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Figure 19. Stirpulina ramosa. A in A cadaver unearthed: the anatomy of the Japanese living fossil Stirpulina ramosa (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae) - the unique specimen in the collections of Emperor Shōwa

Figure 19. Stirpulina ramosa. A, the anus as seen from the dorsal aspect. B, the anal opening as seen from the posterior aspect. C, the paired visceral ganglia beneath the anterior end of the anal sheath, as seen from the ventral aspect. AN, anus; ANN, anal nerve; AP, anal papilla; CAN, ctenidial axis nerve; CP-VG, cerebro-pleural – visceral ganglia connective; SN, siphonal nerve; VG, visceral ganglia.

Figure 14 in A cadaver unearthed: the anatomy of the Japanese living fossil Stirpulina ramosa (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae) - the unique specimen in the collections of Emperor Shōwa

Figure 14. Stirpulina ramosa. The organs of the mantle cavity as seen from the right side. ES, exhalant siphon; F, foot; IBC, infra-branchial chamber; ID, inner demibranch; IS, inhalant siphon; LAP, labial palp; OD, outer demibranch; PE, periostracum; SBC, suprabranchial chamber; VM, visceral mass.

Figure 15. Stirpulina ramosa. Transverse sections through A in A cadaver unearthed: the anatomy of the Japanese living fossil Stirpulina ramosa (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae) - the unique specimen in the collections of Emperor Shōwa

Figure 15. Stirpulina ramosa. Transverse sections through A, the ctenidial axis and B, the junction between the ascending lamella of the outer demibranch with the mantle. ALOD, ascending lamella of the outer demibranch; BBV, branchial blood vessel; BC, blood cells; BN, branchial nerve; CAFG, ctenidial axis food groove; CJ, cuticular junction; ME, mantle epithelium; N, nerve.

Figure 13. Stirpulina ramosa. A in A cadaver unearthed: the anatomy of the Japanese living fossil Stirpulina ramosa (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae) - the unique specimen in the collections of Emperor Shōwa

Figure 13. Stirpulina ramosa. A transverse section through the pedal gape. IMF, inner mantle fold; LML, left mantle lobe; MMF, middle mantle fold; OMF, outer mantle fold; PE, periostracum; PEG, periostracal groove; PG, pedal gape; PL, pallial line; RML, right mantle lobe; RT, rejection tract.

Figure 18 in A cadaver unearthed: the anatomy of the Japanese living fossil Stirpulina ramosa (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae) - the unique specimen in the collections of Emperor Shōwa

Figure 18. Stirpulina ramosa. The course of the intestine in the visceral mass, heart and kidney. AA, anterior adductor muscle; AN, anus; APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; CA, ctenidial axis; CSS/MG, conjoined style sac and mid gut; DD, digestive diverticulae; F, foot; H, heart; HG, hind gut; ID, inner demibranch; K, kidney; M, mouth; MG, mid gut; O, oesophagus; OV, ovary; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PALID, point of attachment of the ascending lamella of the inner demibranch to the visceral mass; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; R, rectum; ST, stomach; T, testis; VD, vas deferens; VM, visceral mass.

Figure 16 in A cadaver unearthed: the anatomy of the Japanese living fossil Stirpulina ramosa (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae) - the unique specimen in the collections of Emperor Shōwa

Figure 16. Stirpulina ramosa. The ctenidial–labial palp junction of the right side. AA, anterior adductor muscle; APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; DD, digestive diverticulae; DOG, distal oral groove; ID, inner demibranch; ILM, inner lip of mouth; ILP, inner labial palp; M, mouth; OD, outer demibranch; OLM, outer lip of the mouth; OLP, outer labial palp; OV, ovary; POG, proximal oral groove; T, testis; VM, visceral mass.

Figure 17 in A cadaver unearthed: the anatomy of the Japanese living fossil Stirpulina ramosa (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae) - the unique specimen in the collections of Emperor Shōwa

Figure 17. Stirpulina ramosa. The general structure of the visceral mass and pericardium, as seen from the right side. AA, anterior adductor muscle; AN, anus; APR, anterior pedal retractor muscle; CA, ctenidial axis; DD, digestive diverticulae; F, foot; H, heart; ID, inner demibranch; K, kidney; M, mouth; OV, ovary; PA, posterior adductor muscle; PALID, point of attachment of the ascending lamella of the inner demibranch to the visceral mass; PPR, posterior pedal retractor muscle; R, rectum; T, testis; VD, vas deferens; VM, visceral mass.

Figure 6. Stirpulina ramosa. A in A cadaver unearthed: the anatomy of the Japanese living fossil Stirpulina ramosa (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae) - the unique specimen in the collections of Emperor Shōwa

Figure 6. Stirpulina ramosa. A, the external surface of the internal, right, shell valve as seen from the side. B, the internal, right, shell valve as seen from the anterior aspect. AVG, anterior (right) valve growth; JS, juvenile shell; PVG, posterior (right) valve growth.

Figure 9. Stirpulina ramosa. A in A cadaver unearthed: the anatomy of the Japanese living fossil Stirpulina ramosa (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae) - the unique specimen in the collections of Emperor Shōwa

Figure 9. Stirpulina ramosa. A, the lip located within the adventitious tube as seen from the posterior aspect. B, a detailed internal view of the hinge region of the left shell valve. CL, clasts; DOC, dorsal cavity; DS, dorsal septum; IL, internal lip; LP, ligament pit; RE, resilifer.

FIGURES 120–132. Fulgurofusus marshalli, new species. 120 in The Living Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Turbinellidae) of New Zealand

FIGURES 120–132. Fulgurofusus marshalli, new species. 120, Apertural,121, lateral, 122, dorsal, and 123, apical views of the holotype, NMNZ M.297047, Bounty Plateau [48°00.0'S, 180°00.0'E], in 280 m. 124, Apertural, 125, lateral, 126, dorsal, and 127, apical views of a paratype from NMNZ M. 297050, Bounty Plateau [48°20.0'S, 179°49.5'E], in 450 m. 128, Apertural, and 129, dorsal views of paratype from NMNZ 297045, Bounty Plateau [48°10.0'S, 179°45.0'E], in 457 m. 130, Detail of the aperture of the holotype. 131, Apical and 132, lateral views of the protoconch of the holotype. ac, anterior carina; pk, peripheral keel; s, suture.

FIGURES 19–34 in The Living Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Turbinellidae) of New Zealand

FIGURES 19–34. Coluzea spiralis (A. Adams, 1856). 19, Apertural 20, lateral, 21, dorsal, and 22, apical views of specimen from NMNZ M.074903, off Parengarenga Harbour North Island [34°32.0'S, 173°06.0'E], in 102–93 m, on foraminiferal ooze. 23, Apertural, 24, lateral and 25, dorsal views of specimen from NMNZ M.059528, off Ninety Mile Beach, North Island [34°59.4'S, 172°35.5'E], in 156–160 m. 26, Apertural view of a male specimen from NMNZ M.297523, off Opotiki, North Island [37°53'S, 177°17'E], in 37 m. 27, Dorsal view of shell from NMNZ M.060132, E of Mahia Peninsula, North Island [39°17.2'S, 178°12.7'E], in 258–306 m, on mud. 2 cm scale bar applies to figures 19–27. 28, Inner and 29, outer surfaces of operculum of specimen in figure 26. 30–31, Lateral and 32, apical views of protoconch of specimen from NMNZ M.035884, W of Poor Knights Islands, North Island [35°32.0'S, 174°41.0'E], in 121–113 m, on mud. Arrows indicate transition to teleoconch. 33–34. Radular ribbon of specimen in figure 26. 33, oblique view of radula, 34, dorsal view with lateral teeth expanded. 100 mm scale bar applies to figures 33–34. Arrow indicates atypical denticles on cusp or rachidian tooth. ac, anterior carina; bp, basal plate of lateral tooth; pk, peripheral keel; s, suture.

FIGURES 35–38 in The Living Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Turbinellidae) of New Zealand

FIGURES 35–38. Geographic distributions of species of New Zealand Coluzea. 35, Coluzea spiralis (A. Adams, 1856). The type locality is New Zealand. 36, Coluzea wormaldi Powell, 1971. 37, Coluzea altocanalis Dell, 1956. 38, Coluzea mariae Powell, 1952. = type locality. = station records.

FIGURES 17–18 in The Living Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Turbinellidae) of New Zealand

FIGURES 17–18. Distribution of Columbarium veridicum Dell, 1963. 17, Geographic distribution. = type locality. = station records. 18, Bathymetric distribution.

FIGURES 62–76. Coluzea altocanalis Dell, 1956. 62 in The Living Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Turbinellidae) of New Zealand

FIGURES 62–76. Coluzea altocanalis Dell, 1956. 62, Apertural, 63, lateral, 64, dorsal, and 65, apical views of specimen from NMNZ M.074636, E of Cape Kidnappers, North Island [39°52.8'S, 177°36.5'E], in 785–882 m, on mud. 66, Apertural, 67, dorsal views, 68, detail of outer lip of specimen from NMNZ M.059715, northern Mernoo slope, [42°38.2'S, 176°10.5'E], in 999–984 m, on mud. 2 cm scale bar applies to figures 62–67. 69, Dorsal view of specimen from NMNZ M.074636, E of Cape Kidnappers, North Island [39°52.8'S, 177°36.5'E], in 785–882 m, on mud. 70, Apertural view of specimen from NMNZ M.059715, northern Mernoo slope, Chatham Rise [42°38.2'S, 176°10.5'E], in 999–984 m, on mud. 5 mm scale bar applies to figures 69–70. 71, Inner and 72, outer surfaces of operculum of specimen in figure 70. 73, Lateral and 74, apical views of protoconch of specimen in figure 69. Arrows indicate transition to teleoconch. 75–76, Radular ribbon of juvenile specimen in figure 70. 75, Dorsal view with lateral teeth expanded. 76, Dorsal view with lateral teeth folded. ac, anterior carina; dk, deflected keels; pk, peripheral keel; s, suture.

FIGURES 43–61. Coluzea wormaldi Powell, 1971. 43 in The Living Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Turbinellidae) of New Zealand

FIGURES 43–61. Coluzea wormaldi Powell, 1971. 43, Apertural, 44, lateral, 45, dorsal, and 46, apical views of specimen from NMNZ M.016272, NE of Cuvier Island, North Island, [36°20.0'S, 176°12.0'E], in 476–494 m. 47, Apertural and 48, dorsal views of specimen from NMNZ M.074627, W of White Island, North Island [37°10.9'S, 176°38.7'E], in 685–705 m, in mud. 49, Apertural, 50, lateral, 51, dorsal, and 52, apical views of specimen from NMNZ M.009740, off Cape Palliser, North Island [41°39.5'S, 175°17'E], in 91–366 m. 53, Apertural, 54, lateral and 55, dorsal views of specimen from NMNZ M.060195, c. 37 km E of Mayor Island, North Island [37°22.0'S, 176°40.0'E], in 616–666 m, in mud. 2 cm scale bar applies to figures 19–27. 56, Inner and 57, outer surfaces of operculum of specimen in figures 53–55. 58, Lateral and 59, apical views of protoconch of specimen in figures 47, 48. Arrows indicate transition to teleoconch. 60–61, Radular ribbon of specimen in figures 53–55. 60, Dorsal view with lateral teeth folded. 61, Dorsal view with lateral teeth expanded. ac, anterior carina; pk, peripheral keel; s, suture.

FIGURES 116–117 in The Living Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Turbinellidae) of New Zealand

FIGURES 116–117. Geographic distributions of species of New Zealand Fulgurofusus. 116, Fulgurofusus maxwelli, new species. 117, Fulgurofusus marshalli, new species. Figures 118–119. Bathymetric distributions of species of New Zealand Fulgurofusus. 118, Fulgurofusus maxwelli, new species. 119, Fulgurofusus marshalli, new species. = type locality. = station records.

FIGURES 97–115. Fulgurofusus maxwelli, new species. 97 in The Living Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Turbinellidae) of New Zealand

FIGURES 97–115. Fulgurofusus maxwelli, new species. 97, Apertural, 98, lateral, 99, dorsal, and 100, apical views of the holotype, NMNZ M 297055, from the Campbell Plateau [53°30.6'S, 172°24.0'E], in 625 m. 101, Apertural, 102, lateral, 103, dorsal, and 104, apical views of a paratype from NMNZ M. 297051, Bounty Plateau [48°10.9'S, 178°15.9'E], in 875 m. 105, Apertural, and 106, dorsal views of paratype from NMNZ M. 297042, Bounty Plateau [48°29.1'S, 178°16.6'E], in 917 m. Arrow indicates unsuccessful attack by predator (probably a crustacean). 107, Dorsal and 108, apertural views of a paratype from NMNZ M. 297052, Bounty Plateau [48°20.0'S, 178°30.0'E], in 726 m. 109, Inner and 110, outer surfaces of operculum of the paratype in figures 101–104. 111, Lateral and 112, apical views of protoconch of paratype in figures 107–108. Arrows indicate transition to teleoconch. 113–115, Radular ribbon of paratype in figures 101–104. 113, 45° oblique view of radula. 114, Dorsal view with lateral teeth folded. 115, Dorsal view with lateral teeth expanded. ac, anterior carina; pk, peripheral keel; s, suture.

FIGURES 39–42 in The Living Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Turbinellidae) of New Zealand

FIGURES 39–42. Bathymetric distributions of species of New Zealand Coluzea. 39, Coluzea spiralis (A. Adams, 1856). 40, Coluzea wormaldi Powell, 1971. 41, Coluzea altocanalis Dell, 1956. 42, Coluzea mariae Powell, 1952.

Figure 26. Stirpulina ramosa. A in A cadaver unearthed: the anatomy of the Japanese living fossil Stirpulina ramosa (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae) - the unique specimen in the collections of Emperor Shōwa

Figure 26. Stirpulina ramosa. A, transverse section through the heart and rectum. B, detail of the podocytes that make up the pericardial gland within the auricles. AU/PG, auricle and pericardial gland; BBV, branchial blood vessel; CA, ctenidial axis; P, pericardium; R, rectum; V, ventricle.

Figure 28. A in A cadaver unearthed: the anatomy of the Japanese living fossil Stirpulina ramosa (Bivalvia: Anomalodesmata: Clavagellidae) - the unique specimen in the collections of Emperor Shōwa

Figure 28. A postulated pattern of evolution for the Clavagellidae. Illustrations redrawn after Morton (1984b, Clavagella), Morton (2003, Dianadema), Morton (2005, Bryopa), this study (Stirpulina) and Pojeta & Sohl (1987, Ascaulocardium).