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Monthly time series of spatially enhanced relative humidity for Europe at 1000 m resolution (2000 - 2023) derived from ERA5-Land data

Overview: ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past. Processing steps: The original hourly ERA5-Land air temperature 2 m above ground and dewpoint temperature 2 m data has been spatially enhanced from 0.1 degree to 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) spatial resolution by image fusion with CHELSA data (V1.2) (<a href="https://chelsa-climate.org/">https://chelsa-climate.org/</a>). For each day we used the corresponding monthly long-term average of CHELSA. The aim was to use the fine spatial detail of CHELSA and at the same time preserve the general regional pattern and fine temporal detail of ERA5-Land. The steps included aggregation and enhancement, specifically: 1. spatially aggregate CHELSA to the resolution of ERA5-Land 2. calculate difference of ERA5-Land - aggregated CHELSA 3. interpolate differences with a Gaussian filter to 30 arc seconds 4. add the interpolated differences to CHELSA Subsequently, the temperature time series have been aggregated on a daily basis. From these, daily relative humidity has been calculated for the time period 01/2000 - 12/2023. Relative humidity (rh2m) has been calculated from air temperature 2 m above ground (Ta) and dewpoint temperature 2 m above ground (Td) using the formula for saturated water pressure from Wright (1997): <code>maximum water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Ta / (240.97 + Ta))</code> <code>actual water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Td / (240.97 + Td))</code> <code>relative humidity = actual water pressure / maximum water pressure</code> The resulting relative humidity has been aggregated to monthly averages. Resultant values have been converted to represent percent * 10, thus covering a theoretical range of [0, 1000]. The data have been reprojected to EU LAEA. File naming scheme (YYYY = year; MM = month): <code>ERA5_land_rh2m_avg_monthly_YYYY_MM.tif</code> Projection + EPSG code: EU LAEA (EPSG: 3035) Spatial extent: north: 6874000 south: -485000 west: 869000 east: 8712000 Spatial resolution: 1000 m Temporal resolution: Monthly Pixel values: Percent * 10 (scaled to Integer; example: value 738 = 73.8 %) Software used: GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0/8.3.2 Original ERA5-Land dataset license: <a href="https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/">https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/</a> CHELSA climatologies (V1.2): Data used: Karger D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E, Linder, H.P., Kessler, M. (2018): Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Dryad digital repository. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4">http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4</a> Original peer-reviewed publication: Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, P., Kessler, M. (2017): Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas. Scientific Data. 4 170122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122">https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122</a> Processed by: mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (<a href="https://www.mundialis.de/">https://www.mundialis.de/</a>) Reference: Wright, J.M. (1997): Federal meteorological handbook no. 3 (FCM-H3-1997). Office of Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. Washington, DC Data is also available in Latitude-Longitude/WGS84 (EPSG: 4326) projection: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6146383">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6146383</a>

PECULIARITIES OF LAND ALLOTMENT TO PEASANTS IN RUSSIA IN THE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURY

In relation to the state peasants during the first half of the XIX-th century, the policy of equal redistribution of land among rural communities was pursued, which caused active resistance of peasants, especially in the north. It can be seen that the peasants did not support the concept of a redistributive community, contrary to the opinion of the Slavophiles. Although there were sometimes economic justifications for this system, they were extremely rare. The article shows that the Russian imperial government, despite its experience in land relations and Stolypin's ongoing reform, failed to resolve the issue of providing peasants with land plots in the villages and regularizing land ownership in the cities. By October 1917 many contradictions had accumulated, which were solved with the advent of Soviet power.

In situ observations used in GMD Manuscript "A comprehensive land surface vegetation model for multi-stream data assimilation, D&B v1.0"

Observations taken by Mika Aurela, Tarek S. El-Madany, Marika Honkanen, Anna Kontu, Juha Lemmetyinen, and Susan C. Steele-Dunne and used in the GMD Manuscript "A comprehensive land surface vegetation model for multi-stream data assimilation, D&B v1.0"

Comparative shell morphology of the rare land snails Levantina ninivita and Levantina escheriana (Gastropoda: Helicidae) in south-eastern Türkiye (Table for measurements)

<div>Title:</div> <div>Comparative Shell Morphology of the Rare Land Snails Levantina ninivita and Levantina escheriana (Gastropoda: Helicidae) in South-Eastern Türkiye</div> <div> </div> <div>Description:</div> <div>This study presents a comparative analysis of the shell morphology of the rare land snails Levantina ninivita and Levantina escheriana (Gastropoda: Helicidae) in south-eastern Türkiye. The dataset includes detailed measurements of shell dimensions for both species, specifically focusing on shell height (shh), shell width (shw), aperture height (aph), aperture width (apw), spire height (sph), and body whorl height (bwh). </div>

Comparative experiments for the Land-N2N model

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opencc-zeroFeb 2018View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Unterweger PA, Klammer J, Unger M, Betz O (2018) Insect hibernation on urban green land: a winter-adapted mowing regime as a management tool for insect conservation. BioRisk 13: 1-29. https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.13.22316

Table with all captured species / morphotypes sorted by order, family and species / morphotype. : Explanation note: Collection: University of Tübingen, Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Individuals with scientific species name that were checked by a taxonomic expert were counted as taxonomic species (s); all the other determinations were counted as morphotypes (m). Morphotypes are defined by the lowest practical taxonomic level (e.g. Hanula et al. 2009; Kutschbach-Brohl et al. 2010). In some cases, the family or the morphometric body length (in mm, numbers in column C, Mini: smaller than 1 mm) was counted as a morphotype (Daly 1985). In cases for which the determination was not validated by a taxonomic expert, our species determination was checked for plausibility in terms of its geographical occurrence via the Entomofauna Germanica (http://www.colkat.de, 2017.11.06). Alternatively (if no taxonomic name could be found), a classification letter / number was assigned for a morphotype. The provided author name refers to the lowest practical taxonomic level (e.g. Hanula et al. 2009; Kutschbach-Brohl et al. 2010). Validation: name of scientific expert who checked the taxonomic determination. Management type of meadow in autumn: mown /unmown. Plant compartment: flower head, stem, tuft, leaves. All numbers represent total sums of all sample sites over the entire study period. Brown-labelled species names are thought to have hibernated in the soil. Green-labelled species names could only be found in flower heads and stems. Black-labelled species occurred in all plant compartments without any preference for a specific plant compartment.

FIGURES 2A, B in A new species of the genus Riccardoella (Acari: Prostigmata: Ereynetidae) from the land snail Tauphaedusa tau (Gastropoda: Clausliidae) in Japan

FIGURES 2A, B. Riccardoella (Proriccardoella) tokyoensis n. sp.: male (paratype, male 21306D). A—dorsal view, Bventral view and coxae. Scale bar 50 µm. Arrows: variation of setae 3a, ps1 and ps2.

FIGURE 9 in A new species of the genus Riccardoella (Acari: Prostigmata: Ereynetidae) from the land snail Tauphaedusa tau (Gastropoda: Clausliidae) in Japan

FIGURE 9. Phylogenetic trees of Riccardoella (Proriccardoella) tokyoensis n. sp. and related taxa obtained from the Maximum-likelihood method using partial amino acid sequences of COX1. Only boot strap values above 50% are shown. The outgroup is Eniochthonius crosbyi (accession number in GenBank: AKT66632).

FIGURES 6A–E in A new species of the genus Riccardoella (Acari: Prostigmata: Ereynetidae) from the land snail Tauphaedusa tau (Gastropoda: Clausliidae) in Japan

FIGURES 6A–E. Riccardoella (Proriccardoella) tokyoensis n. sp. (male paratypes): setae and erenynetal organ on idiosoma and legs. A—setae h1 and h2 on idiosoma (paratype, TW-4 in NMNS), B—setae f2 on idiosoma (arrow: a setal base) (paratype, TW-4 in NMNS), C—erenynetal organ φ, on tibia I (paratype, TW-3 in NMNS), D—famulus k" and guard seta l" on tibia I (paratype, TW-3 in NMNS), E—solenidion ω, and seta ft" on tarsus I (paratype, male in NMNS).

FIGURES 3A, B in A new species of the genus Riccardoella (Acari: Prostigmata: Ereynetidae) from the land snail Tauphaedusa tau (Gastropoda: Clausliidae) in Japan

FIGURES 3A, B. Riccardoella (Proriccardoella) tokyoensis n. sp.: aggenital area in ventral view. A—female (paratype, 21306B), B—male (holotype, 21305). Scale bar 20 µm. Arrows: bases lacking setae.

FIGURES 5A–D in A new species of the genus Riccardoella (Acari: Prostigmata: Ereynetidae) from the land snail Tauphaedusa tau (Gastropoda: Clausliidae) in Japan

FIGURES 5A–D. Riccardoella (Proriccardoella) tokyoensis n. sp.: right legs except for coxae in antiaxial face (paratype, male, TW-3 in NMNS). A–D—Leg I–IV, respectively. Scale bar 50 µm.

FIGURES 8A, B in A new species of the genus Riccardoella (Acari: Prostigmata: Ereynetidae) from the land snail Tauphaedusa tau (Gastropoda: Clausliidae) in Japan

FIGURES 8A, B. Riccardoella (Proriccardoella) tokyoensis n. sp.: variation of lines between setae d1 and e1 on idiosoma. Aw-shaped lines (male, paratype 21306A), B—v-shaped lines (male, paratype 21306E).

FIGURES 7A–C in A new species of the genus Riccardoella (Acari: Prostigmata: Ereynetidae) from the land snail Tauphaedusa tau (Gastropoda: Clausliidae) in Japan

FIGURES 7A–C. Riccardoella (Proriccardoella) tokyoensis n. sp.: variation and defluxion of setae on idiosoma. A—doubled setae c1 (arrows) (male, paratype 21306A), B—doubled setae 4a (arrow) (male, paratype 21306D), C— setal base with defluxion of seta ag3 (arrow) (female, paratype 21306B).

FIGURES 4A, B in A new species of the genus Riccardoella (Acari: Prostigmata: Ereynetidae) from the land snail Tauphaedusa tau (Gastropoda: Clausliidae) in Japan

FIGURES 4A, B. Riccardoella (Proriccardoella) tokyoensis n. sp.: gnathosoma in ventral view (paratype, male 21306D). Agnothosoma, B— right palptarsus. Scale bar 20 µm and 10 µm for fragments A and B, respectively.

Supplementary material 5 from: Schmidt M, Lischeid G, Nendel C (2018) Data on and methodology for measurements of microclimate and matter dynamics in transition zones between forest and adjacent arable land. One Ecosystem 3: e24295. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.3.e24295

Explanation of header and data: Dist is the distance to the zero line (edge) into the forest in m; Month is the period of time before litterfall was sampled (see "Litterfall" for details); DryMass is the weight of the dried litter in g, Site is either west-facing or east-facing (see "Measurement site" for details).

Supplementary material 3 from: Schmidt M, Lischeid G, Nendel C (2018) Data on and methodology for measurements of microclimate and matter dynamics in transition zones between forest and adjacent arable land. One Ecosystem 3: e24295. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.3.e24295

Explanation of header and data: Dist is the distance from the zero line (edge) into the arable land in m, 0 is the zero line; Crop refers to the species (see "Biomass of crops" for more details); DryMass is given in g per m2.

Supplementary material 4 from: Schmidt M, Lischeid G, Nendel C (2018) Data on and methodology for measurements of microclimate and matter dynamics in transition zones between forest and adjacent arable land. One Ecosystem 3: e24295. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.3.e24295

Explanation of header and data: Site is either west-facing or east-facing site (see "Measurement site"); Dist is the distance from the zero line (edge) to the forest interior in m, 0 is the zero line; Tree number refers to a unique tree (number) in the plot (letter); Perimeter is measured at 1.30 m from the ground and is given in cm; BHD is derived from the perimeter and given in cm; Height is the measured height of the trees in m.

Supplementary material 6 from: Schmidt M, Lischeid G, Nendel C (2018) Data on and methodology for measurements of microclimate and matter dynamics in transition zones between forest and adjacent arable land. One Ecosystem 3: e24295. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.3.e24295

Explanation of header and data: Site is either west-facing or east-facing (see "Measurement site"); DistToEdge is the distance to the zero line (edge) in m, negative values are in the forest, positive values are in the arable land, zero is the edge; Repetition is the number of repetitions in the lab; Depth is measured in cm and is the depth of soil sampling ±3 cm; Ctot is the percentage (%) of total soil carbon content in the tested soil sample; Ntot is the percentage (%) of total soil nitrogen content in the tested soil sample and pH is the numeric scale to specify the acidity or basicity of the soil sample in solution.

Supplementary material 2 from: Schmidt M, Lischeid G, Nendel C (2018) Data on and methodology for measurements of microclimate and matter dynamics in transition zones between forest and adjacent arable land. One Ecosystem 3: e24295. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.3.e24295

Measured values are indicated in the header by the variable (e.g. "SoilMoist") followed by the distance to the zero line (e.g. 30, indicated by XX in the description below). Date.Time is given as YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS; SoilMoistXX is the soil moisture given in cm3 cm-3; SoilTempXX is the soil temperature given in °C; RelHumXX is the relative humidity given as dimensionless number; AirTempXX is the air temperature in °C; AirPressXX is the barometric air pressure given in kPa; SolarRadXX is the solar radiation given in W m-2; WindAvgXX is the average wind speed given in m s-1; WindMaxXX is the maximum wind speed given in m s-1; WindDirXX is the direction of the wind given in °; PrecXX is the precipitation given in mm; DistXX is the distance to the zero line (edge), positive values are in the arable land, negative values are in the forest, zero is the edge. For more details see "Microclimate". The data was edited according to "Data converting". Timezone: Central European Time (CET).

Supplementary material 1 from: Schmidt M, Lischeid G, Nendel C (2018) Data on and methodology for measurements of microclimate and matter dynamics in transition zones between forest and adjacent arable land. One Ecosystem 3: e24295. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.3.e24295