N:P supply and P limitation we found that the type of fluctuating nutrient (i.e. if N or P is varied) is decisive for the adaptive value of a trait. Variation in P availability (from balanced supply to P limitation) created both a stronger reduction in fitness as well as created plasticity costs in more traits than variation in N availability (from balanced supply to N limitation). However, the patterns observed in our study may change if nutrient availability is altered, either by nutrient inputs or by a shift in nutrient availabilities, e.g. by decreasing N input as foreseen by European Legislation, but without simultaneously decreasing P input. </li> </ol>

Neuronal activation in the geomagnetic responsive region Cluster N covaries with nocturnal migratory restlessness in white-throated sparrows

Cluster N is a region of the visual forebrain of nocturnally migrating songbirds that supports the geomagnetic compass of nocturnal migrants. Cluster N expresses immediate-early genes (ZENK), indicating neuronal activation. This neuronal activity has only been recorded at night during the migratory season. Night-to-night variation in Cluster N activity in relation to migratory behaviour has not been previously examined. We tested whether Cluster N is activated only when birds are motivated to migrate and presumably engage their magnetic compass. We measured immediate-early gene activation in Cluster N of white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) in three conditions: daytime, nighttime migratory restless, and nighttime resting. Birds in the nighttime migratory restlessness group had significantly greater numbers of ZENK-labelled cells in Cluster N compared to both the daytime and the nighttime resting groups. Additionally, the degree of migratory restlessness was positively correlated with the number of ZENK-labelled cells in the nighttime migratory restless group. Our study adds to the number of species observed to have neural activation in Cluster N and demonstrates for the first time that immediate early gene activation in Cluster N is correlated with the amount of active migratory behaviour displayed across sampled individuals. We conclude that Cluster N is facultatively regulated by the motivation to migrate, together with nocturnal activity, rather than obligatorily active during the migration season.

Locomotor Responses of Utricular Mutants to High Magnetic Field Exposure

Wild-type mice or head-tilt (het) or tilted (tlt) mutant mice were exposed to  static 14.1 T magnetic field, or sham-exposed, for 30 min; locomotor activity was recorded for 2 minutes after exposure. The het and tlt mice lack otoconia in the inner ear, and are unresponsive to vestibular linear acceleration. After magnetic field exposure, wild-type mice and tlt mice show suppressed rearing and tight counter-clockwise circling. The het mutant mice do not show circling nor is their rearing suppressed. This suggests that otoconia, or a function that depends on otoconia, are required for full vestibular responsiveness to magnetic fields.

Nutrient effects on drought responses vary across common temperate grassland species

Drought and nutrient input are two main global change drivers that threaten ecosystem function and services. Resolving the interactive effects of human-induced stressors on individual species is necessary to improve our understanding of community and ecosystem responses. This study comparatively assessed how different nutrient conditions affect whole-plant drought responses across 13 common temperate grassland species. We conducted a fully factorial drought-fertilization experiment to examine the effect of nutrient addition (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), combined NP) on species' drought survival, and on drought resistance of growth as well as drought legacy effects. Drought had an overall negative effect on survival and growth, and the adverse drought effects extended into the next growing season. Neither drought resistance nor legacy effects exhibited an overall effect of nutrients. Instead, both the size and the direction of the effects differed strongly among species and between nutrient conditions. Consistently, species performance ranking under drought changed with nitrogen availability. The idiosyncratic responses of species to drought under different nutrient conditions may underlie the seemingly contradicting effects of drought in studies on grassland composition and productivity along nutrient and land-use gradients – ranging from amplifying to dampening. Differential species' responses to combinations of nutrients and drought, as observed in our study, complicate predictions of community and ecosystem responses to climate and land-use changes. Moreover, they highlight the urgent need for an improved understanding of the mechanisms that render species more or less vulnerable to drought under different nutrients.

Response to primary chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced oropharyngeal carcinoma is determined by the degree of cytotoxic T cell infiltration within tumor cell aggregates

Background: Effective anti-tumor immune responses are mediated by T cells and require organized, spatially coordinated interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Understanding coordinated T-cell behavior and deciphering mechanisms of radiotherapy resistance mediated by tumor stem cells will advance risk stratification of oropharyngeal cancer (OPSCC) patients treated with primary chemoradiotherapy (RCTx). Methods: To determine the role of CD8 T cells (CTL) and tumor stem cells in response to RCTx, we employed multiplex immunofluorescence stains on pre-treatment biopsy specimens from 86 advanced OPSCC patients and correlated these quantitative data with clinical parameters. Multiplex stains were analyzed at the single-cell level using QuPath and spatial coordination of immune cells within the TME was explored using the R-package Spatstat. Results: Our observations demonstrate that a strong CTL-infiltration into the epithelial tumor compartment (HR for overall survival, OS: 0.35; p<0.001) and the expression of PD-L1 on CTL (HR: 0.36; p<0.001) were both associated with a significantly better response and survival upon RCTx. As expected, p16 expression was a strong predictor of improved OS (HR: 0.38; p=0.002) and correlated with overall CTL infiltration (r: 0.358, p<0.001). By contrast, tumor cell proliferative activity, expression of the tumor stem cell marker CD271 and overall CTL infiltration, regardless of the affected compartment, were not associated with response or survival. Conclusion: In this study, we could demonstrate the clinical relevance of the spatial organization and the phenotype of CD8 T cells within the TME. In particular, we found that the infiltration of CD8 T cells specifically into the tumor cell compartment was an independent predictive marker for response to chemoradiotherapy, which was strongly associated with p16 expression. Meanwhile, tumor cell proliferation and the expression of stem cell markers showed no independent predictive effect in response to RCTx and require further study.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

Titi monkey father-daughter bond-related behaviors explain stress response variability

[Dataset] Social interactions regulate our behavior and physiology, and strong social bonds can buffer us from stress. Coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus) are socially monogamous South American monkeys that display strong social bonds. Infants form selective bonds with their fathers, making them ideal for studying father-daughter bonds. We established a novel method for quantifying variability in expression of bond-related behaviors in females (n =12). We also investigated how manipulations of oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) influenced juvenile behavior and physiology. Subjects received acute intranasal treatments of saline, low/medium/high OT, low/high AVP, or OT antagonist (OTA) prior to an acute social separation. General linear mixed-effects model results revealed fathers were significant behavioral and physiological stress buffers for their daughters, as evidenced by fewer distress vocalizations (p < .001), less locomotion (p < .001), and lower plasma cortisol (p < .001). Females vocalized less if they exhibited greater expression of bond-related behaviors with their fathers as infants (p = .01), and this stress buffering effect remained even when the daughter was separated from the father (p = .001). While treatments did not alter behaviors, OTA treatments caused the largest rise in plasma cortisol (p < .001), suggesting blockade of OT receptors can inhibit fathers’ stress-buffering effects. Remarkably, females with greater expression of father-daughter bond-related behaviors exhibited an overall reduced physiological separation distress response (p = .04). Findings from the present study advance current knowledge of the neurobiological mechanisms foundational to female bonds and help inform how social disruptions may differently impact individuals based on expression of bond-related behaviors.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

Fermi-GBM Detector Response Matrices (.rsp2) for GRB 221009A

Fermi-GBM detector response matrices (.rsp2) for GRB 221009A CSPEC and CTIME data generated via the GBM Response Generator (https://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/analysis/rmfit/) and valid from T0-100 s to T0+2000 s.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Supplemetary Data for the article: Machine-learning identified molecular fragments responsible for infrared emission features of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

This is a set of Supplementary materials for the article 'Machine-learning identified molecular fragments responsible for infrared emission features of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons', by Meng et al. Supplementary_Data_I.pdf contains an extensive table spanning 36 pages that lists the top-10 molecular fragments accountable for the spectral bands between 2.761 and 1172.745 μm. To access this table, hyperlinks within the document can be used for navigation. Supplementary_Data_II.pdf comprises a large table that encompasses 10,691 pages, including the top-100 molecular fragments responsible for the spectral bands between 2.761 and 1172.745 μm. Navigation through the hyperlinks enables access to this table. Supplementary_Data_III.csv encompasses the chemical formulas, number of unpaired valence electrons, spin multiplicities, xyz data, and SMILES strings of the PAHs carrying the additional spectra. Supplementary_data_IV.zip includes the input and output datasets along with the ML code. The code script is written in Python 3.7, and is supported by the following libraries: sklearn, json, numpy, and pandas. Supplementary_Information.pdf contains the evidence supporting the choice of the cutoff radius, as well as the figures of the count of the molecules in the dataset, the FI with changing datasets and hyperparameters, of cross-validation, and of UIE bands and emission features of four SH PAHs. Importance of three carbon skeleton fragments for bands in different intervals is also demonstrated.